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Topic: Leaf shape

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	Inheritance of Leaf Shape and Main Vein Color in Caladium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Caladium leaf shapes are closely associated with plant growth habit, stress tolerance, tuber yield, etc. Generally, strap- or lance-leaved plants are much shorter in plant height, sprout more leaves from similarly-sized tubers, are more tolerant of sun and low temperatures, and produce smaller tubers than fancy-leaved plants.
		Controlled crosses were made among ten cultivars and two breeding lines; their progeny were analyzed to understand the inheritance of leaf shape and main vein color and to determine if there is a genetic linkage between these two traits.
		Two leaf types (fancy and lance) were observed in the progeny of each of the fancy × lance crosses; their segregation ratio in each population fit 1:1.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /EP257 (2041 words)

	Plant Structures: Leaves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For plant identification purposes, the shapes of the leaf margin, leaf tip and leaf base are key features to note.
		A leaf petiole attaches to the stem at a bud node.
		Shape of the leaf apex (tip) and base is another tool in plant identification.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/garden/07705.html (788 words)

	Rob Roy Kelly Courses: Perceptual Studies 8
		Students may add one or several combinations of leaf serration, stem, ribs or decay to enhance the communication of the shape as a leaf.
		To ensure the integrity of the leaf and stem as a single shape, it is necessary to off-set the two leaf lines at the point where they meet the stem.
		Of particular concern is that the main shape does not close where there is a stem or stalk, or where the contour comes into the stem or stalk from either side, the two sides offset to maintain the integrity of a single shape.
	www.rit.edu /~rkelly/html/04_cou/cou_per8.html (1107 words)

	Leaf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat (laminar) and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast (chlorenchyma tissue, a type of parenchyma) to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues.
		Most of the interior of the leaf between the upper and lower layers of epidermis is a parenchyma (ground tissue) or chlorenchyma tissue called the mesophyll (Greek for "middle leaf").
		Stipules may be lasting and not be shed (a stipulate leaf, such as in roses and beans), or be shed as the leaf expands, leaving a stipule scar on the twig (an exstipulate leaf).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leaf (2805 words)

	leafshapes
		When determining leaf shape, look at many leaves to get a feel for the overall leaf shape represented.
		Leaf heteroblasty refers to different leaf shapes between juvenile and adult growth.
		Illustrated is a branchlet with awl-like leaves, each leaf is typically 1/3 to ½” (8 to 13 mm) long.
	www.smccd.net /accounts/leddy/leafshapes.htm (196 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Foliage in Madrid
		Hake put forward the idea that BP acts to form a boundary between leaf anlage and the remainder of the meristem, and thus could act to regulate the allocation of cells to either the anlage or the internode tissues which are derived from cells of the peripheral zone that are not incorporated into leaf primordia.
		In both cases overall leaf shape and tissue organization is relatively normal, suggesting that leaf shape is not simply altered by changing the rates of cell division uniformly.
		Leaf morphology is complex, as is most obvious when comparing simple leaves and compound leaves, the latter being made up of two or more leaflets.
	genomebiology.com /2002/3/5/reports/4013 (1339 words)

	Lanceleaf Cottonwood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Lanceleaf cottonwood is found along streams in and near the foothills, and is easily recognized by the long leaf stalk and the distinctive leaf shape, with maximum width at mid-length, not near the base of the leaf.
		Leaf stalks are long - at least 1/2 to 3/4 the length of the blade.
		Leaf shape is intermediate between Narrowleaf and Plains cottonwood leaf shape, and the leaf with its stalk is the most distinctive characteristic of this tree.
	home.earthlink.net /~swier/LanceleafCottonwood.html (384 words)

	Leaves
		Leaf shape, size, venation pattern, margins, tips and bases are all used in identification of plant species.
		The leaf petiole is primarily a vascular connection from the stem to leaf blade.
		Associated with abscission, and occurring prior to the loss of the leaf, is a process which involves degrading and moving a number of solutes, minerals and other substances from the leaf tissue into the stem and roots.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /rkr/botany110/lectures/leaves.html (1613 words)

	Lesson 2
		The first step in identifying a plant is to look at its leaves and determine their shape, and grouping.
		One way to identify a plant is by the shape of its leaf blade.
		In the shape of a spatula or spoon
	www.cas.psu.edu /docs/CASDEPT/Hort/LeafID/Shape.html (104 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Brightfield Gallery - Dicot Leaf Epidermis
		The leaves found on common plants are highly varied, and differ to a significant degree in shape and structure depending primarily on habitat.
		Leaf shape, margins, tip geometry, and vein patterns are characteristics that are utilized as an aid in identifying the different species of flowering plants.
		Leaves are typically equipped with a petiole, or stalk, employed to connect the leaf to the plant stem, and those that are absent this feature are termed sessile.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/brightfield/dicotleafepidermis.html (279 words)

	The Language of Leaves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Depending on the arrangement of the leaf blade on the stem, leaves may be across from each other (opposite), alternating up the stem (alternate), or with several leaves arising around the stem (whorled) from the same point (node) as in the Crown Imperial (Fritillaria imperialis).
		The part of the leaf that attaches the leaf blade to the stem is called the "petiole." If there is no petiole, rather the leaf blade attaches directly to the stem, the leaf is "sessile" as in the upper leaves of the Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia).
		If the leaf stalk (petiole) clasps the stem, going part or all the way around it, the terms "sheathing" or "clasping" are used.
	www.uvm.edu /pss/ppp/articles/leaflang.htm (550 words)

	Int. J. Dev. Biol. - Leaf shape: genetic controls and environmental factors
		The lateral, two-dimensional expansion of leaf blades is highly dependent on the determination of the dorsoventrality of the primordia, a defining characteristic of leaves.
		In collaboration with the polarized control of leaf cell elongation, these redundant and specialized regulating systems for cell cycling in leaf lamina may realize the elegantly smooth, flat structure of leaves.
		The unified, flat shape of leaves is also dependent on the fine integration of cell proliferation and cell enlargement.
	www.ijdb.ehu.es /web/paper.php?doi=10.1387/ijdb.041921ht (292 words)

	Leaf Functions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The veins in a leaf carry water, minerals and sugar for the plant.
		Leaves' shape and arrangement are used as clues in identifying plants.
		To demonstrate the function of leaf shape, cut four shapes out of construction paper: a circle, a rectangle, and tracings of two leaf shapes.
	dnr.state.il.us /lands/education/entice/lessons/plants/leaffunctions_3to5.htm (657 words)

	Botany online: Features of flowering Plants - Leaf Shapes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		To the left: Atropa belladonna (Deadly Nightshade, Solanaceae): The leaves are alternate, the leaf pairs of the inflorescences are close together, one leaf is smaller, one bigger.
		The leaf shape is lanceolate to broad lanceolate with a clear leaf stalk and a smooth margin.
		The leaf shape is palmately lobed, the single segment is egg-shaped to triangular and pinnatisect or irregularly serrate.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e02/blattfor.htm (323 words)

	Comparative analysis of leaf shape development in Eschscholzia californica and other Papaveraceae-Eschscholzioideae -- ...
		Values at leaf size 0 µm refer to cells at the shoot apical flank meristem prior to and during leaf initiation.
		The undivided leaf primordium is represented by a wrapped outline of a mature leaf (A, K).
		the leaf axis is distinguishable from the flatter lamina wings.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/91/3/306 (3725 words)

	Mathematical Characterization of Leaf Shape and Area of Maize Hybrids. - Crop Science - HighBeam Research
		Leaf shape is an important factor in describing how leaf area is distributed in the canopy.
		When defined mathematically, leaf shape can be used to calculate leaf area of individual leaves as well as how leaf area varies along the length of the leaf.
		The objective of this study was to evaluate several methods used to describe leaf shape (the variation in leaf width with distance from the ligule or stem) and to analyze variations in shape coefficients.
	www.highbeam.com /doc/1G1-54496324.html?refid=ip_hf (170 words)

	UCMP cleared leaf collection
		Leaf shape, venation, and features of the margin, base and apex constitute important taxonomic and physiognomic characters.
		Therefore, putting the cleared leaf images online is in part a conservation measure, with the ultimate goal of having the entire cleared leaf collection available online and CD to serve as teaching and research tools.
		In addition, cleared leaf specimen images are linked to the ITIS report, the USDA plants database, CalPhotos database, and Google image search, providing additional images, taxonomic and geographic information for the taxon of interest.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /science/clearedleaf.php (456 words)

	Hybridization in Crataegus
		Up until the last of these studies the data used came from floral morphology and leaf shape, as indexed by the measurements shown in red at right (these measurements exemplify the data used in traditional morphometrics, discussed elsewhere).
		The advantage of calculating the inverse of this function (above) is that the values obtained lie in the interval {0,1}, corresponding to a shape with an infinitely large perimeter, and to a circle, respectively.
		Quantification of leaf shape with a microcomputer and Fourier transform.
	www.botany.utoronto.ca /faculty/dickinson/Hybridization.HTML (1157 words)

	Identifing trees of georgia: leaf shape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leaf shape is an important characteristic to look at when you are trying to identify a broadleaf tree.
		shaped like a spatula, broad and round at the top.
		diamond shaped with the leaf attaching to tree at one of the sharp angles.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~amylyne/EEAG/leafshape.html (102 words)

	DESCRIBING MANGO
		The shape of a typical adult-bearing age mango tree in good health and exhibiting normal growth can provide a basis to describe distinctive groups.
		The leaf shape is a distinctive varietal characteristic in mangos.
		Leaf thickness and color of mature leaves are extremely variable within a variety due to vigor of the tree growth caused by external factors such as soil moisture, fertility and climate.
	home.att.net /~oc_crfg/mango-description.htm (1111 words)

	MODELLING PLANT LEAF SHAPE FOR PLANT RECOGNITION
		The PDM is a general, linear, non-rigid shape model which - for a particular leaf type - is computed here by evaluating the statistics of homologous boundary points over a training set of leaf shapes.
		Even for highly complex leaf shapes, this analysis results in a deformable model governed by a small number of linearly independent parameters.
		Each of the parameters describes one mode of variation present in the collection of shapes, e.g., the width of the leaf or the length of leaf lobes.
	www.actahort.org /books/406/406_15.htm (316 words)

	tree/leaf project.html
		Types of tree (deciduous, conifer, angiosperm, gymnosperm), shape of leaves, arrangement of leaves on the stems, and the margins of a leaf are all to be identified in this project.
		You will be looking for the shape of the teeth on the outside edge of the leaf and identify them.
		A leaf identification key this is an on-line dichotomous tree key used to identify trees.
	www.holton.k12.ks.us /staff/mschulz/Tree.html (585 words)

	Linoleum leaf prints Arts & Activities - Find Articles
		When the leaves start changing colors in the fall, it is irresistible not to use the vivid colors and interesting shapes and textures of the leaves for an art lesson.
		Next, we flened the part of the drawing that we wanted to receive the ink and print (positive area) and left the rest white, which would not receive ink (negative space) and would be the color of the paper the design was printed on.
		Others carefully cut away the background and left the leaf shape and veins sticking up so the leaf would print the color of the ink used.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HTZ/is_3_138/ai_n15763688 (745 words)

	The 5th International Semantic Web Conference \| Research Track \| Integrating and Querying Parallel Leaf Shape ...
		In this paper, we choose the botanical domain to investigate how to use ontologies to facilitate integrating and querying information on parallel leaf shape descriptions from NL documents.
		Our approach takes advantages of ontologies to precisely represent the semantics in shape descriptions, to integrates parallel ones according to their semantic distances, and to answer shape-related species identification queries.
		From this highly specialised domain, we learn a set of more general methodological rules, which could be useful in other domains.
	iswc2006.semanticweb.org /items/paper_2.php (154 words)

	ForeverLeaf "Leaf - Variety" page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The leaf shape is boxy and perfect for a closure pin at the throat.
		There isn't much of a stem on this leaf, as it grows close to the branch, but it is dramatic and makes pretty jewelry as well as buckles for belts, napkin rings, drawer pulls and curtain tiebacks.
		The shape of the leaf is very distinctive, with a fan-like appearance, and instead of a center vein, there are parallel veins over the entire leaf.
	www.foreverleaf.com /variety.html (899 words)

	BlueSuitMom.com: Family - Leaf Walk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Crisp fall days are the perfect time to get out with the family for a "leaf hunt." Whether you opt for a hike in a nearby woods, a stroll around the block, or just some time in your own backyard, gather up some of nature's bounty to use for these fun, fall activities.
		Ask your child to help you find a leaf that is big and red, a leaf that is the same as the leaf you are holding, all the yellow leaves, a small leaf, and so on.
		As each leaf shape is discovered, it can be placed in the collection bag to be taken home.
	www.bluesuitmom.com /family/realfamilies/leafactivity.html (1121 words)

	Plant Image Gallery: Leaf Shapes
		Shaped like an ellipse, with the widest part at the middle; in the form of a flattened circle usually more than twice as long as wide.
		Shaped like an equilateral triangle with a broad base.
		Inversely deltoid; triangle shape with the base pointed.
	www.noble.org /WebApps/PlantImageGallery/PictorialKeys/LeafShapes.html (158 words)

	Tree Identification - leaf shape
		The shape of a leaf helps determine how healthy and how long a tree can live, so while the leaves on the tree can be beautiful they are also quite practical as well.
		The shape of the leaves will also aid the tree in respiration, transpiration, guttation, and they are also a source of food and water for the tree.
		Leaves and their shape are not something that has happened by accident; they have evolved to meet the needs of the tree.
	www.tree-identification.com /leaf-shape.html (370 words)

	.:::. Virtual Ecosystem Deus .:::. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Make sure you have these settings first before starting to make the leaf shape shown at your left.
		Depending on the angle of the leaf you have, adjust the angle of the blur to about +/- 10 degrees and the distance to about 50 so that you have a blur that sort of extends outward to the borders of your main leaf.
		Now do the same to each "leaf shape" I did at least 2 different angles of motion blurs to each shape.
	www.imanimetions.net /tutorial/tutorial.php?view=blurs (295 words)

	Leaves - Shape Part 1
		Before we can talk about what shape a leaf is, we need to know what to call the shape.
		All of us refer to the myriad leaf shapes we encounter by some name...round, long, narrow, pointed...but the world of botany has taken this vocabulary to a much finer level, assigning specific names for the overall shape of leaves, their edges, their form and the way they are attached to the stem.
		We encounter these terms describing the morphology (shape) of leaves when we research plants as they are used as frequently as botanical binomials because of their accuracy.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/shade_gardening/85050 (537 words)

	Leaf-shape recognition using Dynamic Time Warping and DNA Sequence Matching
		To predict the species of an unknown leaf, the leaf shape is compared to all template leaves using the dynamic programming algorithm.
		ON corresponds to pixels belonging to the leaf area, and the rest of the cells in the matrix are OFF (see figure 1).
		The retrieved images vote in favor of their (annotated) species, and the species that gets the most votes is predicted to be the species of the unknown leaf shape.
	web.engr.oregonstate.edu /~tgd/leaves/process.htm (1441 words)

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