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	Lee waves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In meteorology, Lee waves, also known as mountain waves, are periodic changes of pressure in a stream of air when the wind moves over mountains.
		Both lee waves themselves as well as the rotor may be indicated by typical clouds which do not move with the wind as clouds usually do.
		Frequently, a foehn wall cloud exists at the lee side of the mountains, however this is not a reliable indication of the presence of lee waves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lee_waves (496 words)

	Wave Theory for Glider Pilots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Although the lee wavelength is not affected by the dimensions of the ridge the amplitude of the wave is sensitive to these factors.
		The waves are not symmetrical, they tilt forward at a marked angle to the vertical and in certain sections the streamlines are practically vertical ahead of the wave crest but have only a gentle slope on the downstream side.
		Lee waves often affect the patterns of cumulus at low level; under wave troughs the cu are damped down or dispersed, under wave crests the cumuli build higher.
	www.go.ednet.ns.ca /~larry/bsc/articles/wave/wavesoar.html (3333 words)

	Lee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		See leeward (at sea) and lee waves (on land).
		Bruce Lee, late Chinese American martial artist and actor.
		William Henry Fitzhugh Lee, son of Robert E. Lee, a Confederate cavalry general, planter, member of the U.S. Congress.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lee (525 words)

	Gliding Magazine \| Features
		Wave length depends on conditions in the atmosphere aloft but the wave amplitude depends on the size and shape of the hills below.
		Here the inversion is deeper; the air flows down the lee slope and rebounds over the valley to form a wave on the lee side.
		Lee waves set off by an upwind mountain form a wave train which extends over the cloud streets.
	www.glidingmagazine.com /FeatureArticle.asp?id=238 (1511 words)

	Leewaves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The amplitude is greatest in strong waves and in cases where the vertical flow pattern is in resonance with the terrain, as, for example, when the second wave crest lies over the next mountain range downwind, such as the White-Inyo mountains, east of Owens Valley.
		Updrafts and downdrafts in a strong lee wave often have speeds of 2,000 ft (600 m) per minute, sometimes exceeding 4,000 ft (1,200 m) per minute.
		Wave clouds may appear in any month of the year, but they are most often seen in late winter and in spring.
	esaudubon.org /leewave.htm (604 words)

	Mountain Waves Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lee waves whose energy does not propagate vertically because of strong wind shear or low stability above are said to be "trapped." Trapped lee waves are often found downstream of the rotor zone, although a weak rotor may exist under each lee wave.
		As that air descends in the lee of the wave crest, the cloud evaporates.
		The amplitude of an orographic wave is highly dependent on the structure of the atmosphere, the nature of the airflow, and the size and shape of the mountain.
	meted.ucar.edu /mesoprim/mtnwave/print.htm (10474 words)

	Gliding Magazine \| Features
		They are often called Lee Waves because the effects are most noticeable on the downstream (lee side) of the mountain ridge.
		Sailplanes have soared in waves since 1933 and in recent years have reached heights of 49 000ft and flown distances in excess of 1000km in wave.
		Lee waves are sensitive to the shape, size and spacing between mountain ridges.
	www.glidingmagazine.com /FeatureArticle.asp?id=220 (1500 words)

	AMS Glossary
		Dynamically, the lee wave is the sum of the free waves of the system and those wave components forced by the particular shape of the barrier.
		The term lee wave is also applied loosely to nonwave disturbances in the lee of obstacles, such as the rotor cloud.
		A mountain wave occurring to the lee of a mountain or mountain barrier.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=lee-wave1 (260 words)

	[No title]
		Lee, Stimulated Brillouin scattering of electromagnetic circularly polarized waves in a magnetized plasma, Physics of Fluids, 17, 1343-1345, 1974.
		Lee, Stimulated backscattering of electromagnetic waves from ion- ion hybrid waves in a magnetized plasma.
		Lee and J. Dahele, Theoretical and experimental studies of the driving-point impedance of corner-reflector antennas, IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, AP-30, 686-692, 1982.
	www.ee.olemiss.edu /lee/journalarticles.html (3296 words)

	J6.7 Laboratory generation of internal waves from rough topography (2005 - 13MIDDLEATMOS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The experiments show that internal waves are generated not only by flow over the hills but also by flow over "fluid hills" in the lee, or boundary-trapped lee waves, and by vigorous turbulence that is created far in the lee of steeper topographies.
		Waves are visualized and their characteristics measured using a non-obtrusive optical technique called "synthetic schlieren".
		However, when U reaches a sufficiently high threshold, in which linear theory predicts no propagating waves, internal waves are still excited in the lee of topography with frequency an approximately constant fraction of the buoyancy frequency, N. In these cases, boundary-trapped lee waves are observed and couple with the vertically propagating internal waves.
	ams.confex.com /ams/Cambridge/techprogram/paper_92621.htm (396 words)

	Looking for Madam President - The Boston Globe
		Barbara Lee, the former wife of multimillionaire businessman Tom Lee, is looking past Bush and Kerry and using her fortune, zeal, and web of political connections (Hillary's practically on speed dial) to put a woman in the White House.
		Lee herself fills a void on the organizational landscape, possessing the deep pockets essential for serious political legwork and, in her staff of eight, the flexibility of a small organization.
		Lee avoids discussing her marriage or divorce in emotional terms, which is either a good defense mechanism or just a part of her highly guarded personality.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/magazine/articles/2004/07/25/looking_for_madam_president (4627 words)

	Aviation Weather by Lester (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Wave strength is generally measured in terms of the size of up- and downdrafts and/or the turbulence associated with MLW.
		The wave length and, therefore, the wave strength, are also related directly to the speed of the wind across the ridgeline … higher speeds lead to longer lee waves and stronger MLW systems.
		Although these waves weaken rapidly with distance from the mountain, near the mountain, strong vertical gusts are not unusual; "very rough and squirrelly" is a good description of the low level winds behind an isolated peak.
	www.met.sjsu.edu /~lester/ws_dec03.html (1101 words)

	LEE CLOUDINESS - Meteorological Physical Background
		Lee Cloudiness will form where there is a sufficient supply of humidity near the wave crests and where there is upward motion.
		Lee Waves are a form of vertical energy propagation.
		There is a connection between mean wind speed and wave length of Lee Waves, although with rather a low coefficient of correlation.
	www.zamg.ac.at /docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/LeeCl/backgr.htm (1447 words)

	Welcome Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Small and medium scale ocean flows, and their impacts on larger scale flows: waves, turbulence, fronts, eddies etc. These processes are what ultimately dissipate energy from the mean ocean circulation and mediate the mixing of momentum, heat, salt, and passive tracers.
		These waves rode along a near-bottom pycnocline and were a very strong source of shelf turbulence.
		Wave in the lee of the Knight Inlet sill.
	web.uvic.ca /~jklymak (505 words)

	LEE CLOUDINESS - Cloud Structure In Satellite Images
		Lee Cloudiness is one result of orographically influenced air flow on the lee side of a mountain.
		Lee Wave Clouds, which are characterised by narrow middle level cloud bands perpendicular to the wind direction and parallel to the mountain chain.
		Lee Clouds are sometimes associated with strong downslope winds causing a narrow dry zone along the lee slope.
	www.zamg.ac.at /docu/Manual/SatManu/CMs/LeeCl/structure.htm (1036 words)

	Aviation Weather by Lester (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lee waves will occur over any topographical barrier whenever the required wind and stability conditions are met … even over a single low hill on a summer morning.
		When lee waves are present, they may be confined to the lowest few thousand feet of the atmosphere or they may extend well beyond into the stratosphere, or somewhere in between.
		In this case, the updraft of secondary lee waves can often be used to gain sufficient altitude to fly through the downdraft of the primary wave.
	www.met.sjsu.edu /~lester/ws_jan04.html (1620 words)

	Large-amplitude internal wave generation in the lee of step-shaped topography
		The frequency of both types of waves is an approximately constant fraction of the buoyancy frequency.
		The frequency of internal waves is moderately smaller than lee waves if the step size is small but, if the step size is large, the frequencies match more closely.
		Thus nonlinear dynamics act so that internal waves are generated not by topography alone but also by flow over the boundary-trapped lee waves that act as “fluidic” hills.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2002GL015321.shtml (214 words)

	DRI Spring Newsletter 2006
		This project was the Sierra Wave Project, in which instrumented gliders were used to study lee waves generated by the Sierra Nevada—the now well-known “Sierra Wave.” Among the first post-World War II meteorological field explorations, this project defined a transition stage in the technology of field experiments combining ground-based and airborne observations.
		Glancing out her window at DRI in Reno, a mountain lee wave and rotor system dominating the skies over the Truckee Meadows reinforces the value Grubišic´’s hard work will have for today’s pilots, meteorologists and others in Nevada, California and around the world.
		She hopes that strong lee waves will make frequent appearances this spring as the three research aircraft and numerous ground-based crews will take to the field in Owens Valley in March and April.
	newsletter.dri.edu /2006/Spring/t-rex.htm (1391 words)

	2002 High School Photo Contest Winners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This extraordinary cloud formation is an example of phenomena called "mountain waves." These lee waves (mountain waves) are atmospheric internal gravity waves occurring on the lee side (the side opposite to the flow of wind) of topographical barriers when the wind flow is strong (25 knots or more) and roughly perpendicular to the mountain range.
		The structure of the barrier and the strength of the wind determine the amplitude and the type of the wave.
		As the air follows the contour of the lee side of the mountain, it begins to ascend and then seemingly roll under itself (while still moving downwind), forming the roll cloud (also called "rotor cloud") generally near the height of the mountain range.
	www.aapt.org /photocontest/SM02/pc_full.cfm?Meeting=SM02&Category=Natural&Placing=1 (257 words)

	'Little' Brenda Lee is coming on strong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		By Kathy Willens, AP Brenda Lee waves to the audience after being inducted at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 18.
		When Welcome to the Club shows her performing one of her early songs, it's as if an adult voice has been dubbed onto the footage, because it seems impossible that such a mature voice could be coming out of such a tiny body in little-girl skirts and tightly curled hair.
		The closest Lee ever came to scandal was when she met future husband Ronnie Shacklett at a 1962 Jackie Wilson concert in Nashville and married him within eight months at age 18.
	www.usatoday.com /life/television/2002-03-22-brenda.htm (422 words)

	07 April 2000 - MODIS/GOES Water Vapor Imagery Comparison
		The mountain waves over Colorado and New Mexico were induced by strong northwesterly flow (50-70 knots) associated with a pair of upper-tropospheric jet streaks moving across the elevated terrain of the southern and central Rocky Mountains that day (12 UTC
		These gravity waves are stationary with respect to the flow (they follow the front) and are forced by nongeostrophic and nonhydrostatic accelerations in the frontal zone (these waves above frontal surfaces are dynamically equivalent to stationary "trapped lee waves" that appear over mountains).
		Wave breaking induces narrow zones of subsidence that can be sensed as warm/dry bands on the water vapor imagery.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /goes/misc/000407.html (670 words)

	MARSAIS - Internal Waves Product (Example 1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Atmospheric lee waves: East (to the right) of the African as well as the Spain coast one can identify alternating dark and bright bands, which are oriented along a line from the southwest to the northeast, and which exhibit a contant distance between successive bright (dark) bands.
		These bands are sea surface manifestations of atmospheric lee waves, causing alternating bands with above- and below-average surface wind speed which alter the sea surface roughness accordingly.
		The UoH Internal Waves algorithm is used to estimate the above-mentioned parameters from an oceanic internal wave (train).
	marsais.nersc.no /product_internal_waves.html (363 words)

	Knight Inlet
		Using a numerical model, we demonstrate how the lee wave during ebb can be suppressed by the addition of the density contrast.
		The first sink is radiating internal waves that appear to carry ~2/3 of the energy away from the sill region.
		The rest of the processes are near the sill and include wave breaking and shear-layer turbulence (~1/12), near bottom turbulence (~1/12), and energy into the headland vortices (~2/12).
	web.uvic.ca /~jklymak/KnightInlet.html (562 words)

	ATM S 536 - Winter 2006
		Durran, D.R., 2003: Lee waves and mountain waves.
		Internal gravity waves forced by a compact oscillator in a basic state at rest (animations).
		Stretching of vertical vorticity in a jump to strengthen lee vortices (contours are vertical vorticity, vectors are horizontal winds)
	www.atmos.washington.edu /2006Q1/536 (636 words)

	Hot Sauce Sports: Derrek Lee making waves in Wrigley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Lost in the midst of a disappointing season for the Chicago Cubs, the first baseman has been on a season long tear and leads MLB in all Triple Crown categories.
		While most that make a run at the crown fizzle out like a sparkler, Lee historically he heats up with the weather in July and August.
		Lee made a name for himself with his glove play in the 2003 World Series.
	www.hotsaucesports.com /2005/06/derrek-lee-making-waves-in-wrigley.asp (462 words)

	NASA - LEE WAVES: BENIGN AND MALIGNANT, NASA-CR-186024, June 1993, DFRC
		However, nonlinearities do arise importantly, in three ways: (i) through amplification due to the decrease of mean density with height; (ii) through the large (scaled) size of the obstacle, such as a mountain range; and (iii) from dynamically singular levels in the fluid field.
		If there is no dynamic barrier, these waves can penetrate vertically into the middle atmosphere (30-100 km), where recent observations show them to be of a length scale that must involve the coriolis force in any modeling.
		At these altitudes, the amplitude of the waves is very large, and the phenomena associated with these wave dynamics are being studied with a view to their potential impact on high performance aircraft, including the projected National Aerospace Plane (NASP).
	www.nasa.gov /centers/dryden/news/DTRS/1993/Bib/H-1890.html (346 words)

	Literaturverzeichnis
		KUETTNER J., 1958: Rotorflow in the Lee of Mountains.
		SCORER R.S., 1949: Theory of Waves in the Lee of Mountains.
		SCORER R.S., 1951: Forecasting the Occurence of Lee Waves.
	www.streckenflug.at /gebirgswellen/kapitel10.html (327 words)

	Analysis of coastal lee waves along the coast of Texas observed in advanced very high resolution radiometer images
		These wave-like cloud patterns were interpreted to be signatures of a coastal lee wave packet on the basis of simultaneous field observations and theories developed by Zheng et al.
		The lengths of leading wave crest lines are longer than 500 km.
		The width of the horizontal distribution band of the wave packet is as wide as 113 km.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/1999JC000019.shtml (325 words)

	Hawaiian Lee Waves
		The mid and upper level winds are usually not strong enough to support such cloud formations, not to mention, it usually takes the approach of a strong pressure system to create conditions favorable for lee-wave cloud formation.
		Well on this day, the conditions came together in the Hawaiian Islands, and produced numerous wave clouds on the lee side of the peaks.
		The waves were present during the entire day, and the final images before sunset show convection firing along those lee-waves as the front hit.
	students.ou.edu /V/Steven.C.Vanderburg-1/hawaiian.html (747 words)

	Lee-waves and eddies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The eddy shedding has also been recorded on the island as periodic oscillations in air pressure and shift in the wind direction.
		Under certain conditions a remarkable ship-wave like pattern also forms in the airflow over Stad, on the west coast of Norway.
		The waves are clearly a corner effect due to the topography of the coastline and the waves appear mainly over the sea.
	www.math.uio.no /~bjorng/janmayen.html (281 words)

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