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Topic: League of Schmalkalden

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	AllRefer.com - Schmalkaldic League (German History) - Encyclopedia
		Led by Philip of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony, the league grew rapidly.
		In an effort to crush the independence of the states of the empire and to restore unity to the Roman Catholic Church, Charles initiated the so-called Schmalkaldic War against the league.
		At the battle of MUhlberg (1547), the league was defeated.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/SchmlkLg.html (213 words)

	LANDGRAVE OF HESSE PHILIP - LoveToKnow Article on LANDGRAVE OF HESSE PHILIP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The schemes he put forward as one of the heads of the league of Schmalkalden, aimed primarily at overthrowing the house of Habsburg; to this end aid was sought from foreigner and native, from Protestant and Catholic alike.
		Before the formation of the league of Schmalkalden Philip was very intimate with Zwingli, and up to the time of the reformers death, in 1531, he hoped that material aid would be forthcoming from his followers.
		In 1529 the landgrave signed the protest which was presented to the diet at Spires, being thus one of the original Protestants;, in 1530 he was among the subscribers to the confession of Augsburg; and the formation of the league of Schmalkalden in the same year was largely due to his energy.
	5.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PH/PHILIP_LANDGRAVE_OF_HESSE.htm (1400 words)

	Schmalkaldic League
		The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive league of Protestant princes in the Holy Roman Empire in the mid-16th century.
		The League was assembled by Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony at Schmalkalden in 1531, pledging to defend each other if their territories were attacked by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
		In 1532 the League allied with France, and in 1538 with Denmark.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/schmalkaldic_league (278 words)

	FH Schmalkalden - Schmalkalden and the University - Druckversion
		Based on an 100-year-old tradition of higher education in Schmalkalden, the University of Applied Sciences (UAS) was founded on 1st October 1991, and is thus one of Germany's newest universities.
		Schmalkalden is a charming town with a 1125-year history and a population of about 20 000 situated on the southern edge of the Thuringian Forest.
		Schmalkalden is associated with the high cultural and intellectual value of Luther's "Schmalkalden Articles" and with the "League of Schmalkalden", a pro-Reformation political and military association founded in 1530.
	www.fh-schmalkalden.de /-page-1727-skin-druckversion-lang-ru.html (866 words)

	Cambrai League Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		Then it was, while the League of Cambrai assailed, while the Turk was...During the terrible war of the League of Cambrai, 1508-16, when the united great...revenged the iniquity of the League of Cambrai, and the invasion of the foreigner...
		The result was the League of Cambrai, in which France, the Empire...Padua from the forces of the League of Cambrai, and he defended it against...
		CAMBRAI, LEAGUE OF 1508 10, alliance formed by Holy Roman...by the French at Agnadello (1509); most of the territories it had occupied were lost...reconciled to Venice and began forming the Holy League against France.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/cambrai-league-of.jsp?l=C&p=1 (1472 words)

	Franz (1508-1549) Duke of Brunswick - Lüneburg - Gifhorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Thus it happened that in 1531 the Lutheran princes formed the League of Schmalkalden against the emperor and the Catholic faith.
		Duke Franz was promoted to princely messenger of the new beliefs, and in that capacity he successfully sought the aid of his boyhood friend, elector Johann Friedrich (1503-1554) of Saxony.
		But he was able to crush the League with the help of duke Maurice of Saxony (1521-1553), winning a significant victory at the battle of Mühlberg (24 April 1547).
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/Franz/Franz.html (591 words)

	SCHMALKALDEN - LoveToKnow Article on SCHMALKALDEN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Karl Wilhelms (f8151873), the composer of Die Wacht am Rhein, was born here, and there is a memorial of him in the market-place.
		Schmalkalden, which was first mentioned in 874, came wholly into the possession of Hesse in 1583, having been a town since 1335.
		See Wagner, Geschichle der Stadt und Herrschaft Schmalkalden (Marburg, 1849); and Wilisch, Schmalkalden und seine Umgebungen (Schmalkaldeo, 1884).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /S/SC/SCHMALKALDEN.htm (140 words)

	Schmalkalden on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Schmalkalden was chartered in the 13th cent., passed in 1583 to Hesse-Kassel, and, with it, passed to Prussia in 1866.
		In the town hall (built 1419) the Schmalkaldic League was founded in 1531.
		Other noteworthy structures in Schmalkalden include the Church of St. George (15th cent.) and parts of the town's medieval fortifications.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Schmalka.asp (314 words)

	History of Bavaria -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The troops of (Germanic barbarian leader who ended the western Roman Empire in 476 and became the first barbarian ruler of Italy (434-493)) Odoacer ravaged the area during this (the 5th) century.
		a league of the Rhenish states as a counterpoise to the preponderance of Austria and Prussia.
		In internal affairs his ministry was characterised by a reactionary policy less severe than elsewhere in Germany, which led none-the-less from 1854 onward to a struggle with the parliament, which ended in the dismissal of Pfordten's ministry on 27 March 1859.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/history_of_bavaria.htm (6927 words)

	Schmalkaldic League -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Established in February 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, the league was led by Landgrave Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse and John Frederick I of Saxony.
		Fearing that the league would ally itself with his enemy, Francis I of France, the emperor Charles V was forced to grant it de facto recognition until 1544, when he made peace with Francis.
		Established in February 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, the league was...
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9066165 (781 words)

	FH Schmalkalden - Cultural Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Schmalkalden is one of the oldest and most beautiful towns in Thuringia, situated between steep, romantic hills and woods.
		In 1531 the protestant nobility formed the 'League of Schmalkalden' against the emperor Charles V. Subsequently Martin Luther published the ‘Schmalkalden Articles’, one of the founding documents of the Protestant religion, here in 1537.
		Schmalkalden is on the 'German Timber-Framed Houses Trail'.
	www.fh-schmalkalden.de /-page-1732-skin-barrierefrei-lang-ru.html (1729 words)

	SCHMALKALDEN - Online Information article about SCHMALKALDEN
		League of Schmalkalden, or Smalkald, was concluded in 1531, and also the See also:
		Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)
		Schmalkalden, which was first mentioned in 874, came wholly into the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SAR_SCY/SCHMALKALDEN.html (329 words)

	Albert The Warlike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sharing in the attack on the Saxon electorate, Albert was taken prisoner at Rochlitz in March 1547 by John Fredeack, elector of Saxony, but was released as a result of the emperor's victory at Muhlberg in the succeeding April.
		He then followed the fortunes of his friend Maurice, the new elector of Saxony, deserted Charles, and joined the league which proposed to overthrow the emperor by an alliance with Henry II of France.
		Henry II, duke of Brunswick, then took command of the troops of the league, and after Albert had been placed under the imperial ban in December 1553 he was defeated by Duke Henry, and compelled to fly to France.
	brandt.kurowski.net /projects/lsa/wiki/view.cgi?doc=349 (478 words)

	East Germany - The Reformation and the Thirty Years' War
		In 1620, in an attempt to wrest back control, imperial armies and the Catholic League under General Johann von Tilly defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague.
		Neighboring Protestant countries, alarmed by the resulting superior strength of the Catholic League and the possibility of Catholic supremacy in Europe, and France, opposed to the increasing power of the Habsburgs, supported the Protestant German princes, who seized the opportunity to renew their struggle against the emperor.
		However, by 1627 the imperial armies of Ferdinand II (1619-37) and the Catholic League, under the supreme command of General Albrecht von Wallenstein, had defeated the Protestants and secured a foothold in northern Germany.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-5035.html (801 words)

	Maurice of Saxony
		As a youth he had joined the league of Schmalkalden, but this adhesion, as well as his subsequent declaration to stand by the confession of Augsburg, cannot be regarded as the decision of his maturer years.
		Maurice was promised some rights over the archbishopric of Magdeburg and the bishopric of Halberstadt; immunity, in part at least, for his subjects from the Tridentine decrees; and the question of transferring the electoral dignity was discussed.
		In return the duke probably agreed to aid Charles in his proposed attack on the league as soon as he could gain the consent of the Saxon estates, or at all events to remain neutral during the impending war.
	www.nndb.com /people/393/000096105 (1010 words)

	HWC, Religious tensions in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Charles' decision led the Lutheran princes to form a defensive alliance of their own, known as the League of Schmalkalden.
		The Catholic League was formed in 1537, but in 1539 there was a further interim peace between the emperor and the Protestants.
		With the Catholic League now ranged against the League of Schmalkalden, open war seemed inevitable.
	history.boisestate.edu /WESTCIV/reformat/german03.htm (307 words)

	Holy League -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		To put an end to the league, which challenged his authority, Henry III had the duke de Guise assassinated (1588), an act that, rather than destroying the League, led to Henry's own assassination in 1589.
		Although the basic reason behind the League's formation was the defense of the Catholic religion, political...
		Italian league that, in the 12th and 13th centuries, resisted attempts by the Holy Roman emperors to reduce the liberties and jurisdiction of the communes of Lombardy in northern Italy.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9367255 (801 words)

	HWC, Religious war in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		But the forces he had unleashed had long passed beyond his control, and his death did not ease tensions.
		The League of Schmalkalden raised 50,000 men and 7,000 cavalry.
		Charles swept the forces of the League before him.
	history.boisestate.edu /WESTCIV/reformat/german04.htm (349 words)

	Schmalkaldic League (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Established in 1531 at Schmalkalden, Germany, the league was led by Philip the Magnanimous of Hesse and Johann Friedrich (1503-1554) of Saxony.
		Fearing that the league would ally itself with his enemy, Francis I of France, Karl was forced to grant it de facto recognition until 1544, when he made peace with Francis.
		He then began military operations against its leaders and effectively destroyed it by 1547.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/SchmalkaldicLeague/SchmalkaldicLeague.html (122 words)

	Theological Studies: Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation.(Book Review)@ HighBeam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Theological Studies: Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation.(Book Review)@ HighBeam Research
		HENRY VIII, THE LEAGUE OF SCHMALKALDEN, AND THE ENGLISH REFORMATION.
		Rory McEntegart persuasively revises the conventional wisdom among scholars that Henry VIII's negotiations with the League of Schmalkalden were a mere...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:117774757&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (189 words)

	SCHMALKALDEN - Encyclopedia Britannica - SCHMALKALDEN - JCSM's Study Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		SCHMALKALDEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, situated in a narrow valley at the
		League of Schmalkalden, or Smalkald, was concluded in 1531, and also the
		Karl Wilhelms (1815-1873), the composer of " Die Wacht am Rhein," was born here, and there is a memorial of him in the market-place.
	jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Encyclopedia_Britannica/SAR_SCY/SCHMALKALDEN.html (378 words)

	ULRICH - Online Information article about ULRICH
		January 1519 the Swabian league interfered in the struggle, and Ulrich was driven from Wurttemberg, which was afterwards sold by the league to the emperor See also:
		year Francis I. had definitely promised assistance; the Swabian league had just been dissolved; and, after a manifesto had been issued by Ulrich and Philip justifying the proposed undertaking, Wurttemberg was invaded in See also:
		Schmalkalden, though he did not assent to some of the schemes of Philip of Hesse for attacking Charles V. In 1546 his troops fought against the emperor during the war of the league of Schmalkalden, but with disastrous results for Wurttemberg.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TUM_VAN/ULRICH.html (1093 words)

	CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF LEADING EVENTS
		1530 The Grey Leagues obtain possession of the Valtelline.
		1538 League of the Pope, Emperor Ferdinand, and Venice against the Turks.
		The Holy League between Austria, Poland, and Venice, against the Turks.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/timeline.html (5269 words)

	Altmarkt, Schmalkalden
		The whole of the Old Town of Schmalkalden is protected as a historical monument.
		Above the Ratskeller is the room in which the 16th C. League of Schmalkalden used to meet.
		In the lobby are murals (after Merian's plan) depicting the medieval town.
	www.planetware.com /germany/thuringen/schmalkalden/altmarkt-d-th-scma.htm (75 words)

	Braunschweig_City
		sympathies of the citizens were with the new teaching, and the city was a member of the League of Schmalkalden.
		In 1830 it was the scene of,a Violent revolution, which led to the removal of the reigning duke.
		Braunschweig was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th to the middle of the 17th century.
	www.michaeljohnbenze.net /GermanHistory/Braunschweig_City.html (1016 words)

	Page 20 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This event put the seal on what was already known anyway: that Spain and related possessions would not become part of the Holy Roman Empire, which was to remain essentially German.
		On 27 January 1531, the Protestants formed the League of Schmalkalden.
		In response, Charles formed the Catholic League in 1538, though it was hampered by the rivalry between the Habsburgs in Austria and the Wittelsbachs in Bavaria.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/reformation/germany/emperors.shtml (1214 words)

	Schmalkalden
		Schmalkaldic League - Schmalkaldic League, alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates...
		Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation.(Reviews of Books)(Book Review) (Albion)
		Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation.(Book Review) (Theological Studies)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0843972.html (178 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The formation of the League of Schmalkalden and the renewed advance of Solyman upon Vienna (July, 1532) added further complications, and Charles was in consequence obliged to temporise with the Protestant Powers of Germany (August, 1532).
		On February 8, 1538, a defensive league against the Turk was concluded between the Pope, the Emperor, Ferdinand, and Venice, which prepared the way for a favourable intervention of the Pope between the two great Powers.
		To the former were due the League of Rome and the rupture of the Truce of Vaucelles ; to the latter the Truce of Vaucelles, and above all, the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis.
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh203.html (17384 words)

	Schmalkaldic League on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		(shmälkäl´dĬk), alliance formed in 1531 at Schmalkalden by Protestant princes and delegates of free cities.
		At the battle of Mühlberg (1547), the league was defeated.
		Theological debates in the Reformation: Russel Tarr outlines what was at issue in the clash between Catholics and Protestants.(Talking Points)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/SchmlkL1g.asp (347 words)

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