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Topic: Leather tanning

	Care of Leather and Riding Equipment - CHAPTER 1,Section I
		Suffice it to say that leather originally was the skin of an animal, and that through a chemical process called "tanning" this skin is made into leather.
		TANNING.-In its original raw state an animal's skin is made up of three layers, the outer, or hairy, which has no blood vessels; the middle, which is the true skin, made up of gelatinous fibers; and the inner, a fatty layer, in which are imbedded the perspiratory and sebaceous glands.
		All processes of tanning have generally for their first object the reduction of the skin to the middle layer, or true skin.
	www.militaryhorse.org /resources/ordreport/1940/ch1sec1.asp (912 words)

	Ken's Leather Shop. Crafting Supplies, Custom Leather Work and Art Gallery.
		In mineral tanning the hides are soaked in saline baths of increasing strength or in acidic baths in which chemical reactions deposit salts in the skin fibers.
		Oil tanning is an old method in which fish oil or other oil and fatty substances are stocked, or pounded, into dried hide until they have replaced the natural moisture of the original skin.
		The leather is then dried to about 14 percent moisture, either in the air or in a drying tunnel or by first stretching the leather and then air or tunnel drying it.
	www.geocities.com /kensleather (938 words)

	The Olde Hide House -- How Leather is Made (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		While the exact specifications and procedures for tanning vary considerably, depending on the type of skin and its application, the basic processes are common to all tanning operations.
		Leathers for shoe soles, heavy cases, harnesses and most upholstery applications are prepared by vegetable tanning.
		Chrome tanning is used for tanning the upper leather of shoes, handbags, wallets and garments.
	www.leathertown.com /info_mk_leather.htm (977 words)

	Tanning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tanning is the process of converting putrescible skin into non-putrescible leather, usually with tannin, an acidic chemical compound that prevents decomposition and often imparts color.
		In ancient history, tanning was considered a noxious trade and relegated to the outskirts of town, amongst the poor.
		The term tanning is also used metaphorically for a hiding in the sense of severe physical punishment which leaves clear marks (reddening, stripes, or even scars) on the beaten skin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tanning (750 words)

	Pakistan's Leather Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The mangroves--whose leaf litter is a major source of nutrients--provide a diverse habitat for a complex and interdependent community of invertebrates, fish, birds, and reptiles.(3) In addition, almost 90 percent of tropical marine species seek shelter in the mangroves for one stage of their life cycles.
		In 1990 the leather sector jumped to become the second largest foreign exchange earner for the country by contributing 10.41 percent toward the total export revenue.(6) The increase in tanned leather exports (not even including leather garments) from 1990-1995 alone is astounding.
		The leather products industry increased its amount of exports from $271 million USD in the 1990-1991 fiscal year to $349 million USD in 1994-95!(7) The impetus behind the increase in tanneries in Pakistan is a rising world demand for tanned leather.
	www.american.edu /TED/leather.htm (1976 words)

	Leather And The Tanning Process
		Vegetable tanning consists of soaking clean hides or skins in an acid solution prepared from the bark, roots, leaves, or nutshells of plants that are rich in tannic acid.
		Chemical tanning was introduced into a few American tanneries in the 1890s but it was not widely adopted for many years because the resulting leather was considered to be inferior to vegetable tanned leather.
		Tanning solutions were prepared by a process called leaching which is nothing more complicated than preparing a "strong tea" from a combination of ground-up bark and hot water.
	www.philipsburgtannery.com /tannproc.htm (3472 words)

	Discover history of leather tanning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Leather tanning is undoubtedly one of the oldest crafts known to man.
		Vegetable tanning, in its turn, was also known in far off times, although it is not clear how the properties of the tannin found in the bark of some trees (especially oak) was discovered.
		This is a further indication that the craft of tanning skins has been in step with the history of mankind, retaining a level of craftsmanship that, even now in times of increasing automation, is still closely linked to the personal sensitivity and solid experience of the tanner.
	www.mastrotto.com /jsp/en/tanneryhistory/lang_en.jsp (932 words)

	All about Leather
		Leather A generic term for all hides and skins which have been tanned and finished.
		Pigmented Leather that has been sprayed with a surface colour in addition or instead of the dye process and is analogous to the "painting" of wood.
		Semi-Aniline Leathers which are a combination of both pigmented and aniline dyed; a very light pigment is added to even out the colour and increase the durability.
	www.carolinaleatherworks.com /allableat.html (1952 words)

	All about Leather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Tanning converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material, which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide variety of purposes.
		Tanning materials form crosslinks in the collagen structure and stabilise it against the effects of acids, alkalis, heat, water and the action of micro-organisms.
		Tanning with aldehydes and oils produce very soft leathers and this system can be used to produce drycleanable and washable fashion leathers and also chamois leather.
	www.all-about-leather.co.uk /allabout/leather/tanning.php (881 words)

	Period Leather
		Leather tanned with oak bark will be different from that tanned with sumac leaves, which is different from that tanned with Acacia pods.
		True oil tanned leathers are leathers that are impregnated with oil (the grain layer is typically removed to facilitate penetration from both sides), and then the oil is oxidized (by smoking in the case of Native American tradition), and the residue is often washed out.
		Chrome tanned, undyed leather is a pearl grey, faintly bluish tint.
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~marc-carlson/leather/pl.html (2000 words)

	Leather - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alum-tanned leather is tanned using aluminium salts mixed with a variety of binders and protein sources, such as flour, egg yolk, etc. Purists argue that alum-tanned leather is technically "tawed" and not tanned, as the resulting material will rot in water.
		As leather can also be a metonymical term for things made from it, the term leathering is as logical as tanning in the sense of a physical punishment (such as a severe spanking) applied with a leather whip.
		Leather fetishism is the name popularly used to describe a fetishistic attraction to people wearing leather, or in certain cases, to the garments themselves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leather (2167 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions - Sea Leather Wear
		Tanning is a process that changes the fibres of any skin, through use of a "tannin", into leather fibres.
		Glazing is a specialised leather process to add a protectant to the outside surface of the leather to protect it from dirt, grease, grime, and excessive wear.
		It is a polymer resin that is sprayed onto the surface of the leather, allowed to dry, then plated down with heat and pressure to make the leather water-resistant, drycleanable scotch-guardable and washable.
	sealeatherwear.com /faq.php (375 words)

	Leather tanning and processing (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)
		Following the observation of an increased risk of nasal cancer among boot and shoe manufacturers, possibly associated with exposure to dust from leather tanned by a particular process [ref: 2], a study was designed to examine the possible cancer risk carried by different methods of leather tanning.
		In two of three areas in which a collaborative study of environmental risk factors for bladder cancer was conducted, a significant association with employment in 'leather' was found; the term 'leather' comprised the leather or tanning industry, the manufacture of leather goods or shoemaking [ref: 10].
		Leather tanning and processing entail exposures that are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/suppl7/leathertanningproc.html (635 words)

	The leather tanning and processing industries (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 25, 1981)
		The SMR for bladder cancer in male tanners, leather dressers and curriers estimated from mortality statistics in England and Wales in the 1920s was 170.
		The SMR for 'leather workers' in England and Wales in 1971 was 184 for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and 77 for Hodgkin's disease.
		In the case of a tannery which incorporates all the processes of leather production, beamhouse workers may also be exposed to the organic vapours generated in the finishing department; however, their exposure to these agents may be lower than that of those employed within the finishing area.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol25/leathertanningproc.html (984 words)

	Oakwood USA leather conditioner,leather making
		While leather has always been largely a by- product of the meat industry, today this is virtually a universal fact; the most notable exceptions being some types of snake skins.
		After the leather has been tanned by either process it is then split and shaved to a uniform thickness appropriate for the intended product.
		Dyeing or coloring is achieved by placing the leather in another drum with a combination of coloring materials and chemicals to increase their penetration.
	www.oakwoodusa.net /leather-making.htm (996 words)

	Seasons India :: Craft Traditions - Leather Tanning
		Leather tanning as art form reached its zenith in India by 3000 B.C. The earliest skin used were of the tiger and deer.
		Sewn out of locally cured leather, they are usually ornamented with silk or metal embroidery or beads, or designs done in applique with thin leather pieces of different colours.
		Leather work is found in its finest avatar in the field of book binding.
	www.seasonsindia.com /art_culture/arts_leather_sea.htm (327 words)

	handcrafted leather goods
		The particular smell that comes from tanned leather with this method is because of the retting of the vegetal tannings released in the tanning tub, whilst the softness is from the use of a careful mix of vegetable and animal fats.
		The leather described as "Nabuc" is a full flower calfskin, brushed to finish, whilst the "Tortora suede" is a skeepskin, i.e ovine rather than bovine.
		Leather, like wood, is one of the few raw materials that nature will never exhaust: its value as a production and covering materials is therefore double: aesthetic and ecological.
	www.giardino.it /leather/conciae.htm (386 words)

	Hands On: Hell for Leather - Pakistan
		Tanning is an integral part of the process of converting raw hides and skins into finished leather.
		With exports of tanned leather increasing as a consequence of more stringent environmental controls curtailing the process in Western countries, severe environmental degradation is occurring as untreated effluent is released into nearby water reservoirs and the sea.
		Leather tanneries in Pakistan produce three categories of waste: wastewater, solid waste and air emissions, of which wastewater is by far the most important environmental challenge.
	www.tve.org /ho/doc.cfm?aid=899 (1771 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Leather Tanning and Finishing Effluent Limitations Guidelines; Pretreatment Standards; New and ...
		Leather tanning is a general term for the various processing steps involved in converting animal skins or hides into leather.
		The tanning is accomplished by trivalent chromium, by vegetable tannins extracted from the bark of certain trees, or by synthetic tanning agents.
		On November 23, 1982 (47 FR 52848) EPA promulgated a final regulation for the leather tanning and finishing industry point source category, establishing effluent limitations and standards to control specific toxic, nonconventional and conventional pollutants for nine subcategories in the leather tanning and finishing point source category.
	www.epa.gov /EPA-WATER/1996/July/Day-08/pr-20990.html (4096 words)

	An Intro to Natural Tanning
		Brain tan is ideal for clothing, bags, beadwork and all kinds of things (such as shoe-laces, pot holders, hair ties, holding parts of your truck together).
		This type of bark tan is not nearly as practical to make at home as the hides must be soaked in tannins for three months to a year or more (depending on how solid of a leather you want), and it takes a fairly large amount of shredded bark or plant matter.
		In fact bark tanning was one of the very first trades to be industrialized in the US, back in the 1700's (they had mules pulling a giant grinder that would crush the bark).
	www.braintan.com /intro/intro.html (779 words)

	Leather: Leather Tanning: Non-Leather for Animal Rights - Downbound.com
		Every year, the global leather industry slaughters more than a billion animals and tans their skins and hides.(1) Many animals from whom these skins are taken suffer all the horrors of factory farming, including extreme crowding and confinement, deprivation, unanesthetized castration, branding, tail-docking, dehorning, and cruel treatment during transport and slaughter.
		Most leather produced and sold in the United States is made from the skins of cattle and calves, but leather is also made from horses, sheep, lambs, goats, and pigs who are slaughtered for meat.
		Until the late 1800s, animal skin was air- or salt-dried and tanned with vegetable tannins or oil, but today animal skin is turned into finished leather with a variety of much more dangerous substances, including mineral salts, formaldehyde, coal-tar derivatives, and various oils, dyes, and finishes, some of them cyanide-based.
	www.downbound.com /Leather_s/269.htm (1151 words)

	Tanning in the 17^th Century
		Whether a pouch, a horse bridle, a sword scabbard or a book cover, a leather article was created from the skin of a slaughtered beast in a laborious and often unpleasant process.
		In the next phase of leather production, the hides were combined with oak, beech or willow bark, which would provide the tannic acid necessary in preserving and coloring the hide.
		The final step in leather preparation was performed by the currier, a specialist who worked the leather with oils and greases, using a variety of tools to prepare the leather for its intended use.
	www.nps.gov /colo/Jthanout/Tanning.html (599 words)

	Tata Chemicals \| Applications \| Textile and Leather
		Sodium bicarbonate is also used for tanning in the leather industry.
		Tanning helps preserve animal hides or skins, makes them immune to bacterial attack, raises the shrinkage temperature and prevents the collagen fibres from sticking together on drying.
		Tanning is a time-consuming and exacting process, requiring careful control of factors such as pH, temperature, humidity and concentration.
	www.tatachemicals.com /0_applications/textile_leather.htm (276 words)

	'Reverse' tanning process could revolutionize leather industry
		In the new process, for instance, prior to tanning, the skins are treated with chemicals normally used after tanning is completed.
		According to the researchers, the reverse process produces leather that is comparable to conventional tanning, but requires 42 percent less time, 54 percent fewer chemicals, 42 percent less energy, 65 percent less water and cuts emissions of key pollutants by up to 79 percent.
		In addition to costing less and being “greener” than conventional tanning, the reverse process is “easy-to-adopt” and could help the global industry overcome emerging environmental and economic concerns, the researchers conclude.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/acs-tp011906.php (351 words)

	Leather and Tanning
		Chicago's proximity to oak and hemlock tanbark from Wisconsin, its serviceable water sources, substantial rail facilities, and especially the growth of the meatpacking industry made it particularly receptive to large-scale production from 1860 to 1900.
		While Chicago's “heavy leather” production remained stable from 1890 to 1930, the relative slow growth in leather-working trades sapped the industry's vitality.
		By 1955, new synthetic materials, public opposition to the foul odors and water pollution generated from tanning, and the availability of cheaper leather from Latin America obliterated any notion of a true industry within the city.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/731.html (442 words)

	hazardous shoes... the facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Twenty percent of all the leather shanks used to manufacture ladies' shoes in the German firm Gabor were manufactured in and imported from India.
		Just like the adults, the children are unprotected against the aggressive chemical agents used in tanning the raw hides, the toxic vapors and the dust.
		Due to the heat in India, the leather is laced with several preservative agents - chemicals, which are purchased at lowest prices possible, but also highly toxic and dangerous to the organism.
	members.tripod.com /~a_spring/indian.html (1363 words)

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