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Topic: Legal citation signals

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	Do citation systems represent theories of truth?
		This postdictive use of citations became an integral part of both legal practice in the form of case law precedents (Ogden, 1993) and historiographic practices in the form of footnotes (Grafton, 1994) as early as the sixteenth century.
		Finding a citation to a case that is, in law school idiom, "on all fours" offering precedent for a favorable decision is alleged to provide the greatest thrill during this process, while wading through the intricacies of the Harvard Blue Book handbook on correct citation format is alleged to provide the greatest tedium (Heifetz, 1999).
		Meso-studies of patent citations, like those of legal citations, are at an early stage and have been driven by the informetric insight that simple patent counts are less informative than their citation by subsequent patents in indicating innovation importance (Trajtenberg, 1990).
	informationr.net /ir/6-2/paper92.html (6171 words)

	Bluebook - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The above citation points to a decision made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit (4th Cir.) in 1976 and reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1978.
		An example is the change of the see signal between the 15th edition and the 16th edition.
		To make legal citation more intuitive and logical, several other alternatives have been proposed, of which the ALWD system appears to be the most viable competitor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bluebook (1849 words)

	LegalCitation, Structure and purpose of legal citations in general (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In all types of legal writing, whether by scholars or by practitioners, it is necessary to document the source works (or authorities) that underpin particular concepts, positions, propositions and arguments with citations.
		Signals used with your citations should tell your readers whether the authority provides direct support for a proposition, contradicts your position, or provides a parallel situation that sheds light on your discussion.
		Citations allow you to demonstrate that your position is thoroughly researched and that you have referenced, or addressed the critical authorities relevant to the issues.
	www.legalcitation.net /qstructure.htm (411 words)

	Article: Bye-Bye Bluebook
		Legal citation is typically taught in first-year legal-writing courses and is often a frustrating experience for students and professors alike.
		The challenge to bring stability to legal citation formats—to create a restatement of legal citation—was taken up by two founding members of the Association of Legal Writing Directors, Professor Jan Levine of Temple University, who was then president of the Association, and Professor Richard Neumann of Hofstra University, a member of the Board of Directors.
		But rather than focusing on individual state citation systems, most legal-writing professors choose to teach a comprehensive, model system of citation, because once students master the purposes and elements of legal citation for various primary and secondary sources, they can adapt to other systems of citation.
	www.michbar.org /journal/article.cfm?articleid=116&volumeID=79 (2067 words)

	A review of "The ALWD Citation Manual" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As shown in the accompanying table of sample citations, there are a number of small changes, but the citations will be instantly understood by any lawyer who learned any one (or more) of the 16 different versions of citation promulgated by the 16 different editions of The Bluebook.
		The Committee considered a variety of issues, including the direction the manual should take (i.e., a restatement of legal citation or a radical reform of it), the balance between its use as a reference book and an instructional book, how the book should be organized, and, in a few instances, particular citation form issues.
		ALWD was seeking to create more of a restatement of legal citation in a way that would work for all current and future sources, including universal citation or vendor-neutral citation proposals such as that of AALL.
	www.law.howard.edu /faculty/pages/jamar/scholarship/alwdciterev.htm (2112 words)

	New Kid on the Block: The ALWD Citation Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Citation examples are noted with a heading color change and sections of each main citation are marked by brackets and color.
		Legal citation plays too central a role in legal documents for any attorney to be winging it.
		Thirdly, the proper use of signals with citation informs the reader of the weight to be given that authority for the proposition asserted by the drafter.
	www.mobar.org /journal/2003/janfeb/temm.htm (2744 words)

	CompuServe v. Cyber Promotions Order
		Electronic signals generated and sent by computer have been held to be sufficiently physically tangible to support a trespass cause of action.
		Sufficient legal protection of the possessor's interest in the mere involability of his chattel is afforded by his privilege to use reasonable force to protect his.
		The legal concept in Lloyd that private citizens are entitled to enforce laws of trespass against would-be communicators is applicable to this case.
	legal.web.aol.com /decisions/dljunk/compuord.html (6532 words)

	South Texas College of Law Library Footnotes Newsletter Online
		It is the standard work for use in legal citation in writing done both by scholars and practitioners.
		The rule indicates that if a jurisdiction has mandated medium neutral citation this citation must be used, however a parallel citation to the relevant regional reporter must also be provided, if available.
		The rule goes on to allow for the citation to another unofficial reporter, a widely used computer database, and internet source or a newspaper, in that order in rare instances where an official, preferred unofficial or public domain citation is unavailable.
	www.stcl.edu /library/FN12-3bluebook17th.html (579 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Legal Periodicals: In the ALWD Citation Manual, unlike the Bluebook, the form for citing consecutively and nonconsecutively paginated journals is generally the same.
		Neutral Citations: The sixteenth edition of the Bluebook simply indicated that a public domain citation for cases should be used when available and permitted the use of a parallel citation to the regional reporter.
		Signals: This was clearly the source of the most vocal criticism of the sixteenth edition of the Bluebook. The ALWD Citation Manual identifies many long-used and relied upon signal definitions, which were adversely impacted by the sixteenth edition of the Bluebook.
	www.alwd.org /cm/cmAdditionalResources/WereshcmArticleUALR.doc (9149 words)

	Legal Writing Institute - lwionline.org
		The conventions of legal citation provide the writer with a unique system of shorthand—the signal—for conveying to the reader not only the source of a word, thought, or idea, but also the kind of support the source provides for the word thought or idea.
		No Signal: Do not use a signal with a citation if the source directly supports a proposition, identifies the source of a quotation, or identifies an authority referred to in the text.
		In other words, do not use a signal with a citation when you have directly borrowed someone else’s words or have paraphrased her words or ideas.
	www.lwionline.org /resources/alwdcitationrules.asp (553 words)

	LEXIS-NEXIS Legal Research Guide
		Note: When searching under Get a Case by either case name or legal citation, you don't have to know the court information (whether it was Supreme Court, or other federal courts, or a state court).
		Citation: The citation of the case location in a reporter or CITE on the LexisNexis Service
		Headnotes: Legal issues that are pertinent to the case, as provided by the court.
	library.truman.edu /guides/lexis_legal.htm (992 words)

	Freedomlaw.com Self-Help Legal Citations
		"Citation to Internet sources is discouraged unless the materials are unavailable in printed form or are difficult to obtain in their original form.
		STATE LEGAL CITATION SYSTEMS: CITATION AUTHORITY EXPECTED TO BE USED IN THE HIGHEST APPELLATE STATE COURTS (Based on a 1985 survey of the highest appellate courts of each state.
		This rule deviates from the Bluebook form in requiring that citations to state reporters should not be made where a National Reporter Citation exists.
	freedomlaw.com /LegCitations.html (2394 words)

	Article: Writing for Your Audience: The Client
		Legal readers are used to citations and, frankly, are apt to skip over them.
		Signals are a perfect example of something that has a specialized legal meaning.
		This technique has much the same effect as omitting the citations because now the long, baffling road humps are gone, and the client can read the text smoothly.
	www.michbar.org /journal/article.cfm?articleID=449&volumeID=33&viewType=archive (1715 words)

	Recapitulation of Citations
		In addition, the Bluebook states that citations to a court receiving a document are are different form citations to a court that does not receive it.
		Citation is for a document not submitted to a Maryland Court.
		This signal indicates that the cited authority states a proposition different format that stated by the person citing to the authority, but that the cited authority’s proposition is sufficiently analogous to lend support.
	www.lhup.edu /dcampbel/AmLawCites.html (4773 words)

	BLAW 499c Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		That is, it is fine to discuss the legal concepts and issues with one another, but what the student writes must be his/her own thoughts and analysis.
		Following the formal interviewing session, the students are expected to conduct an in-depth legal research into the area of the Client’s legal problem and construct a memorandum analyzing the Client’s business legal problem.
		Subsequently, the students are expected to debrief the class relating to their Client’s legal problem and suggested resolution of the problem.
	www.csun.edu /~re38791/courses_BLAW_499c_SYL.htm (1046 words)

	CiteIt! - Legal citation software for the Bluebook and ALWD citation manual, imports citations from legal databases, ...
		Citations which are missing citation information or have incorrect punctuation such as extra commas or parenthesis may result in a citation not being imported.
		may incorrectly think that the citations are duplicates and not import or mark the citations in the document.
		does not mark a short form of a citation, make sure that there is a corresponding long form for that citation and that the long citation appears before any short form for that citation, which this is also a requirement for accurate citation.
	www.citeit.com /support/faqs.htm (3706 words)

	Cite-Checking & Library Research
		The general rules of legal citation are found in the white pages.
		Identify citations to unfamiliar types of material, nonlegal sources, other unusual material, and foreign language sources (especially for countries and languages outside of the Gallagher Law Library's collection strengths; see Call Numbers for Foreign Law for a brief description).
		Citation to articles, documents, press releases, reports, statements, and other material found on the Internet is now common.
	lib.law.washington.edu /ref/citecheck.html (2076 words)

	Stallion Support Services: glossary of terms
		Analog refers to electronic transmission accomplished by adding signals of varying frequency or amplitude to carrier waves of a given frequency of alternating electromagnetic current.
		Although a cable modem does modulate between analog and digital signals, it is a much more complex device than a telephone modem.
		Unlike X.25 which was designed for analog signals, frame relay is a fast-packet technology, which means that the protocol does not attempt to correct errors.
	www.stallion.com /html/support/glossary.html (2777 words)

	Citation Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Check citations (particularly difficult or obscure ones) against the same or similar citations in other law reviews or journals that use the Bluebook e.g.
		Be aware of the rules governing order of citations in footnotes, signals and parentheticals.
		the Interactive Citation Workshop by Lexis or the CALI lesson, "Citation Form for Briefs and Legal Memoranda." However, all of these are geared toward the practioner.
	www.nesl.edu /research/Bluebook/citation.htm (1037 words)

	General Practice, Solo, and Small Firm Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The abbreviation of a given word depends on whether it is used in a case name, a title, or a court reporter.
		It restates the rules of citation based on the forms actually used by practitioners and scholars.
		For instance, in stark contrast to The Bluebook, case citation forms don’t rely on whether the case is cited in a brief, a law-review footnote, or an article’s text.
	www.abanet.org /genpractice/newlawyer/nov03/strategies2.html (1116 words)

	Legal Citation: Access keys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		When you are using LegalCitation to cite sources, there 2 different ways of placing citations formatted by the program into your document.
		Copying the citation from the Preview box and pasting it into your document.
		Note that Access keys can be entered directly into footnotes with signals and other explanatory text.
	www.legalcitation.net /qaccesskeys.htm (183 words)

	The Impact of Emerging Technologies: TR 35
		These codes allow a TV receiver to compile numerous signals into a single harmonious output.
		Rabinowitz, who cofounded Rosum and now serves as chief technology officer, has developed a handheld device that uses sync codes to calculate how far the user is from the source of the signals and thus determine his or her location.
		He proved that an early version of the wireless security protocol WEP was not secure, and helped crack the Secure Digital Music Initiative's electronic watermark.
	www.technologyreview.com /articles/05/10/issue/feature_tr35.asp?p=9 (1054 words)

	[No title]
		A source cited in a citation clause supports or contradicts only part of a sentence.¡l¯l¯ócP¨Citation to Court Filings¨ Like all other sentences, a citation* sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.
		When citing a court filing in a citation sentence, capitalize the first letter, and place the period after the paragraph or page number inside the closing parenthesis.¡$ëódQ¨Citation to Court Filings¨If your citation supports only part of the sentence, place the citation after the text it supports.
		Unlike most citation clauses, citation clauses that contain citations to court documents are not set off by commas.
	law.marquette.edu /jprice/CitationTopicsII.ppt (736 words)

	Table of contents for Washington legal research
		Table of contents for Washington legal research / by Julie A. Heintz.
		The Intersection of Legal Research and Legal Analysis III.
		Citations for Memos and Court Documents ("Practitioners' Notes") 1.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0512/2005012537.html (325 words)

	Basic Legal Citation: Table of Contents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Case Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
		Statute Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
		Journal Article Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
	www.law.cornell.edu /citation/full_toc.htm (126 words)

	Acquisition of video images simultaneously with analog signals (US5517251)
		The system also comprises a mixer for mixing the analog signals with the video signal whereby the analog signals are contained on at least some of the horizontal lines of the video frame, and an output for outputting the mixed analog and video signals.
		means for mixing the analog signals with the video signal whereby the analog signals are contained on at least some of the horizontal lines of the video frame, and
		Circuit arrangement for the transmission and presentation of an analog signal with a video signal
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US05517251__ (360 words)

	Guide to Using the Bluebook : E. B. Williams Law Library, Georgetown University Law Center
		You can ignore more than two-thirds of the book if all you need to do is to cite cases and statutes — which covers most of the first year of law school, and a lot of litigation.
		In fact, if you're dealing only with cases, litigation documents and laws, you might be able to find the answer to your question using the cheat sheet on the inside back cover.
		This is Guide is written for Georgetown University Law Center students who are enrolled in the school's Legal Research and Writing (J.D. program) and U.S. Legal Discourse (LL.M. program) classes.
	www.ll.georgetown.edu /lib/guides/bluebook1_7.html (543 words)

	ELS - MacMillan Law Library - Electronic Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The CALI Library of Lessons is a collection of over 400 interactive, computer-based lessons covering 28 legal education subject areas.
		Access to CALI lessons requires registration, which is free for Emory faculty, staff and students, and the use of an authorization code.
		The authorization code is available from the Reference Desk or via e-mail from the IT department's student help desk (studenthelp@law.emory.edu).
	www.law.emory.edu /library/CALI.php?lid=570 (183 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Clary and Lysaght, Successful Legal Analysis and Writing: The Fundamentals (2003)(SLA).
		Introduction to Basic Legal Citation ** (read only How to Cite – Judicial Opinions).
		Introduction to Basic Legal Citation ** (read only How to Cite Constitutions and Statutes).
	www.nsulaw.nova.edu /LSV/smithchar (511 words)

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