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Topic: Learning theories

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	Learning theory (education) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts based upon current and past knowledge.
		Constructivist learning, therefore, is a very personal endeavor, whereby internalized concepts, rules, and general principles may consequently be applied in a practical real-world context.
		According to this dogma, learning at its basic level is all self taught, and class rooms should be eliminated since they do not fit the perfect model of self learning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Learning_theory_(education) (657 words)

	Learning Theories
		The general purposes of this journal are to foster the continuing development of educational theory and to encourage wide and effective discussion of theoretical problems within the educational profession.
		Mobile Learning Theory - The paradigm shift in education from a "supply" theory to a "demand" theory.
		Learning & Instruction: The TIP Database summarizes 48 major theories of learning and instruction by name, learning domains and concepts.
	www.wideopendoors.net /teaching/learning_theories.html (410 words)

	learning theory - models, product and process
		In this way, learning could be thought of as 'a process by which behaviour changes as a result of experience' (Maples and Webster 1980 quoted in Merriam and Caffarella 1991: 124).
		Contemporary learning theory in the tension field between the cognitive, the emotional and the social, Frederiksberg: Roskilde University Press.
		Examines relationships between development and learning in adulthood; intellectual and cognitive development; practical intelligence and expertise; theories of the life course; autonomy and self-direction; experience; and teacher-learner relationship.
	www.infed.org /biblio/b-learn.htm#process (3548 words)

	Behaviorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The learning theory dominant in the first half of the 20th Century was behaviorism.
		Learning occurs when there is a measurable change in the frequency of observable performance.
		Learning is a gradual strengthening of the learned relationship between cue and behavior, driven by a pattern of consequences (reinforcement).
	web.cocc.edu /cbuell/theories/behaviorism.htm (726 words)

	Learning Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The responsibility of learning is on the instructor.
		theory is used to focus on preparing the learner to adjust his mental model to incorporate new experiences and problem solve in ambiguous situations.
		Learning theories can be thought of as a set of glasses that give us lenses to focus the educational experience.
	planet.tvi.cc.nm.us /idc/Documents/learning_theories.htm (1242 words)

	Learning Theories in Criminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Some theories in criminology believe that criminality is a function of individual socialization, how individuals have been influenced by their experiences or relationships with family relationships, peer groups, teachers, church, authority figures, and other agents of socialization.
		Learning is defined as habits and knowledge that develop as a result of experiences with the environment, as opposed to instincts, drives, reflexes, and genetic predispositions.
		theory that has had the most impact on criminology is associated with the work of Bandura (1969), a psychologist who formulated the principles of "stimulus control" (stimulus-to-stimulus reinforcement rather than stimulus-behavior reinforcement), outlined the stages of "modeling" (attend, retain, rehearse, perform), and pioneered the field of "vicarious learning" (media influences, for example).
	faculty.ncwc.edu /toconnor/301/301lect10.htm (2014 words)

	Learning Theories and Learning Styles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Learning experiences should be based around experiences, since people are performance centred in their learning.
		Whilst it is impractical to create classes according to learning style, and in any case this would present the learners with a very artificial environment, it is beneficial for the teacher to be aware of the different styles and to teach in a manner that is accessible to the majority of students.
		Kolb and Fry (referred to in [3]) identify a four-stage learning cycle (experiential learning model) comprising concrete experience, reflection and observation on that experience, the formation of a theory and the testing of that theory under new conditions.
	dev.twinisles.com /research/learningts.htm (1537 words)

	Learning Theories
		Basic skills are learned not in isolation, but in the course of undertaking (often on a collaborative basis) higher-level "real-world" tasks whose execution requires the integration of a number of such skills.
		Natural learning environments, like those in which parents help their children develop language, are often characterized as "contextualized." Participants, in this case the parent and the child, share a context, or a common frame of reference, in which the learning takes place.
		When transfer of learning occurs, it is in the form of meanings, expectations, generalisations, concepts, or insights that are developed in one learning situation being employed in others (Bigge and Shermis, 1992).
	otec.uoregon.edu /learning_theory.htm#SituatedLearning (4088 words)

	Classics in the History of Psychology -- Skinner (1950)
		A second type of learning theory is in practice not far from the physiological, although there is less agreement about the method of direct observation.
		In the field of learning a similar objection takes the form of asking how the present analysis may be extended to experimental situations in which it is impossible to observe frequencies.
		The theory requires that the curvature of the extinction curve be altered, not merely its slope.
	psychclassics.yorku.ca /Skinner/Theories (10386 words)

	A to Z Learning Theories: Links to Other Web Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Theories of learning are conceptual tools for reflecting on teaching and learning experiences.
		For holistic approaches to education, we recommend that even well-grounded theories be used merely as guideposts to inform and reflect on practice, and not as maps to chart your course.
		There is no single theory or approach to education that can capture the uniqueness and the wholeness of each student and their learning situation.
	www.pathsoflearning.net /AtoZintro.cfm (407 words)

	Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Students need to learn information to solve the problem, and they accomplish this by interacting with each other, the teacher, and course materials.
		The charts below summarize the dominant learning theories of the past century and some implications for instructional design, especially ways in which technology can get students thinking about and applying course concepts outside the classroom, increasing time on task and the quality of learning.
		Inquirey Learning: Adult learners have a mutual vested interest in their learning and want to involve real experience; teachers are not the sole possessors of knowledge and perspective but co-learners and guides.
	vccslitonline.cc.va.us /usingweb/bckgrnd.htm (657 words)

	Learning Styles
		When mismatches exist between learning styles of most students in a class and the teaching style of the professor, the students may become bored and inattentive in class, do poorly on tests, get discouraged about the courses, the curriculum, and themselves, and in some cases change to other curricula or drop out of school.
		The Index of Learning Styles is a self-scoring questionnaire for assessing preferences on four dimensions of the Felder-Silverman model.
		Active and cooperative learning improves the performance of MBTI types (extraverts, sensors, and feelers) found in previous studies to be disadvantaged in the engineering curriculum.
	www.ncsu.edu /felder-public/Learning_Styles.html (820 words)

	CSCL Theories
		Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of learning emphasizes that human intelligence originates in our society or culture, and individual cognitive gain occursfirst through interpersonal (interaction with social environment) than intrapersonal (internalization).
		In sum, the contemporary constructivist theory of learning acknowledges that individuals are active agents, they engage in their own knowledge construction by integrating new information into their schema, and by associating and representing it into a meaningful way.
		Self-directed learning objectives of PBL are particularly important because PBL may facilitate development of lifelong learning strategies necessary to stay current in the face of rapid technological advances.
	www.edb.utexas.edu /csclstudent/Dhsiao/theories.html (4765 words)

	Theories of learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Burns (1995, p99) 'conceives of learning as a relatively permanent change in behaviour with behaviour including both observable activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions.' It is clear that Burns includes motivation in this definition of learning.
		This theory was developed by the behaviourist school of psychology, notably by B.F. Skinner earlier this century (Laird 1985, Burns 1995).
		The basic premise of this theory is that learning will occur by the educator acting as a facilitator, that is by establishing an atmosphere in which learners feel comfortable to consider new ideas and are not threatened by external factors (Laird 1985.)
	www.brookes.ac.uk /services/ocsd/2_learntch/theories.html (1976 words)

	Learning Theories
		Effectiveness of learning is measured in terms of comprehension and application of the subject by the learner.
		For example, if the learners were to learn about Disaster Recovery, they may be presented with a list of typical disasters, which the recovery policy addresses.
		The outcome of this style of learning should be measured through gauging the practical knowledge that the learner has acquired.
	learningtheories.blogspot.com (1769 words)

	Learning Theories
		Instrumental Enrichment / Mediated Learning - Instrumental Enrichment (IE), now often called Mediated Learning, is based on the work of Israeli psychologist Reuven Feuerstein who developed his theory in the late 40's through his work with children who were orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of the Holocaust.
		Learning and Teaching - Learning and Teaching explores major and current themes in the learning/teaching process—from an international and comparative perspective.
		The Principle Approach to Teaching and Learning - The Principle Approach, America's historic Christian method of biblical education, is the foundation of your Christian school or homeschool curriculum.
	www.ability.org.uk /learning_theories.html (512 words)

	Teaching Theories
		The general purposes is to foster the continuing development of educational theory and to encourage wide and effective discussion of theoretical problems within the educational profession.
		Meaningful, Engaged Learning - In recent years, a strong consensus has been forming from research on the importance of engaged, meaningful learning and on what constitutes engaged learning in schools and classrooms.
		Perspectives on Instruction: Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Constructivism - theories are used in the field of Instructional Design as guidelines for understanding how to develop instruction that will be most effective for the learner.
	www.wideopendoors.net /teaching/teaching_theories.html (725 words)

	Learning Theories
		The learning theories presented in this section are based on an accumulation of empirical evidence and, as with any scientific theory, are susceptable to modification or rejection.
		Much of the earliest research into learning was undertaken by Piaget (Section 14.2) who developed his theory of cognitive development through observation and interviews with young children.
		In this article Ebenezer presents an overview of Ausubal's meaningful learning theory and then discusses the use of concept maps and V diagrams to elicit and restructure students' prior knowledge.
	dbweb.liv.ac.uk /ltsnpsc/AB/AB-html/node15.html (737 words)

	Educational Psychology Interactive: The Behavioral System
		According to the behaviorists, learning can be defined as the relatively permanent change in behavior brought about as a result of experience or practice.
		Note: Observational (Social) learning (learning through observing and modeling) is sometimes considered a behavioral learning theory but is covered with social cognition in these pages
		social learning theory -- if the observed response is no longer followed by a consequence (it is not reinforced or punished), or if the model begins to display an incompatible behavior, the response will cease to be emitted.
	chiron.valdosta.edu /whuitt/col/behsys/behsys.html (693 words)

	Learning Theories (on EducationFizz.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Examines theories that argue that learning in education is either a private or public good.
		Based on the work of Israeli psychologist Reuven Feuerstein who developed his theory in the late 40's through his work with children who were orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of the Holocaust.
		Learning and developing learning environments based on behaviorism, cognitism, and constructivism.
	www.educationfizz.com /Methods_and_Theories/Learning_Theories (597 words)

	Open Directory - Reference: Education: Methods and Theories: Learning Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Instrumental Enrichment / Mediated Learning - Based on the work of Israeli psychologist Reuven Feuerstein who developed his theory in the late 40's through his work with children who were orphaned or separated from their parents as a result of the Holocaust.
		Learning and Teaching - Explores major and current themes in the learning and teaching process from an international and comparative perspective.
		Multiple Intelligences: Gardner's Theory - Provides full-text access to the ERIC Digest of this name which examines the theory of Howard Gardner relating to multiple intelligences and how it might relate to student learning.
	dmoz.org /Reference/Education/Methods_and_Theories/Learning_Theories (675 words)

	Social Learning Theories
		The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the
		As one learns a preponderance of definitions favorable to deviance (Norm violation), one will be more likely to engage in deviance.
		We learn to define those behaviors which are rewarded as positive.
	www.umsl.edu /~rkeel/200/learnin.html (300 words)

	Learning Theories
		The learning theories we studied in college along with our experiences as educators have helped us define our own philosophies as teachers.
		If you are an experienced educator it is good to revisit the learning theories that are at the base of everything you do.
		His theory also shows us that children need to construct or reconstruct knowledge in order to learn and that they also need rich opportunities to interact with the physical world and with their peers.
	www.multiage-education.com /multiagen-b/theories.html (277 words)

	elearnspace. everything elearning.
		The field of education has it's share of methodologies and theories that attempt to explain the process of learning.
		A functioning understanding of theories allows an instructor to experiment and apply various teaching/learning concepts...and, through this process, to create a personal philosophy of learning and "best practices".
		Learning styles describe how a person learns...multiple intelligence explains how a person is smart.
	www.elearnspace.org /doing/methodologiestheories.htm (859 words)

	Theory Into Practice (TIP)
		TIP is a tool intended to make learning and instructional theory more accessible to educators.
		These theories can also be accessed by learning domains and concepts.
		For more information about many of the theories and theorists included here, see the “People and History” section of http://www.psychology.org
	tip.psychology.org (87 words)

	Learning Styles
		Learning Style Theory proposes that different people learn in different ways and that it is good to know what your own preferred learning style is.
		What is Learning Style (Move through the article abstracts to the explanation of learning style and a discussion of learning style models)
		Learning Theories (database of 50 major theories of learning and instruction).
	www.d.umn.edu /student/loon/acad/strat/lrnsty.html (200 words)

	Learning/Teaching Theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		LiveText - In addition to the local content offering experienced guidance to schools enagaged in technological and pedagogy restructuring, LiveText links to resources are pre-sorted and annotated for information relating to technology planning, pedagogy, curriculum design (including specific subject matter guides), and other related topics.
		Behaviorist Learning Theory - a brief explanation with links to theorists within the school by K.M. Chitrenky of the University of Calgary.
		Designing Effective Learning Environments: Cognitive Apprenticeship Models - paper by S. Berryman discussing the problems with traditional theories and discribing an apprenticeship models for classroom learning.
	www.byu.edu /ipt/development/vlibrary/learning/learning_theory.html (784 words)

	Learning Theories and Instructional Strategies Matrix \| George Mason University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Learning happens when a correct response is demonstrated following the presentation of a specific environmental stimulus
		Knowledge acquisition is described as a mental activity that entails internal coding and structuring by the learner.
		Learning results when information is stored in memory in an organized, meaningful way.
	www.kihd.gmu.edu /immersion/knowledgebase (344 words)

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