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	Italian Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the League destroyed much of the Venetian army at the battle of Agnadello in 1509, it failed to capture Padua, and in 1510, Julius, now regarding France as a greater threat, left the League and allied himself with Venice.
		However, the death of Julius left the League without effective leadership, and when Louis' successor, Francis I, defeated the Swiss at Marignano in 1515, the League collapsed, and by the treaties of Noyon and Brussels, surrendered to France and Venice the entirety of northern Italy.
		In 1526, Pope Clement VII, alarmed at the growing power of the Empire, formed the League of Cognac against Charles, allying himself, the Republic of Venice, Florence, and a number of smaller Italian states with France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_Wars (1339 words)

	MSN Encarta - Germany
		In a decisive battle at Pavia in 1525, Francis was captured and forced to renounce all claims to Milan, Naples, Genoa, and the duchy of Burgundy.
		Alarmed by Charles’s growing power, Pope Clement VII and Henry VIII of England joined Francis in the League of Cognac, leading to the second Habsburg-Valois war.
		This concise summary of Lutheran beliefs was rejected by the Catholic princes, leading Protestants to form the defensive Schmalkaldic League in 1531.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576917_15/Germany.html (1620 words)

	Cognac!
		Their premium cognac stocks have been backing up in France, requiring unprecedented efforts to create radically new avenues of usage, different products, unconventional marketing directions for surplus inventories, and, in some cases, even a re-examination of company image, as we shall see.
		Meanwhile, the salvation for cognac fortunes continues to be found right here in the good old brandywine-loving USA, where, once again, last year, the category continued its vibrant growth escalation of recent years with an outstanding overall double digit increase of 11.3% that reached the 2.5 million case plateau in cognac sales.
		Whether it's the lapping of the cognac or the accelerated evaporation process or the infusion of sea air, or the fact that you're going through different climates, barometric pressures and humidity changes, all these natural phenomena come together to create an exquisite harmonious single entity in the cognac.
	www.beveragebusiness.com /bbcontent/art-arch/mmbradford01.html (6992 words)

	FRANCE 1494-1559
		When the League raised an army, Henry III in 1585 revoked all edicts that granted toleration, prohibited public worship by Huguenots, banished their ministers, and gave Protestants the choice of becoming Catholic or leaving the country in six months.
		As the League, with its foreign connections, was alienating most Frenchmen, the reconciliation of the two Henrys was widely welcomed by politiques and moderate Catholics.
		Meanwhile, the League declared the cardinal of Bourbon king of France as Charles X. In September 1589 Henry of Navarre won the battle of Arques and took most of Normandy.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/17.html (10903 words)

	Charles V, Holy Roman emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Led first by Georg von Frundsberg and then by Charles de Bourbon, the army defeated the league and then marched on Rome, where the force sacked (1527) the city and besieged Pope Clement VII.
		The rebellion (1522–23) of Franz von Sickingen was followed by the more serious Peasants’ War (1524–26), and the Swabian League in 1531 made way for the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League.
		Turning on the Protestant princes of Germany, Charles split their ranks by winning over Maurice of Saxony and others, attacked the Schmalkaldic League in 1546, defeated (1547) John Frederick I of Saxony at Mühlberg, and imprisoned Philip of Hesse.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ch/Charles5HRE.html (1449 words)

	Hekmat-Germany
		Well-organized business, labor, and farm associations in league with the government produced a distinctive "organized capitalism," different from the less regulated capitalism of Britain and the United States.
		During his fifth Italian expedition, though, he was defeated by the Lombard League at the Battle of Legnana in 1176, partly because he lacked the crucial support of Henry the Lion.
		At its peak in the early 15th century, the league monopolized all trade on the Baltic and throughout northern Europe.
	www.hekmats.com /germanyhistory.htm (21639 words)

	Encyclopedia: 1526 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Events April - Battle of Villalar - Forces loyal to Emperor Charles V defeat the Comuneros, a league of urban bourgeois rebelling against Charles in Spain.
		Francis agrees to cede Burgundy to Charles, and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.
		The League of Cognac of 1526 pitted France, England, Pope Clement VII, Venice, Florence, and elements of Milan against the Emperor Charles V. Categories: Stub...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/1526 (2705 words)

	AllRefer.com - Italian Wars (Wars And Battles) - Encyclopedia
		The French held their own until the Swiss stormed Milan (1512) : which they nominally restored to the Sforzas : routed the French at Novara (1513), and controlled Lombardy until they were defeated in turn by Louis's successor, Francis I, at Marignano (1515).
		This he repudiated, as soon as he was liberated, by forming the League of Cognac with Pope Clement VII, Henry VIII of England, Venice, and Florence.
		To punish the pope, Charles V sent Charles de Bourbon against Rome, which was sacked for a full week (May, 1527).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/ItalianW.html (722 words)

	WHKMLA : Sacco di Roma, 1527
		Francis I., freshly released, showed no intention to honour his obligations, and instread joined the LEAGUE OF COGNAC (1526), together with Pope Clement VII.
		was terrified, the League of Cognac practically dissolved.
		League of Cognac, 1526, p.52, The Sack of Rome, p.55, Results of, and Responsibility for, the Sack of Rome, p.56, from Habsburg and Valois, by Stanley Leathes
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/saccodiroma.html (324 words)

	KOLBE'S GREATEST BOOKS: Pope Clement VII
		The whole political and religious situation was one of extreme delicacy, and it may be doubted if there was one man in ten thousand who would have succeeded by natural tact and human prudence in guiding the Bark of Peter through such tempestuous waters.
		The early years of his pontificate were occupied with the negotiations which culminated in the League of Cognac.
		Clement's pliability had already given offence to the other members of the League, and his appeals were not responded to very warmly.
	www.greatestbooks.org /studentlibrary/churchpopes/clement7.htm (2426 words)

	HISTORICAL INFORMATION: The Renaissance
		Pope Julius II forms the Holy League of Cambrai (1508), uniting with France and Spain to regain papal territory on the Adriatic lost to Venice.
		The Pope forms a new Holy League (1510) with England, Spain, and the Swiss to expel the French from Italy.
		In 1513 Pope Julius II dies, and the Holy League is disbanded.
	www.theminiaturespage.com /ref/history/reninfo.html (2784 words)

	Frundsberg, Georg von on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the Italian Wars, Frundsberg contributed to the victories of La Bicocca (1522) and Pavia (1525) over the French.
		He then helped to end the Peasants' War in Germany, but in 1526 returned to Italy to aid Charles de Bourbon against the anti-imperial League of Cognac.
		While trying to pacify a mutiny caused by rumors of a truce (the troops had not been paid), Frundsberg suffered a stroke and died.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/f/frundsbe.asp (134 words)

	The Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia
		RC holy leagues were formed in the 16th and 17th c.
		The Holy League formed 1683/84 under leadership of Innocent* XI joined Austria, Venice, and, for a short time, Poland against the Turks; helned liberate most of Turkish-occupied Hung.
		The Holy League of Cognac was formed 1526 at Cognac, Fr.
	www.lcms.org /ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=H&t2=o (4232 words)

	The Reformation in Strassburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The League of Venice formed 31 March 1495; it consisted of the pope, the emperor, Venice, Milan, and Spain.
		The result was the League of Cambrai, an association of powers with little in common except an enmity toward Venice.
		This League again invited the French to invade, in 1509, resulting in the Battle of Agnadello, where Venice was defeated.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/reformation/italy (1912 words)

	WSWG 16 \| Ilardi: Italianita (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Most Italians of this period were thinking in terms of leagues of states (the Holy League of 1511 and the League of Cognac, 1526).
		Rome, Machiavelli pointed out, had subdued the various cities of Italy by making them first her allies (compagni), and then gradually extending her control over them until they had become her 'subjects.' It will be noted that all three Machiavellian methods of creating a large state in Italy are based on power and conquest.
		Italy was to be made subservient to a powerful prince, a dominant republic, or a mighty league of republics.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/conferences/wswg/16/ilardi.html (1494 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Pope Clement VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Proved unaware of the menace of Lutheranism to the Church, and lost the opening battles against the Reformation for the hearts of the people.
		Relations with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V were strained as Clement allied with Francis I of France in the League of Cognac in 1526.
		Imperial troops attacked Rome in 1527, sacked the city, and held the pope hostage.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/pope0219.htm (158 words)

	CLEMENT - LoveToKnow Article on CLEMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Even in these purely secular affairs, moreover, his timidity and indecision prevented him from pursuing a consistent policy; and his ill fortune, or his lack of judgment, placed him, as long as he had the power of choice, ever on the losing side.
		On the betrayal of this conspiracy Clement made a fresh submission to the emperor, only to follow this, a year later, by the Holy League of Cognac with Francis I. (May 22, 1526).
		Then followed the imperial invasion of Italy and Bourbons sack of Rome (May 1527) which ended the Augustan age of the papal city in a horror of fire and blood.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CL/CLEMENT.htm (6315 words)

	THE INVASIONS OF ITALY 1494-1527. MACHIAVELLI AND GUICCIARDINI
		Charles's successes caused such alarm, both in Italy and elsewhere, that a league was formed against him.
		In 1526, however, after signing a treaty in which he was forced to abandon his Italian claims and make other concessions (Treaty of Madrid), Francis was released and soon showed that he did not feel bound by his treaty obligations.
		In 1526, the League of Cognac was formed against Spain, in which the leading members were the king of France, eager to recoup his Italian position, and Pope Clement VII, alarmed at the growing Spanish predominance in Italy.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/04.html (5857 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The league of the Emperor and the Pope had brought about the Edict of Worms; the breach between the two virtually annulled it at the Diet of Speier.
		Had the Emperor now embraced the Protestant doctrines, he might have become the head of a German imperial state church.
		The rash conduct of Philip put the Protestant princes in the position of aggressors and disturbers of the public peace, and the whole affair brought shame and disgrace upon their cause.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/7_ch08.htm (3319 words)

	PRELIMINARY REMARKS
		It has not however proved possible to include the large list of Abbots and Abbesses of princely rank ; the dates of the secularisation of their dominions may easily be ascertained from C. Wolff's Die unmittelbaren Theile des ehemaligen römisch-deutschen Kaiserreiches, etc. (Berlin, 1873), or from other sources.
		The Lists of Congresses and Conferences and of Leagues and Alliances are expressly intended to be selections only ; from the former, Religious Colloquies have been excluded.
		1684 The Holy League (the Emperor, Poland, and Venice) against the Turks.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/vol13.html (3049 words)

	Sforza. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ludovico lost Milan to Louis in 1499, but in 1512 the Swiss, as members of the Holy League against France, stormed Milan and installed Ludovico’s son, Massimiliano Sforza, 1493–1530, as its duke.
		He joined (1526) the League of Cognac against the emperor, but was obliged to surrender to the imperial troops that besieged him in Milan.
		After the Treaty of Cambrai (1529), Francesco was restored as duke and ruled until his death.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sf/Sforza.html (646 words)

	A History of Europe, Chapter 10
		Then the pope abruptly shifted gears again, leaving the alliance to form a new one, the "Holy League to Liberate Italy." This time the League included Ferdinand, Maximilian, Henry VIII of England, the Swiss and even the recently defeated Venetians; their goal was to drive the French out of the peninsula.
		However, Denmark, the League's traditional enemy, did not benefit from its decline; in return for English and Dutch help against the League, the Danes had promised to let them have the League's trading privileges, so first Antwerp, and then Amsterdam, replaced Lübeck as the Venice of the north.
		Henry III arranged for the assassination of the Holy League's leader, Henri de Lorraine, as well as his brother Louis de Lorraine, but one year later Henry himself was stabbed by a fanatical Dominican friar (1589).
	www.xenohistorian.faithweb.com /europe/eu10.html (18948 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He had more trouble with the Hanseatic League, which had extensive privileges in England that Henry would have liked to reduce.
		Wolsey and Henry adhered for some years to the Spanish alliance, but after the battle of Pavia (1525) when Charles V was on his way to dominating Italy, England joined Charles's enemies in the League of Cognac in 1527.
		Wolsey's growing antagonism to the emperor was based partly on the fact that the latter had failed to assist, in fact frustrated, Wolsey's desire to be elected pope.
	www.colorado.edu /English/Ball/tudorhist.html (15437 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 75025476 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pavia and the League of Cognac, Mohacs and the Turks in Hungary, Bourbon's March on Rome (1525-1527).......................
		The Failure of the Expedition of 1570 and Pius V's Attempts to Form the Anti-Turkish League...................................
		The Holy League, the Continuing War with the Turks, and the Fall of Famagusta (1571).....................................
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/fy052/75025476.html (406 words)

	Luther, First Principles of the Reformation (1883): The Online Library of Liberty
		The Emperor having accomplished this step, which was one of the most momentous in the eventful course of the Reformation, now hastened to the Netherlands, and strengthened by the league with the Pope and Henry VIII., soon began his great war against the King of France.
		Without the contingency of that war, Charles V. would have had no occasion for leaguing himself with the Pope, the Edict of Worms would, in all probability, never have been issued, and the pressing demand for a General Council would have been acceded to.
		Luther would not have been obliged to hide himself at the Wartburg, and the subsequent troubles at Wittenberg would certainly never have broken out; and finally the firm hand of a sovereign residing in the country would have stemmed the torrent of the Peasants’ War at the outset.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Texts/Luther0155/FirstPrinciples/0224_Bk.html (17546 words)

	Renaissance Princes Chronology
		1508: Pope Julius II forms the League of Cambrai with Ferrara, France and the Hapsburgs.
		1511: Julius II forms the Holy League with England, Aragon, Emperor Maximilian, Switzerland and Venice to oppose France, Florence, and Ferrara.
		1526: Pope Clement VII forms the League of Cognac with England, France, Milan, Genoa, Venice and Florence to oppose Charles.
	www.gis.net /~pldr/rench.html (569 words)

	Italy
		The Lombard League became strong enough to defeat the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa at Legnano in 1176.
		But the Spain of Charles V was not now to be resisted, and the League only accomplished the loss of Milan (1526) and the memorable sack of Rome by the Spanish army (1527).
		This all was bad news for Louis, who tried to help the Turks with his own war; but the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) did not save Hungary for the Sult.ân.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	Giovanni de' Medici -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		He took his father's name, trained as a soldier, and fought for a Medici cousin, Pope Leo X, in 1516–17 and 1521.
		In the service of the French (1522, 1525) he fought with the army of the League of Cognac in 1526 and was mortally wounded in the battle near Mantua.
		He was known as Giovanni dalle Bande Nere (“of the Black Bands”) for the fl banners his army (or bands) carried in mourning for Leo X after 1521.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9371733?tocId=9371733 (765 words)

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