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Topic: Leaders of East Germany

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	East Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Imperial Germany and later during the time of the Weimar Republic, territory that would become East Germany was situated in the center of the state.
		East Germany adopted a socialist republic and became part of the Warsaw Pact, while West Germany became a liberal parliamentary republic and part of NATO.
		East Germany was generally regarded as the most economically advanced member of the Warsaw Pact.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/East_Germany (4072 words)

	east germany - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), German Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), was a Communist state that existed from 1949 to 1990 in the former Soviet occupation zone of Germany.
		East Germany was proclaimed in East Berlin on October 7, 1949.
		Thus, on October 3 1990 the East German population was the first from the Eastern Bloc to join the European Union as a part of the reunified Federal Republic of Germany.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/east-germany (4333 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Leaders of East Germany
		Leaders of East Germany The President of Germany (German: BundesprÃ¤sident, formerly ReichsprÃ¤sident) is Germanys head of state.
		East Prussia (German: Ostpreu en; Polish: Prusy Wschodnie; Russian: Восточная Пруссия — Vostochnaya Prussiya) was a province of Kingdom of Prussia, situated on the territory of former Ducal Prussia.
		The East German Constitution defined the country as "a Republic of Workers and Peasants." Wilhelm Pieck (January 3, 1876 - September 7, 1960) was a German communist, politician and president of East Germany.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Leaders-of-East-Germany (1052 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Hans Modrow
		He had a long political career in East Germany, including periods as the First Secretary of the SED in Dresden in 1973 and as a member of the Volkskammer.
		He held the office of Prime Minister of East Germany from the resignation of Willi Stoph on 13 November 1989 until the free elections on 18 March 1990.
		Leaders of East Germany Willi Stoph (9 July 1914 - 13 April 1999) was Prime Minister of East Germany from 1973 to 1989.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hans-Modrow (1043 words)

	Leaders of East Germany: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Manfred gerlach (born 1928) acted as chairman of the council of state and thus head of state in east germany from december 6, 1989 to april 5,...
		Horst sindermann (august 5, 1915-april 4, 1990) was chairman of the council of ministers of east germany from 1973 to 1976....
		Hans modrow (born january 27 1928) served as one of the last leaders of east germany and as of 2003 functions as honorary chairman of the party...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/le/leaders_of_east_germany.htm (1009 words)

	East Germany
		Leaders of East Germany referred to their land as "Middle Germany" (Mitteldeutschland) or the "Workers' and Farmers' state" (Arbeiter- und Bauernstaat); whereas in West Germany, the official term until the 1970s was "Soviet occupation zone", (SBZ for Sowjetische Besatzungszone), "DDR" ("GDR") in quotes, or simply "the East" (der Osten).
		East Germany, under Soviet influence, adopted a Marxist-Leninist official ideology and became part of the Warsaw Pact, while West Germany, influenced by the USA, became a liberal parliamentary republic and part of NATO.
		Many who had come to East Germany as anti-fascists who were opposed to the quick reinstatement of Nazi functionaries and industry in the west found themselves captives of a dogmatic and economically weak state which, alone, was forced to pay reparations to the Soviet Union.
	www.askfactmaster.com /GDR (1610 words)

	World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Germany invaded Denmark and Norway on April 9, 1940, in Operation Weserübung, in part to counter the threat of an impending Allied invasion of Norway.
		France signed an armistice with Germany on June 22, 1940, leading to the establishment of the Vichy France puppet government in the unoccupied part of France.
		Germany declared war on the United States on December 11, even though it was not obliged to do so under the Tripartite Pact.
	www.unipeak.com /gethtml.php?_u_r_l_=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmc6ODAvd2lraS9Xb3JsZF9XYXJfSUk= (5536 words)

	Iron Curtain's 100,000 Dead
		Up to 100,000 people are now believed to have died at the hands of East Germany’s former communist rulers and the Soviet occupiers that preceded them.
		In its efforts to disguise the nature of the regime, East Germany’s leaders falsified documents relating to victims’ deaths.
		About 300 were kidnapped and returned to East Germany by the Stasi between 1950 and 1962.
	www.paulbogdanor.com /eastgermany.html (543 words)

	Commanding Heights : East Germany Overview \| on PBS
		East Germany joins the Warsaw Pact, the Soviet answer to NATO, in 1956.
		East Germany becomes a key Soviet ally through its role in defense and Third World military aid.
		The next day a GDR official concedes the "party is basically kaput." Sudden reunification, or absorption into West Germany, brings together vastly different economies and societies.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/dd/dd_overview.html (533 words)

	USS Clueless - No-exit Victory strategy
		And to a great extent because of those reparations, Germany's currency collapsed due to hyperinflation, and the Weimar Republic then collapsed, and the stage was set for the rise of the National Socialist Party.
		Germany's army was limited to a very small size and it was not permitted to develop certain kinds of weapons or to acquire others in large quantities.
		The flaw in that became apparent later when in the 1930's Germany began to violate those limitations, at first secretly but later more and more openly as it became clear that other nations were not willing to go to war to enforce them.
	www.denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2003/10/No-exitVictorystrategy.shtml (4641 words)

	Walter Ulbricht - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ulbricht was born in Leipzig as the son of a tailor.
		A leader of the East German communist Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) from 1949 to 1971, he also served as Staatsratsvorsitzender (Chairman of the Council of State: head of state) of East Germany from 1960, when President Wilhelm Pieck died, until his own death in 1973.
		He died at the Döllnsee near East Berlin on August 1, 1973 and was interred and honoured by a major state funeral.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Walter_Ulbricht (529 words)

	Wired News: E. German Olympic Dopers Guilty
		Manfred Ewald, chief of the former East Germany's sports program, was convicted of being "the driving force" behind a program that gave steroids to girls as young as 11, who were told they were taking vitamins.
		East Germany won an incredible 160 gold medals during Ewald's time in charge, despite being a country of just 17 million.
		The fall of the Berlin Wall ushered in the end of old system, and the Stasi secret-police files that were opened confirmed the worst of the suspicions voiced by Babashoff and others, including such ghoulish details as some women being ordered to abort fetuses that might have been deformed by the drugs.
	www.wired.com /news/politics/0,1283,37631,00.html (971 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| East Germans take pole positions
		Germans are getting used to the idea that, very soon, the leaders of both their main political parties will be from the former communist East.
		Bild says the new "Generation East" has long been underestimated, and that life in communist East Germany taught them to pursue their goals with persistence.
		Werner Schulz, a former East German dissident who was a Green MP in the last parliament, hailed Mr Platzeck's arrival as the start of a new era.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/rss/-/1/hi/world/europe/4404266.stm (554 words)

	Germany HQ : East Germany
		The 1953 revolt in East Germany: violence and betrayal
		Anthony Glees writes on the uprising of June 1953 in East Germany arguing thatit revealed the true face of a state dependent for its survival on the control...
		Germany HQ excludes all liability of any kind (including negligence) in respect of any third party information or other material made available on, or which can be accessed using, this Website.
	www.germanyhq.com /eastgermany/index.php (697 words)

	East Germany 1949-1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		After republics were formed in east and west Germany and the use of their fl-red-gold flags was authorized, this flag was used less and less and it was finally abandoned in 1952.
		Unwilling to signal the permanent division of Germany, the founders of the Federal Republic had declared that while Berlin remained the capital of "Germany," Bonn would serve as a provisional seat of government for the Federal Republic.
		This flag was adopted on 1 October 1959, and continued in use as the flag of East Germany until the reunification of the Germanies on 3 October 1990 [one year after the fall of the Berlin Wall].
	www.flagspot.net /flags/de-ddr.html (1053 words)

	CNN.com - North, South Korean leaders embark on landmark summit - June 13, 2000
		North Korean leader Kim Jong Il and South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, leaders on the Korean peninsula that was divided in the 1950s, wasted little time Tuesday as they opened discussions almost immediately after the South Korean leader arrived in the North Korean capital.
		The leaders then climbed into a fl limousine and drove past the thousands of cheering onlookers lining the route to North Korea's state guesthouse.
		The two leaders are expected to attend state dinners together, but the North has not released the itinerary.
	www.cnn.com /2000/ASIANOW/east/06/13/korea.summit.02/index.html (1531 words)

	Demokratizatsiya: East Germany: The Stasi and De-Stasification
		For East Germany's leaders, however, they became hostile publications and were banned despite protests emanating from Moscow.
		Nonetheless, they presaged a major change: For the first time since the founding of the DDR in 1949, the restlessness of Party members and much of the citizenry could not be blamed on the capitalist enemy of the proletariat.
		Initially, the inhabitants of East Germany shrugged off the wave of arrests, believing the victims to be only former Nazi officials or war criminals.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200407/ai_n9409113 (356 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Nuclear Abolition Statement by International Civilian Leaders:
		Like the military professionals, the civilian leaders advocate that specific steps be taken now to reduce ongoing nuclear weapon dangers still facing us all after the end of the Cold War, and they urge that the nuclear powers declare umabiguously that their goal is eventual abolition.
		Also signatories are leaders of four nations known to have commenced and then abandoned programs to develop nuclear weapons: former president Raul Alfonsin of Argentina, former prime Ministers Malcolm Fraser and Paul Keating of Australia, former Prime Minister Jose Sarney of Brazil, and present Prime Minister Goran Persson of Sweden and his predecessor, Ingvar Carlsson.
		Many military leaders of many nations have warned that all nations would be more secure in a world free of nuclear weapons.
	www.acronym.org.uk /23abol.htm (2458 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| North and South Korean leaders meet
		The two leaders then rode in the same limousine into the North Korean capital, where an estimated 600,000 people lined block after block of broad avenues, waving bouquets of pink paper flowers.
		The first summit between leaders of East Germany and West Germany was held in 1970, two decades before the dismantling of the Berlin Wall.
		Korea's leaders have a host of touchy issues to resolve, among them the North's missile and nuclear programs and the 37,000 U.S. troops deployed in the South.
	www.guardian.co.uk /korea/article/0,2763,331561,00.html (935 words)

	Jews in Post-Holocaust Germany, 1945—1953 - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This is the story of the reemergence of the Jewish community in Germany after its near total destruction during the Holocaust.
		Through relationships with key German leaders, they achieved stability by 1953, when West Germany agreed to pay reparations to Israel and to individual Holocaust survivors and East Germany experienced a wave of antisemitic purges.
		Using archival materials from the Jewish communities of East and West Germany as well as governmental and political party records, Geller elucidates the reestablishment of organized Jewish life in Germany and the Jews’ critical ties to political leaders.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521541263&ss=exc (361 words)

	Asia Times: The Koreas: Seeking advice in Germany
		One frequent interlocutor of the North Korean diplomats is PDS leader Gregor Gysi.
		Neither the East German resistance nor East Germany's communist leaders nor the West German government had planned or foreseen the November 9, 1989 breaching of the Wall.
		Speaking at (formerly East) Berlin's Humboldt University this past spring when he laid down the principles of his unification policy that opened the way to the North-South Pyongyang summit, Kim Dae-jung said he was "shocked" at the high price of German unification.
	www.atimes.com /editor/BJ10Ba01.html (821 words)

	[No title]
		From the beginning, the Church was seen as the ideological partner of the 'Klassenfeind' (the 'class enemy'), which would whither and die away with the growth of Socialism in East Germany.
		The overwhelming majority of the Christians in East Germany are Protestants, however, belonging to the 'Association of Evangelical Churches in the GDR' (ordered into several state synods).
		Political opinions voiced by church members were seen as such "subversion"; all aid flowing to churches from the 'outside' (speak 'West Germany') was limited or rejected as attempts by the 'Klassenfeind' (the 'class enemy') to buy a base in East Germany.
	www.spu.edu /orgs/NACFLA/paper005.doc (2201 words)

	female world leaders currently in power
		refers to leaders who were appointed to office by a ruling party or executive, and were thus not specifically elected to their post
		Sometimes leaders who were originally appointed to office managed to win election.
		They are the only two only female leaders who ruled in non-democratic countries.
	www.filibustercartoons.com /charts_rest_female-leaders.php (290 words)

	[No title]
		Mahanian theory was strongly contradicted by near victory of Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, a modern form of commerce raiding (guerre de course), and by the demonstrated need for convoys and robust ASW.
		Germany rearms; Italy invades Ethiopia (1935); Germany occupies Rhineland (1936), Czechoslovakia, Austria and finally Poland (invasion of Poland causes the war in September 1939) I.
		The Japanese struck for the oil-rich Netherlands, East Indies (Indonesia), Singapore, and the surrounding British-owned Malaya, Thailand, the Philippines, and Hong Kong.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~nava202/Rev12-02.doc (16437 words)

	CNN.com - Schroeder criticised for east German aid threat - August 22, 2000
		Schroeder indicated on Monday, at the start of a two-week tour through the east of the country, that future financial assistance depended on local state leaders from the opposition Christian Democrats (CDU) backing his efforts to reform the country's pension system.
		Later he appeared to soften the remark with a reassurance that he understood that the east, with unemployment double that in the west, would need aid for a long time to come.
		Schroeder was accused in July of "buying" leaders of the eastern states by promising grants in return for their support for his 50 billion marks ($23 billion) tax-cutting bill in the upper house, where the CDU has a blocking majority.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/europe/08/22/germany.schroeder.reut (502 words)

	[No title]
		Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews of East German government and Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands leaders, and East German dissidents, relating to political processes and policymaking in East Germany from 1945 to 1990.
		Moreover, the interviews also serve to undermine many of the stereotypes that scholars have cultivated about some of East Germany's best-known politicians; sometimes the "good guys" turn out to be not so good in the recollections of their former associates, and the "bad guys" not nearly so bad.
		Among them, there was a consensus that East Germany's first leader, Walter Ulbricht, was only a primus inter pares in the early 1950s, and that those around him could and did oppose his views on a regular basis.
	www.oac.cdlib.org /view/mets/1r/tf0j49n41r.mets.xml (2739 words)

	East Germany's Church
		BAD BLANKENBURG, East Germany (EHC)- Eighty Christian leaders from 19 communist nations gathered in East Germany last September for an unprecedented conference that could have a far-reaching impact on evangelism in communist nations.
		The East German government apparently gave the Evangelical Alliance in East Germany and World Evangelical Fellowship (WEF) permission to organize the conference as an expression of the new Soviet policy of glasnost (openness) that is being promoted by Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.
		Christian leaders, on the other hand, see the conference as a miraculous answer to prayer.
	www.forerunner.com /forerunner/X0812_East_Germanys_Church.html (660 words)

	CNN.com - China's top nine leaders - Nov. 14, 2002
		More than half of the nine PSC members are seen as protégés of President Jiang Zemin.
		However, Premier Zhu Rongji, parliament chief Li Peng, and to a lesser extent new leader Hu Jintao, have also ensured they have at least one crony in the policy-making council.
		The East Germany-trained conservative has won President Jiang's support for his tough crackdown on the Falun Gong and other "underground" organizations.
	www.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/11/14/china.nine/index.html (891 words)

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