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	Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a creeping perennial that reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds.
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a creeping, herbaceous perennial weed of foreign origin that reproduces from seed and vegetative root buds.
		Leafy spurge is an erect plant that grows 1 to 3 feet tall.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/natres/03107.html (1380 words)

	Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Leafy spurge is extremely difficult to control by chemical means and almost impossible to control by cultural or physical methods in rangelands.
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is an invasive exotic weed that infests more than five million acres of land in 35 states and the prairie provinces of Canada.
		In short, leafy spurge is an economic and environmental catastrophe for ranchers, land managers and taxpayers in the U.S. and Canada.
	www.team.ars.usda.gov /v2/leafyspurge.html (978 words)

	Integrated Management of Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge is the most difficult noxious weed to control in North Dakota and infests all 53 counties in a variety of environments (Figure 1).
		Leafy spurge flea beetle adults feed on the foliage (left), but the real damage to the plants is from larvae feeding on the root system (right).
		Leafy spurge should be allowed to regrow at least three to five weeks after mowing before a herbicide application or control may be reduced.
	ndsuext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/weeds/w866w.htm (2408 words)

	Basics of Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) is a very serious weed that has been reported from every county in Montana.
		The green flowers of leafy spurge are small and are surrounded by a pair of yellow-green heart-shaped leaves (bracts) that are often mistaken for flowers.
		Heavy leafy spurge infestations require 4 - 7 sheep per acre and are usually necessary for the first two to four years.
	weeds.montana.edu /range/spurge.htm (863 words)

	Leafy Spurge Information
		Leafy spurge is a member of the plant family Euphorbiaceae and has a characteristic white milky-latex sap that contains chemicals which are toxic to grazing wildlife and domesticated livestock species.
		Leafy spurge seeds can be transported by animal coats and hoofs, boot cleats, farm machinery, or in bales of hay or straw from contaminated pastures.
		Leafy spurge has become a serious threat to the thousands of acres of wildlife habitat in Minnesota due to its aggressive spread throughout the state and its low forage value for indigenous wildlife species.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /weedcontrol/leafyspurge.html (2123 words)

	Leafy Spurge Biological Control Plan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Infestations of leafy spurge in the midwestern and western states appear to be unrelated to the eastern infestations.
		Leafy spurge populations of the Great Plains are thought to have originated in Russia from importation of grain and grass seed.
		It is from this portion of the plant that the tenacity of leafy spurge is derived.
	www.ag.state.co.us /DPI/publications/leafyspurge.html (1461 words)

	Leafy Spurge - Identification and Control
		Since leafy spurge is found primarily on untilled land, the present infestation is approximately 6 percent of the farmland most likely to be infested with leafy spurge.
		Leafy spurge is a long-lived perennial plant, native to Europe and Asia, that was introduced into the United States in 1827.
		Leafy spurge is most susceptible to 2,4-D, dicamba (Banvel), or picloram (Tordon) applied when the true flowers and seeds are developing in June or in early to mid-September after the stems have developed new fall regrowth.
	ndsuext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/weeds/w765w.htm (3849 words)

	Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula L.)
		Leafy spurge is a deep-rooted perennial that ranges in height from 6" to 36" (15-91 cm).
		Leafy spurge is adapted to a wide range of soil moisture conditions from moist to dry.
		Leafy spurge is well established in the central plains states where much time and effort is spenttrying to find a control.
	www.mdc.missouri.gov /nathis/exotic/vegman/sixteen.htm (1490 words)

	Leafy Spurge, G87-834-A
		Leafy spurge is found primarily on untilled land such as pastures, range, roadsides, woodlands and farmsteads.
		Leafy spurge is a noxious weed according to the Nebraska Seed Law and the Nebraska Noxious Weed Law.
		Leafy spurge control was improved further by using a ropewick applicator of four short segments, rather than a single, long ropewick.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /Weeds/g834.htm (1768 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		The scientific name of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) can be literally translated from the Greek to mean "good pasture for eating." Sources indicate that name was given to the plant by the King of Mauritania, naming it after his physician Euphorbos for his use of the plant.
		Leafy spurge is a perennial plant and a very difficult weed to control due to its extensive and deep root system.
		Leafy spurge is part of the plant family Euphorbiaceae, another member of this family is the rubber tree, Hevea Brasiliensis.
	www.northern.edu /natsource/NOXIOU1/Leafys1.htm (723 words)

	Hyles euphorbiae
		Leafy spurge is an Eurasian perennial that was introduced into North America in the 19th century.
		Leafy spurge has a number of biological characteristics that have caused it to be difficult to control with herbicides, and infestations generally occur in remote areas consisting of comparatively low-value land.
		The leafy spurge hawk moth was the first classical biological agent released against leafy spurge in the United States, with approval for introduction granted in 1965.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/weedfeeders/hyles.html (667 words)

	Leafy Spurge History
		Leafy spurge was first found growing in Fargo in 1919 and spread freely to infest nearly 1 million acres by 1997.
		She concluded that eradication of leafy spurge from the state would be "extremely difficult" and that one should find and destroy the plant when it first appeared.
		Leafy spurge was known as a weed there (Europe) as early as 1000 AD where it was and still is known as wolf’s milk” (16).
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /invasiveweeds/lshistory.htm (4037 words)

	Noxious Weed IVM Guide- Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge is an aggressive weed that tends to displace all other vegetation in pastures and rangelands.
		Leafy spurge is not toxic, and in fact, very nutritious for these animals, providing good forage for lambs, kids, and lactating ewes and nannies.
		Avoid grazing leafy spurge with mature seed (brown to gray in color), as leafy spurge seeds may be get caught in animal hooves or hair, or will be carried in feces and deposited in non-infested pastures when the animals are moved.
	members.efn.org /~ipmpa/Noxlspur.html (6975 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		Leafy spurge, a member of the Spurge family, was introduced from Europe.
		Leafy spurge is an extremely difficult plant to control because of its extensive sprouting root.
		If livestock graze leafy spurge after seed formation, hold animals in a corral for at least seven days before moving them to an uninfested area to avoid seed spread.
	www.aspenpitkin.com /misc/weeds/leafy_spurge.htm (393 words)

	Euphorbia genus
		Leafy spurge is a very aggressive, deeply rooted perennial that effectively competes with native plants.
		Leafy spurge may be spread by humans, animals, equipment, and through contaminated hay.
		Lacey, J. and Sheley, R. Leafy spurge and grass response to picloram and intensive grazing.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/euphorbia.htm (4085 words)

	Weber County Weed Abatement-Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Leafy Spurge is a long-lived herbaceous perennial plant.
		Leafy Spurge leaves are usually green or grayish-green in color, linear or lanceolate in shape, and from 2-8 cm long and 2-10 mm wide.
		Leafy Spurge seeds may be dispersed over longer distances by flowing water, birds or grazing mammals.
	www.co.weber.ut.us /weeds/types/l_spurge.asp (746 words)

	Leafy spurge predators
		LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia esula) In 1989, two leafy spurge predators, Aphthona nigriscutis, and Aphthona flava, were obtained from collections in Canada and Europe.
		To release the adults, either sprinkle them on leafy spurge plants of moderate density, or quickly swing your arm with the open container to distribute them over a wider distance.
		At one research site this species reduced the aerial portion of leafy spurge in a 212 by 167 m (700 by 550 ft) area in six years from 57% to less than 2%.
	www.co.larimer.co.us /publicworks/weeds/Lsbio.htm (1139 words)

	Biological Weed Management of Leafy Spurge, Montana, USA
		Leafy spurge is an invasive, perennial weed from Eurasia that outcompetes native grass species thereby reducing forage available to cattle and wildlife.
		Leafy spurge is estimated to cost Montana ranchers $1.4 million dollars in lost forage and $2.5 million in chemical control per year.
		Since the early 1980s, the ranch has reduced the area under chemical spurge control from 415 ha to 35 ha and dropped its herbicide usage for controlling leafy spurge from 500 gallons to 10 gallons per year.
	www.agroecology.org /cases/leafyspurge.htm (628 words)

	USDA-ARS TEAM Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A native of Europe and Asia, leafy spurge is an aggressive, persistent, deep-rooted perennial weed that invades a wide variety of habitats in the U.S. and Canada.
		Listed as a noxious weed in 35 states, leafy spurge crowds out desirable plants, is toxic to cattle and horses, and costs producers and taxpayers an estimated $144 million a year in just four states alone (Montana, Wyoming and North and South Dakota).
		TEAM Leafy Spurge was a six year research and demonstration program focused on the Little Missouri River and associated watersheds in Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota.
	www.team.ars.usda.gov (345 words)

	Leafy spurge hit by beetle bombs; Programs & People winter 2001
		Leafy spurge, a tenacious weed introduced from Eurasia in the mid-1800s, is aided in its propagation by mourning doves who ingest seed and deposit it in the form of waste.
		The most common way to distribute the voracious beetles–which limit their diet to leafy spurge and have little or no impact on other desired vegetation–was to spread them by hand.
		On the surface, the spread of leafy spurge into Idaho was a depressing proposition, Cheyney said.
	info.ag.uidaho.edu /magazine/winter_2001/spurge.html (790 words)

	Spurgia esulae
		esulae on leafy spurge stems resemble small cabbages or artichokes, with overlapping warty, pale-green leaves.
		Lym, R.G. and Carlson, R.B. (1994) Effect of herbicide treatment on leafy spurge gall midge (Spurgia esulae) population.
		Nelson, J. (1994) The gall midge Spurgia esulae Gagn on leafy spurge.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/weedfeeders/spurgia.html (696 words)

	Non-Native Invasive Species on the Chequamegon-Nicolet - Leafy spurge
		ECOLOGICAL THREAT: Leafy spurge displaces native vegetation in prairie habitats and fields through shading and by usurping available water and nutrients and through plant toxins that prevent the growth of other plants underneath it.
		BACKGROUND: Leafy spurge was transported to the U.S. possibly as a seed impurity in the early 1800s.
		BIOLOGY and SPREAD: Leafy spurge reproduces readily by seeds that have a high germination rate and may remain viable in the soil for at least seven years, enhancing its chances of recovery over time.
	www.fs.fed.us /r9/cnnf/natres/nnis/leafy_spurge.html (696 words)

	"How to Make Biocontrol Work Against Leafy Spurge" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		With that in mind, the USDA-ARS’s TEAM Leafy Spurge is reaching out to ranchers, landowners and land managers who aren’t yet sold on the potential benefits of biological control programs.
		TEAM members intend to distribute several million leafy spurge flea beetles, free of charge, at a series of tours in June along with information designed to help ensure their success.
		"Leafy spurge will never again be a deterrent to livestock production on these sites because the flea beetles will always be there," he said.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/ag/spurge47.html (1161 words)

	New Beneficial Insects on the Way for Leafy Spurge Control / March 13, 2000 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research ...
		Leafy spurge covers at least 5 million acres in 35 states and Canadian provinces.
		ARS has received permits to release the midge and expects to receive a shipment of insects from France in May. Researchers at the ARS Northern Plains Agricultural Research Center in Sidney, Mont., hope to release the insects early this summer.
		ARS is the chief research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2000/000313.htm (414 words)

	Prescribed Fire Effects on Biological Control of Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The flea beetle, Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras, is a potentially useful agent for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in grasslands devoted to wildlife conservation.
		However, most colonies established with the aid of fire did not survive past the first generation unless the habitat was otherwise suitable for the species, and we conclude that the primary benefit of prerelease burning is increased recruitment of A.
		Established colonies were not harmed by burns in October and May. Both spring and fall burns resulted in an increase in leafy spurge stem density during the first growing season, but stem density declined to the preburn level by the second growing season.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/2000/feffct/feffct.htm (407 words)

	Leafy Spurge - Noxious Weeds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) was brought to the U. from Eurasia about 1897.
		Biological control agents (several stem/root boring beetles, a shoot tip gall midge, a stem boring moth, and 3 root/defoliating flea beetles) have been inconsistent in Idaho.
		Sheep and goats have been used to check the rate of spread of leafy spurge.
	www.oneplan.org /Crop/noxWeeds/nxWeed12.htm (181 words)

	Leafy Spurge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Key characteristics: Greenish-yellow fruit occurs in umbel-like clusters in the terminal portions of the plant.
		any animal consuming spurge or coming in contact with the sap may be affected.
		Although spurges are not considered to be palatable, all parts of the plant are toxic.
	www.psu.missouri.edu /fishel/leafy_spurge.htm (97 words)

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