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	AllRefer.com - learning (Psychology And Psychiatry) - Encyclopedia
		learning, in psychology, the process by which a relatively lasting change in potential behavior occurs as a result of practice or experience.
		Learning is distinguished from behavioral changes arising from such processes as maturation and illness, but does apply to motor skills, such as driving a car, to intellectual skills, such as reading, and to attitudes and values, such as prejudice.
		Learning occurs throughout life in animals, and learned behavior accounts for a large proportion of all behavior in the higher animals, especially in humans.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/learning.html (202 words)

	Psychology of learning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Learning is a process that depends on experience and leads to longterm changes in behavior potential.
		The main assumption behind all learning psychology is that the effects of the enviromnent, conditioning, reinforcement, etc. provide psychologists with the best information from which to understand human behavior.
		Major research traditions are behaviorism, Cognitivism (psychology) and self-regulated learning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Learning_psychology (158 words)

	MANY FACES: Chap. 13 Comparative Psychology & Animal Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Social learning that occurs because of increased attention to particular stimuli is called 'local enhancement.' Local enhancement was defined by Thorpe (1956) as 'an apparent imitation that resulted in one animal directing another animal's attention to a particular object or to a particular part of the environment' (p.
		Once the demonstrators learned to either peck or step on the treadle, one group of observers was allowed to watch a demonstrator peck the treadle, and a second group was allowed to watch a demonstrator step on the treadle.
		In contrast, comparative psychology was moved by the influence of ethologists to consider a broad range of behaviors and species, using a variety of experimental techniques.
	teachpsych.lemoyne.edu /teachpsych/faces/text/Ch13.htm (9417 words)

	Psychology 121: LEARNING
		This course is intended to do two things: (a) acquaint students with our current knowledge about elementary learning processes and (b) expose students to the logic of carrying out empirical investigation of an important psychological phenomenon.
		Most of the research covered focuses on learning and acquired motivational processes as exemplified primarily in nonhuman organisms, although some applications to human behavior are made.
		The textbook for the course is David A. Lieberman Learning: Behavior and Cognition, 1993, Wadsworth (2nd edition).
	www.psych.upenn.edu /~fel/backup.learn.html (339 words)

	Learning in Psychology
		The proposal that there exist independent explicit and implicit learning systems is based on two further distinctions: (i) learning that takes place with versus without concurrent awareness, and (ii) learning that involves the encoding of instances (or fragments) versus the induction of abstract rules or hypotheses.
		The learning theory of Thorndike represents the original S-R framework of behavioral psychology: Learning is the result of associations forming between stimuli and responses.
		According to Guthrie, all learning was a consequence of association between a particular stimulus and response.
	www.psychology.org /links/Environment_Behavior_Relationships/Learning (1383 words)

	Applications and Misapplications
		These two schools, of situated learning and constructivism, are not identical: situated learning emphasizes that knowledge is maintained in the external, social world; constructivism argues that knowledge resides in an individual's internal state, perhaps unknowable to anyone else.
		Learning requires a change in the learner, which can only be brought about by what the learner does--what he or she attends to, what activities he or she engages in.
		For instance, in ACT-R's learning by analogy, instruction serves to determine the representation of the examples from which one "constructs" one's understanding, and Pirolli and Anderson (1985) showed in the domain of recursive programming that what one learns from an example is strongly influenced by the instruction that accompanied the example.
	act-r.psy.cmu.edu /papers/misapplied.html (12924 words)

	Psychology of Learning--Introduction
		The psychology of learning spans many levels, from changes in the nervous system and related molecules to applications of learning-based technology for the modification of human or animal behavior.
		As we learn more about the processes of learning we can devise better education systems, deal more effectively with many forms of mental illness, train parents in child-rearing practices, and help people learn how to better control their own behavior.
		It refers to most theorists’ belief that for learning to occur the organism must somehow actively participate in the learning experience, as opposed to such hypothetical situations as having memories biochemically implanted in the brain.
	www.uwf.edu /psych/bmikulas/Webpage/learning/intro.htm (1372 words)

	Distance Learning - Psychology
		Learning how to listen, what is necessary for an organized office, and learning how to compare life lessons with scripture will be highlighted.
		Learn the skills you need to be a nonfiction writer from language crafting to coming up with ideas to selling your work.
		This college-level course has the same quality content you'll find at the university level for thousands of dollars and is for the student who desires to learn the trade of the nonfiction writer, or for the professional who wishes to improve his or her writing skills.
	home.universalclass.com /socialsciences/psychology (2152 words)

	Journal of Instructional Psychology: Cooperative learning on academic achievement in elementary African American males
		The aim of T this study was to investigated how cooperative learning promoted the academic success of elementary African American males in grades 3 through 6 in a rural school in Mississippi This study presents viewpoints based on these students' perception of what influenced academic achievement.
		Cooperative learning was found to be a Results of this study indicated that was primary among the factor promoting that promoted these students" their academic success.
		It is essential, however, to note that cooperative learning is not simply the process of grouping students, when it is carefully structured, students exhibited an increase in academic engaged time and elementary students remained on task (Quinn, 2002).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0FCG/is_4_31/ai_n8590237 (1319 words)

	Social learning theory
		Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior, in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance.
		Cognitive processing during learning: Social learning theorists contend that attention is a critical factor in learning.
		Learning and achievement: students with high self-efficacy tend to be better students and achieve more.
	teachnet.edb.utexas.edu /~lynda_abbott/Social.html (1495 words)

	Distance Learning Psychology Credit Courses: University of Kansas Continuing Education. Learn and Study General, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		All majors in psychology are required to complete this course (or PSYC 301) and must do so before applying for admission to the major.
		An introduction to contemporary research and theory in human learning and memory, relevant perceptual processes, and higher functions such as language.
		An introduction to the psychology of social behavior.
	www.kuce.org /isc/psyc.html (676 words)

	article learning psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Learn about undergraduate distance learning courses in psychology and other graduate and religious degrees.
		Learn about this proposal for human economics based on a new flow-like concept of utility, and read the introduction to the monograph.
		In this paper, we report on the development and outcomes of alternative teaching and learning strategies within the context of a first-year university-level introductory psychology course.
	www.just-psychology-links.com /article_learning_psychology.html (562 words)

	Amazon.com: Human Learning (3rd Edition): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This leading book in learning theories explains principles and theories of human learning in a lucid and engaging fashion and lays out the application of those theories and principles to educational practice.
		While the background and roots of learning theory are thoroughly discussed, the emphasis is clearly on contemporary perspectives and developments.
		Human learning gives a good basic understanding of learning theory for teachers and others who are interested in educational psychology.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0138756848?v=glance (851 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: Social learning theory
		Social learning theory has its roots in the behaviorist notion of human behavior as being determined by learning, particularly as shaped by reinforcement in the form of rewards or punishment.
		The first major theory of social learning, that of Julian B. Rotter, argued that cognition, in the form of expectations, is a crucial factor in social learning.
		In his influential 1954 book, Social Learning and Clinical Psychology, Rotter claimed that behavior is determined by two major types of "expectancy": the expected outcome of a behavior and the value a person places on that outcome.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0003/ai_2699000323 (486 words)

	Psychology: Cognitive/Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Cognitive/Learning Psychology Program is designed to prepare students for a university career in teaching and basic research, or a career in industry and government involving applied research.
		There are a total of six faculty teaching courses and conducting research in various aspects of cognitive psychology or learning.
		Included within the cognitive curriculum are courses covering the following topics: learning, memory, cognitive processes, psycholinguistics, cognition and emotion, aging and memory, human performance, artificial intelligence, mathematical modeling, and human-computer interaction, in addition to specialized seminars.
	psych.unm.edu /grad_coglearn.htm (174 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: Learning theory
		During the first half of the 20th century, American psychologists approached the concept of learning primarily in terms of behaviorist principles that focused on the automatic formation of associations between stimuli and responses.
		In operant conditioning, a response is learned because it leads to a particular consequence (reinforcement), and it is strengthened each time it is reinforced.
		Computers play an important role in current research on learning, both in the areas of computer-assisted learning and in the attempt to further understand the neurological processes involved in learning through the development of computer-based neural networks that can simulate various forms of learning.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0002/ai_2699000201 (693 words)

	Table of contents for Psychology and adult learning
		The resurgence of lifelong learning, although it is normally associated with policy frameworks and instruments designed to reform national education and training systems, it also foregrounds pedagogy and learning.
		While adult learning in the past was strongly associated with the provision of 'adult education', it is now a more mainstream concern.
		Humanistic psychology (Retitled Adult learning and self theories) This chapter provides and overview an evaluation of the concept of 'self directed learning' in the context of psychological theories of the self.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip059/2005007835.html (743 words)

	Learning Theory: Learning Styles- Learnativity.com
		We should learn our perception style so we can seek out information in the format that we process most directly.
		We usually rely on those modes to process information at an unconscious level, but we may be consciously aware of which modes we prefer.
		Their similarity is that both types perceive information through nerve ends in the skin, as well as organs through muscles, tendons, and joints.
	www.learnativity.com /learningstyles.html (1418 words)

	Psychology of learning -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		(additional info and facts about Learning theories) Learning theories try to better understand how the learning process works.
		Major research traditions are (An approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior) behaviorism, (additional info and facts about cognitivism) cognitivism and self-regulated learning.
		(The scientific study of the nervous system) Neurosciences have provided important insights into learning, too, even when using much simpler organisms than humans ((Type genus of the family Aplysiidae) aplysia).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/ps/psychology_of_learning.htm (144 words)

	Psychology Today: Learning to Love Growing Old
		If there is a single myth about aging that most symbolizes our dread, it is the assumption that our memory will inevitably decline in old age.
		In a stunning new study, psychologist Langer has demonstrated that it is our own psychology -- the near-universal expectation of memory loss -- that actually brings that fate upon us.
		The lesson to be learned is an extraordinary one: Fear of aging is the single most powerful agent creating exactly what we fear.
	cms.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-19940901-000027.html (2774 words)

	Howstuffworks "How E-learning Works"
		Training that is patterned to move from one set to another provides the most effective learning model.
		When you do rather than simply read or listen to something, you retain more of the information, and learning from mistakes is one of the best ways to ensure you don't make those mistakes again.
		Being motivated to learn is half the battle.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /elearning2.htm (1208 words)

	Amazon.com: The Psychology of Associative Learning (Problems in the Behavioural Sciences): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Psychology of Associative Learning begins by establishing that the human associative learning system is rational in the sense that it accurately represents event relationships.
		David Shanks goes on to consider the informational basis of learning, in terms of the memorization of instances, and discusses at length the application of connectionist models to human learning.
		If we take the commonsense view that the human associative learning system has evolved for adaptive purposes, then it is immediately clear that the major benefits learning affords an organism are the ability to make predictions about events in the environment and the ability to control them.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521449766?v=glance (694 words)

	Theory Into Practice (TIP)
		TIP is a tool intended to make learning and instructional theory more accessible to educators.
		The database contains brief summaries of 50 major theories of learning and instruction.
		These theories can also be accessed by learning domains and concepts.
	tip.psychology.org (87 words)

	Psychology Today: Learning to Recover
		It is, in fact, more a learning process than an inherited gift.
		The simplest way to go beyond your comfort zone is to learn a new skill.
		There is no end to the number of areas in which you can go beyond your comfort zone.
	cms.psychologytoday.com /articles/index.php?term=PTO-20030619-000001 (647 words)

	Educational Psychology - Graduate Degree Programs
		The Department of Educational Psychology offers courses in counseling, human development, learning, measurement, and research which support all programs in the College of Education.
		The Ph.D. in Learning and Technology is an academic program with an emphasis on the assessment and understanding of learning outcomes and processes in technology-rich learning environments and in modifying those environments in ways that promote more effective learning.
		The M.S. in Educational Psychology at UNLV is appropriate for elementary, secondary, and special education teachers who wish to enhance classroom skills, as well as for students planning to apply their skills in government or business settings.
	education.unlv.edu /EP/grad.htm (354 words)

	New Jersey City University [NJCU] :: Graduate Academics :: Psychology Department
		The Master of Arts program in counseling is for the student interested in pursuing a career in counseling, including, but not limited to employment in state agencies, community agencies, federal projects, private agencies and workshops, public and private schools, and colleges and universities.
		The student must be recommended by the Graduate Psychology Committee and the Coordinator after a review of the student's credentials and an interview.
		A letter of intent (500 to 1,000 words) describing the candidate's interest in the field of school psychology, sent to the Graduate Studies Office with the student's application, is required.
	www.njcu.edu /graduate/academics/grad_psych.asp (1015 words)

	Psychology Tutorials and Demonstrations
		While the tutorials are aimed at a class in educational psychology the cover several developmental topics.
		While the tutorials are aimed at a class in educational psychology the cover several learning topics.
		Social Psychology Tutorials by Advanced Social Psychology Students of Richard Sherman at Miami University, Ohio.
	psych.hanover.edu /Krantz/tutor.html (948 words)

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