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	Lebanese Civil War - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Lebanese Civil War, conflict from April 1975 to October 1990 pitting the many ethnic and religious groups of Lebanon against one another.
		The Lebanese Civil War began on April 13, 1975, with a strike and counterstrike: Gunmen attacked Christian Phalangists (members of the Kataib...
		The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a multifaceted civil war whose antecedents trace back to the conflicts and political compromises reached after the end of Lebanon 's...
	encarta.msn.com /Lebanese_Civil_War.html (291 words)

	Lebanese Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises of Lebanon's colonial period and was exacerbated by the nation's changing demographic trends, Christian and Muslim inter-religious strife, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
		The agreement stated that "the state of war between Israel and Lebanon has been terminated and no longer exists." Thus, the agreement in effect amounted to a peace agreement with Israel, and was additionally seen by many Lebanese Muslims as an attempt for Israel to gain a permanent hold on the Lebanese South[8].
		Heavy fighting took place in the War of the Camps of 1985-86 as a Syrian-backed coalition headed by the Amal militia sought to rout the PLO from their Lebanese strongholds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War (7096 words)

	The Lebanese Civil War
		The Lebanese war is very complex and has many dimensions so it is not considered, as some have claimed, to be a 'civil war' as many non Lebanese nationals were very heavily involved, indeed armies of neighbouring countries took part in much of the fighting.
		For Lebanese Communist Party ideologue Mahdi Amil, the 'April 23rd uprising' (Intifada) was a political and ideological achievement of 'historic significance', with it, 'Lebanon's class struggle began' and a new political force was born 'to break the hold of the bourgeoisie-controlled' political system and 'to protect the Palestinian Resistance'.
		On the 13th, hundreds of Lebanese in the south held a protest accusing the Syrians of inciting Palestinians to shell their villages and on the 16th the 20 Syrians taken prisoner were released.
	www.tanbourit.com /lebanon_war.htm (15655 words)

	Lebanese Civil War
		The Lebanese Civil War was a bloody and complex conflict that raged in Lebanon from 1975 until 1990.
		PLO soldiers fought with Lebanese forces; in 1996, the World Lebanese Organization, the World Maronite Union, and multiple human rights groups concerned with the Middle East issued a public declaration accusing the PLO of genocide in Lebanon and stating they were responsible for the deaths of 100,000 Lebanese civilians.
		During Lebanon's civil war, Syria's troop deployment in Lebanon was legitimized by the Lebanese Parliament in the Taif Agreement, and supported by the Arab League.
	www.datamass.net /le/lebanese-civil-war.html (4557 words)

	The Lebanon War, Lebanese Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Lebanese war is very complex and has many dimensions so is not considered, as some have claimed, to be a 'civil war' as many non Lebanese nationals were very heavily involved, indeed armies of neighbouring countries took part in much of the fighting.
		Lebanese civilians in the south bore the brunt of the retaliations.
		For Lebanese Communist Party ideologue Mahdi ‘Amil, the ‘April 23 uprising’ (‘Intifada’) was a political and ideological achievement of ’historic significance’, with it, ‘Lebanon's class struggle began’ and a new political force was born ‘to break the hold of the bourgeoisie-controlled’ political system and ‘to protect the Palestinian Resistance.
	www.cedarland.org /war.html (21117 words)

	The Thinking Lebanese: Civil War?
		Tensions within the Lebanese society are at a level comparable only to those before the civil war of 1975.
		Thus the Lebanese army will not be able to actually disarm Hezbollah fearing the possibility of war, and the March 14 group will be forced to return to the National Dialogue, where Hezbollah can manoeuvre and buy time again and again.
		The Lebanese government is trying to assert not only its authority, but its role as the sole legitimate vector for a community's interests - this will prove difficult however, because the Shiites, from their point of view, have little reason to trust the government.
	thethinkingleb.blogspot.com /2006/08/civil-war.html (4473 words)

	Lebanese Civil War
		The war was fought along both religious as well as political borders, where especially the Maronite Christians, Shi'i Muslims, the Druze, PLO, the Israeli as well as the Syrian army were the main contenders.
		Lebanese National Movement (LNM) led by Kamal Jumblat, a prominent Druze.
		Lebanese Forces, led by Bashir Gemayel, like Chamoun also a Maronite Christian, yet his group allied with the PLO.
	i-cias.com /e.o/leb_civ_war.htm (1054 words)

	Lebanese Civil War [Cafe Liban.net]
		During this phase of the civil war the PLO leadership also used its remaining lines of communication to the Maronite leadership in an attempt to [in Khalaf's words] "exorcise the demons of the Lebanese right" regarding the Palestinian presence.
		The PLO and Lebanese progressive parties were fighting in the same trench, and just as the LNM had supported the PLO in its clashes with the Lebanese Army in 1969, 1973, and now in 1975, so too the PLO should stand behind the LNM in its clashes with the Phalange and its allies.
		The PLO and the Lebanese government reactivated joint meetings with the Higher Political Committee for Palestinian Affairs in Lebanon [in abeyance since the start of the civil war] to resolve a number of procedural and legal issues regarding Palestinians resident in Lebanon.
	www.cafeliban.net /lebanon/CivilWar.htm (17673 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Lebanese Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He was governor (1967-76) of Lebanon's central bank and was elected president by parliament during the bitter Lebanese civil war (1975-76).
		Stress and coping: the experience of students at the American University of Beirut during the Lebanese civil war.
		Change and continuity among the Lebanese Druze community: the civil administration of the mountains, 1983-90.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Lebanese+Civil+War (780 words)

	Middle East Online
		"This is the outcome of civil wars," said Sami Hamdan, owner of the old Dodge bus as he knocked on the reddish brown metal of the decaying vehicle.
		For the Lebanese, the conflict remains a stark memory of national and personal loss during which fighting punctuated by savage massacres left more than 150,000 people dead and even more maimed, uprooted or forced to emigrate.
		"We want to say that the Lebanese will not allow another civil war to break out, and we want to warn new generations of the atrocity and absurdity of wars," Hamdan said, adding that the organisers asked him to bring the bus to the capital so it could be put on show for the anniversary.
	www.middle-east-online.com /English/?id=20361 (753 words)

	Lebanese Civil War
		The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) had its origin in the conflicts and political compromises of Lebanon's colonial period and was exacerbated by the nation's changing demographic trends, Christian and Muslim inter-religious strife, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
		As the war dragged on, the militias deteriorated ever further into mafia style organizations with many commanders turning to crime as their main preoccupation, rather than fighting.
		Lebanese Forces logoChristian militias armed by West Germany and Belgium drew supporters from the larger and poorer Christian population in the north of the country.
	www.tagate.com /wars/page/lebanese.shtml (1522 words)

	AUB: The Lebanese Civil War and the Taif Agreement
		This inter-Maronite war was militarily indecisive, yet politically decisive because it eroded the two capacities of both forces, singly or together, to effectively reject or alter the political compromise, represented by the Taif Agreement, that had been reached and that was in the process of implementation (Laurent 1991).
		Indeed, during the years of civil war there had been many indications that the majority of ordinary citizens and many social, cultural, and popular organizations were against the separation of citizens, regions and cities.
		In the Civil War, Syria initially supported the LNM and their Palestinian allies until the Spring of 1976 when it became evident that the balance of forces was tipping dramatically in the latter's favor.
	ddc.aub.edu.lb /projects/pspa/conflict-resolution.html (8093 words)

	Samir Geagea - Leader of the Lebanese Forces
		Geagea was born in Ain el-Rummanah in Beirut in 1952 to parents from the Maronite town of Bsharri in the mountains of Northern Lebanon.
		In 1986, Geagea became head of the Lebanese Forces after overthrowing Hobeika, who was widely accused of treachery in the Lebanese Christian sector for agreeing to a Syrian-sponsored accord (the tripartite agreement).
		In 1994, Geagea was arrested on charges of attempting to undermine government authority by "maintaining a militia in the guise of a political party," of instigating acts of violence, and of committing assassinations during the Lebanese Civil War.
	www.samirgeagea.com (906 words)

	Lebanese Civil War 1977 - 1981
		The Lebanese authorities took charge of the situation and began negotiations with the hijackers.
		Violent combats with heavy armaments opposed the Lebanese army and the Arab Strike Force at the jurd of Akoura killing 7 Lebanese and injuring 19 persons, 13 of which were militiamen.
		The next day, the Lebanese army took in charge the areas of Wadi-Chahrour, Betchay, Bsous, Kfarchima, Bsaba, and Bleibel in the Southern-Metn, ending the conflict between the Phalange Party and the NLP in the region.
	www.1stbusinesslebanon.com /civilwar/civil77.html (2094 words)

	Lebanese Civil War - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library
		Until the economy was almost completely destroyed by the civil strife that rent the country from 1975 to 1990, Lebanon was long the distribution center for the Middle East, and commerce was its major industry.
		Conflict among the religious communities, culminating in massacres of the Maronites by the Druze in 1860, led to intervention by France (1861), and the Ottoman sultan was forced to appoint a Christian governor for Lebanon.
		Lebanon became embroiled in civil war among the Christians, Muslims, and Palestinians from early 1975 to late 1976.
	www.questia.com /library/history/lebanese-civil-war.jsp (3242 words)

	Reasons of Civil War, Past Civil War Fact.
		Marxist historians stress economic and class factors arguing that civil wars are caused by imperialist rulers battling each other for greater power, and using tools such as nationalism and religion to delude people into joining them.
		Not only are the causes of civil wars widely studied and debated, but their persistence is also seen as an important issue.
		One contributing factor is that civil wars often become proxy wars for outside powers that fund their partisans and thus encourage further violence.
	www.alabamascv.org /reasons.php (572 words)

	Lebanese Civil War 1975 - 1976 Damour - Beirut - Lebanon (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lebanese Civil War 1975 - 1976 Damour - Beirut - Lebanon
		On the left is Major Ahmed Boutari of the Lebanese Arab Army, and George Habash, Leader of the PFLP, PLO chief, Yasser Arafat and Lt. Ahmed Khatib, Commander of the Lebanese Arab Army claiming the victory.
		Lebanese leftist parties were opposed to the elections.
	www.1stbusinesslebanon.com /civilwar/civil.html (1262 words)

	AcademicDB - Causes of The Lebanese Civil War.
		Maccabi Thursday December 20th, 2001 The Lebanese Civil War Prior to the Civil War, Lebanon was not a nation, nor a community or society.
		One deals with the immediate causes of the war, the other with the roots of the causes, which date as far back as 1860.
		More than 12,000 Christians were killed in these clashes, and this sparked a long and dreadful beginning of many subsequent conflicts that would eventually lead to the Civil War in 1975.(Fisk, 1990) In 1948, when Israel was created, as many as 300,000 Palestinians flocked into...
	www.academicdb.com /causes_the_lebanese_civil_war_14771 (258 words)

	The Lebanese Civil War: History, Memory, Literature (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This course covers the events of the Lebanese Civil War through readings of primary documents, secondary historical sources as well as contemporary texts, ranging from memoir to literature and film.
		The Lebanese Civil War was one of the most complex and heavily contested events of the 20
		In many ways, the civil war was neither bound by time nor space; in others, it was all about one place, the capital city of Beirut.
	www.stanford.edu /~mweiss/Syllabus.htm (618 words)

	Lebanon's History: Civil War
		Although the intention of the Cairo Agreement was to station Lebanese military units in southern Lebanon, instead the ADF controlled the area only to the Litani River, leaving the region south of it in the hands of the Palestinians.
		To clarify the provisions of the October 1976 Cairo Agreement (preceded by an earlier 1969 agreement) concerning Palestinian activity in southern Lebanon, representatives of Lebanon, Syria (in the guise of the ADF), and the Palestinians held a conference at Shtawrah in July and August 1977.
		According to the Taif agreement, the Syrian and Lebanese Governments were to agree in September 1992 to the redeployment of Syrian troops from greater Beirut.
	www.ghazi.de /civwar.html (4657 words)

	Anniversary of Lebanese civil war blighted by ongoing crisis - Haaretz - Israel News
		Eighteen years after the Lebanese civil war ended in 1990, Lebanon's chances of burying hatred seem dim, with the country hit by its worst political crisis since then.
		The spark that ignited the civil war in Lebanon occurred in Beirut on April 13, 1975, when gunmen killed four Christian Phalangist party members.
		The western-backed ruling majority and the opposition led by Hezbollah, which is supported by Syria and Iran, have been unable to reach a consensus on a president to replace pro-Syrian Emile Lahoud, whose term ended in November 2006, plunging the country into total political paralysis.
	www.haaretz.com /hasen/spages/974104.html (951 words)

	Sanctuary and Survival (chapter 4): The Lebanese Civil War
		Internal and external alliances, guerrilla self-restraint and communication with the authorities and Lebanese conservatives had, it was true, enabled the PLO to maintain the freedom of action it had first won in 1969.
		During this phase of the civil war the PLO leadership also used its remaining lines of communication to the Maronite leadership in an attempt to (in Khalaf's words) "exorcise the demons of the Lebanese right" regarding the Palestinian presence.
		The PLO and Lebanese progressive parties were fighting in the same trench, and just as the LNM had supported the PLO in its clashes with the Lebanese Army in 1969, 1973, and now in 1975, so too the PLO should stand behind the LNM in its clashes with the Phalange and its allies.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /MEPP/PRRN/papers/sanctuary/ch4.html (14169 words)

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