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Topic: Learned helplessness

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	The Conflicts of Learned Helplessness In Motivation
		Learned helplessness is a motivational problem where one might have failed in a task or two in the past which have made that individual believe that they are incapable to do anything in order to improve their performance in that task(s) (Stipek, 1988).
		Learned helplessness is caused by parents and or the children's teacher(s).
		Learned helpless students might be intrinsically motivated at first, but if they fail at the task than they become uninterested and are intimidated in subjecting themselves to do the task again in the future.
	ematusov.soe.udel.edu /final.paper.pub/_pwfsfp/00000062.htm (1429 words)

	Learned Helplessness: A Critique of Research and Theory
		While learned helplessness is still being used as a means to stress animals in fields such as physiological psychology, behavioral pharmacology, and immunology, its original use, as a model of human depression, has been abandoned.
		While their phrase "reformulated learned helplessness model of depression" implies that the decade of animal research had some value, they admitted that the animal model failed to address this fundamental aspect of human depression.
		Learned helplessness, as Seligman (1978) correctly pointed out, is a "hypothetical construct." Given the way Seligman and colleagues have invoked and stretched the learned helplessness construct, it probably has low construct validity; in other words, the measurements may be precise, but we do not know what is being measured.
	www.curedisease.com /Perspectives/vol_1_1989/Learned%20Helplessness.html (2227 words)

	Yoga Essays and Stories about Spirituality - Learned Helplessness and Stress Management
		Helplessness is a learned condition that has a negative impact on your physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being.
		Following the sound session, researchers observed that the group that had been subjected to helplessness in the sound booth tended to act helpless in subsequent situations, whereas the group that had been given control in the sound booth looked for and chose to exercise control over subsequent situations.
		Helplessness is a desirable quality in a factory worker who must show up to work on time, even when sick, and work the same repetitive task, such as tightening a bolt as it passes down an assembly line.
	www.yogateacher.com /text/essays/spring1998.html (898 words)

	Learned Helplessness
		The idea, then, was that after the dog learned this, the dog would feel fear on the presentation of a tone, and would then run away or do some other behavior.
		The theory of learned helplessness was then extended to human behavior, providing a model for explaining depression, a state characterized by a lack of affect and feeling.
		Learned helplessness explained a lot of things, but then researchers began to find exceptions, of people who did not get depressed, even after many bad life experiences.
	www.noogenesis.com /malama/discouragement/helplessness.html (986 words)

	This Is A War - DEPRESSION
		There are people who rely on learned helplessness as a means to cope with negative events happening in their life.
		Learned helplessness can be seen when comparing depressed elderly women and non-depressed elderly women (65-96 years) on successes and failures.
		She is learning to accept that when she does something good, she knows she worked hard for it and deserves it without feeling guilty, and she didn't get it from the luck of the draw.
	www.thisisawar.com /DepressionLearned.htm (3240 words)

	Learned helplessness, therapy, and personality traits: an experimental study.
		The authors investigated 3 aspects of the learned helplessness (LH) phenomenon: the induction of helplessness in humans by a new instrumental task, the effects of a therapy technique that relies on direct retroactive reevaluation of the helplessness...
		The authors investigated 3 aspects of the learned helplessness (LH) phenomenon: the induction of helplessness in humans by a new instrumental task, the effects of a therapy technique that relies on direct retroactive reevaluation of the helplessness experience, and the role of personality characteristics in both helplessness induction and therapy.
		Although no significant gender differences were found in the effects of the helplessness-induction and therapy procedures, correlation analyses revealed that individual differences, particularly in the interaction between gender and personality characteristics, can have an important impact on LH and on the capacity to benefit from therapy.
	www.accelerated-learning-online.com /research/learned-helplessness-therapy-personality-traits-experimental-study.asp (602 words)

	Learned Helplessness: How does one escape this? - allForums
		Learned helplessness works like this: If people and animals are exposed to repeated aversive/negative events that they cannot escape or avoid, they may learn to do nothing —simply sit or stand by helplessly and suffer the punishment.
		A textbook definition of learned helplessness: The learned response of resigning oneself passively to aversive/negative conditions, rather than taking action to change, escape, or avoid them; learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable events.
		The concept of learned helplessness has its roots in a series of studies conducted by Richter (1957) in which he tested the efforts rats would make to escape a tub of water.
	www.allforums.net /showthread.php?goto=lastpost&threadid=11541 (2341 words)

	Learned helplessness
		Learned helplessness, although explored largely within the behavioural paradigm, is a form of meta-learning, or what Bateson would call learning II (or even III).
		Although the starting points could hardly be more different, there is a link with Mezirow's notion of "transformative learning": participants in adult basic education, for example, need to re-evaluate their whole position about their capabilities to learn, in order to be able to benefit from what is offered.
		Seligman has since turned his attention to strategies for overcoming learned helplessness, "positive psychology" and how to be happy.
	www.learningandteaching.info /learning/learned_helplessness.htm (398 words)

	Learned Helplessness - Free Parenting Article - Chick Moorman
		If you note that you are regularly using the language of learned helplessness, you may be an over-functioning parent.
		You just may be performing tasks, rescuing, and taking over to the degree that your child is being deprived of learning his or her own lessons.
		"That's too difficult for you." (Learned Helplessness) Allow children to decide the degree of difficulty unless this is a safety or health issue.
	www.chickmoorman.com /PAhelplessness.html (923 words)

	Learned Helplessness And The Kitchen Fridge
		Learned helplessness is a construct of behavioral psychology.
		In other words, the canine had learned to be helpless, even when it was perfectly capable of helping itself.
		Those of us fortunate enough to live in developed, Western nations have become so conditioned and dependent on the conveniences of the twenty-four hour service industry, we've learned to be helpless when faced with a situation that isn't immediately remedied for us by someone else.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /articles/apr/oct059.html (612 words)

	Question 21 - The Workplace Doctors - Helplessness in the workplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Learned helplessness dates back to an attitude and comment of Henry Ford.
		Learned helplessness is shortsighted, but it is not not uncommon.
		The reason that I ask about learned helplessness is that I am trying to inform my union brothers and sisters that this is a psychological tactic used by management.
	w3.gwis.com /~wego/q21.htm (726 words)

	Learned Helplessnessw & burnout
		Later the second dog that had learned that it was helpless was put into the room with the puzzle but it made no effort to find a way out.
		In his research, Seligman discovered that animals who learn to be helpless have little resistance to adverse situations.
		Seligman emphasizes in his research on learned helplessness that it is not the quality of the situation that causes feelings of helplessness and depression.
	www.docpotter.com /boclass-25helplessness.html (1104 words)

	Definition of Learned helplessness
		Learned helplessness, a term initially used in experimental psychology, is a description of the effect of inescapable negative reinforcement (such as electrical shock) on animal (and by extension, human) behavior.
		Extremely predictable environments such as a total institution and extremely unpredictable environments such as war, famine and drought may tend to foster learned helplessness.
		A tremendous crisis may rouse a person from learned helplessness as an alternative to death or ruin.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Learned_helplessness (291 words)

	Mercurial: Learned helplessness
		Learned Helplessness is now thought to play a role in such phenomena as depression and the failure of battered women to leave their husbands, but one could easily apply it more widely.
		I can go on more and say that this learned helplessness is part of the code of this society: kids not allowed to do anything not approved by the omniscient principal, corporations with a permanent CYA policy, a huge military and incredibly powerful country checking every purse in a plane, and so on.
		Learned Helplessness is now thought to play a role...
	www.confusedkid.com /primer/archives/2004/01/learned_helplessness.php (712 words)

	Life Enhancement:: Freedom and the Zek's Ant
		It has learned to be helpless and will no longer try to be free, even when it can easily and obviously do so.
		It turns out," they explained, "that if you give a learned helpless animal the right combination of nutrients and administer them in the right way, the animal's brain will be able to use them to synthesize additional noradrenaline.
		Learned helplessness is not having the confidence you can do something on your own to make things better.
	www.life-enhancement.com /article_template.asp?ID=255 (2050 words)

	Recovery from spinal injury
		The ability of the spinal cord to learn, which is referred to as "plasticity," has come to the forefront of the scientific community within the last five years thanks to Grau and his colleagues, but Grau's continued research has taken spinal cord plasticity into uncharted territory.
		Just as the brain can experience learned helplessness, resulting from believing it has no control over environmental stimuli, so too can the neurons in the spinal cord, he explains.
		Because learned helplessness destroys the spinal cord's ability to learn, Grau says, the chances for locomotive recovery in subjects experiencing this phenomenon are far less.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-10/TAU-Rfsi-0110100.php (622 words)

	How to Save the World
		It's like when young hockey players were required to wear helmets, face guards and neck braces: Injury rates actually rose, because players suddenly felt safer taking more risks, and became careless, even aggressive, with elbows and sticks, feeling like they and their adversaries were immune to harm with all the padding.
		We live in an age, after all, that is strangely fixated on the idea of helplessness: we're fascinated by hurricanes and terrorist acts and epidemics like SARS -- situations in which we feel powerless to affect our own destiny.
		Two years ago, millions of cows were slaughtered to contain a 'mad cow' breakout in Britain, and recent events in North America have whipped up the hysteria again, on the offchance that a small number of people could catch a rare form of CJD from infected cows.
	blogs.salon.com /0002007/2004/01/08.html (1092 words)

	learned helplessness and learning disabilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Learned helplessness, and the older student- Kathleen Doan, Jennifer Goldman,Sarah MacColl.
		Learned helplessness and self-deprecating attributions among students with learning disabilities have been...
		Learned helplessness, established by Martin E. Seligman, occurs when people perceive that their behavior does not matter because of their inability to affect events.
	behavior.bettergpa.com /behavior-resources/learned-helplessness-and-learning-disabilities.html (544 words)

	AN ODE TO LEARNED HELPLESSNESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Learn to cook (though probably not as well as my wife) so we can become more vegetarian, and eat less processed and packaged foods.
		Learning is the process of direct and indirect experience and observation, and knowledge is simply the personal, collected, internalized result of learning.
		As we learned about the business it became obvious, first, that they could not afford the new equipment they proposed to buy, and secondly, that their profit margins were going through the floor.
	www.stargeek.com /item/74169.html (15142 words)

	Learned helplessness
		The learned helplessness paradigm initially described by Overmier and Seligman [J. Comp.
		The aim of the current study was therefore to improve parameters for inescapable shock and learned helplessness testing to minimize artifacts and random error and yield a reliable fraction of helpless animals after shock exposure.
		This allows us to use animals which are not helpless after inescapable shock as a stressed control, but sensitivity, specificity and variability of test results have to be reassessed.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /learned-helplessness.htm (252 words)

	AboutOurKids.org \| NYU Child Study Center Grand Rounds Summary September 28, 2001
		Finally, Mooney stressed the idea that learned helplessness, which often contributes to depression, substance abuse and suicide in people with LD and ADHD, is often misunderstood as laziness and punished, which then contributes to further learned helplessness and psychological problems.
		In helping children with LD and ADHD, it is important to listen to the voices of these children and to integrate their strengths while helping them with their weaknesses.
		This approach should lower their feelings of learned helplessness and encourage them to be successful.
	www.aboutourkids.org /aboutour/articles/learn_adhd_gr02.html (798 words)

	The Hopelessness Theory of Depression: A Test of the Diathesis—Stress and Causal Mediation Components in Third and ...
		One cognitive theory that has obtained promising results in both adults and children is the reformulated learned helplessness theory of depression (Abramson et al., 1978).
		The reformulated learned helplessness theory is a cognitive diathesis-stress theory that proposes a series of contributory and sufficient causes that interact with each other to lead to a specific subtype of depression: learned helplessness.
		Once such expectancies have developed, depression is inevitable because such expectancies are viewed as a proximal sufficient cause of learned helplessness by the theory.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0902/is_3_29/ai_76558497 (936 words)

	What is Depression: A New Theory
		These rats learn that it's pointless to struggle so they stop searching for a way out, and after several sessions they fail to utilize an escape platform even when one is provided.
		However, learned helplessness is probably not true depression, in the sense that we humans think of it.
		But maybe they should, because just as it prevents them from trying to escape the swimming pool, learned helplessness prevents people from using the coping strategies that are available to most people to escape depression.
	entropy.brneurosci.org /depression.html (928 words)

	Articles - Learned Helplessness
		The common theme is an internal pattern called "learned helplessness." Learned helplessness results from being trained to be locked into a system.
		One of the primary characteristics of learned helplessness is that the person feels passive with respect to the system.
		We can only undo learned helplessness by severing our internal connection with the system that gave rise to it.
	www.unfetteredmind.org /articles/helplessness.php (1485 words)

	Morphine, Dopamine and Learned Helplessness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		he aim of this study was to examine the role of dopamine neurotransmission in the effects of morphine in the learned helplessness paradigm in rats, a generally recognized model of depression.
		A 37.5 microg/kg dose of haloperidol, which was ineffective by itself, reversed the morphine-induced improvement of escape behavior in previously stressed rats and the morphine-induced increase in intertrial activity in both stressed and nonstressed animals.
		These results support roles (a) for a dysregulation of dopaminergic neuronal activity in the expression of escape deficit subsequent to an inescapable aversive situation, and (b) for a dopaminergic mediation in the effects of morphine in the learned helplessness paradigm.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /lhmorph.htm (211 words)

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