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Topic: Legal status of circumcision

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	Circumcision
		Circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the prepuce or foreskin of the penis of male humans.
		Circumcision in the United States grew out of the fear that the practice of masturbation leads to various diseases, a view that is now almost universally rejected in the medical community.
		Circumcision opponents tend to believe that circumcision was developed, and is still used, to control a child's sexuality, that this is the core motive behind circumcision, and that any other explanation as secondary or a pretexts.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ci/Circumcise.html (2538 words)

	Circumcision - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Circumcision may be recommended to treat medical conditions in males, such as phimosis, chronic inflammation of the penis, and penile cancer.
		Circumcision may be undertaken as a body modification of the genitals to change the look of the penis to appeal more to certain aesthetics.
		Circumcision advocates assert that circumcision is a significant public health measure, preventing infections, and possibly slowing down the spread of AIDS, while the genital integrity movement asserts that infant circumcision is a human rights violation and a sexual assault, and that the practice of circumcising infants or children should be discouraged or banned.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circumcision (7179 words)

	Circumcision The Medical Pros and Cons - Mens Health: health and medical information about Mens Health Issues
		Newborn circumcision consists of removal of the foreskin -- the foreskin is resected to near the coronal sulcus -- in the newborn period (before the age of 2 months).
		Circumcision protects the mate from cancer of the cervix by removing the foreskin which harbors sexually transmitted viruses that promote this common form of female cancer.
		Circumcision prevents phimosis (the inability to retract the foreskin at an age when it should normally be retractable), paraphimosis (the painful inability to return the foreskin to its original location) and balanoposthitis (inflammation of the glans and foreskin).
	www.medicinenet.com /circumcision_the_medical_pros_and_cons/article.htm (1523 words)

	Between prophylaxis and child abuse: the ethics of neonatal male circumcision.
		Opponents of circumcision, for instance, have noted that the incidence of penile cancer in the United States, where the vast majority of males are circumcised, is higher (0.9â“1.0 per 100,000 males) than in Denmark (0.82 per 100,000 males) where circumcision is extremely uncommon (Denniston 1999).
		Opposition to circumcision of even a consenting adult is a conceivable view, but it is not one we have heard expressed.
		Opponents of circumcision typically do not distinguish between the different forms of the disease, and when they do, they do not provide primary data to show that the more severe forms occur in equal or greater degrees in those who are neonatally circumcised.
	www.circs.org /library/benatar2/index.html (8700 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals
		The laws further prohibit landlords from inquiring about the marital status of prospec- tive tenants or representing to prospective tenants that prop- erty is not available because of the tenants' marital status.
		II The majority's legal analysis quite properly begins by ask- ing whether the landlords, Kevin Thomas and Joyce Baker, face a "realistic danger of sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute's operation or enforcement." Babbitt v.
		Suppose, hypotheti- cally, that a legislature passed a facially neutral law prohibit- ing circumcision, and that its reason was not anti-religious animus, but concern that the possible pain inflicted on the child exceeded the medical benefits from the procedure.
	www.law.syr.edu /faculty/banks/conlawone/thomasvanchorag.html (8025 words)

	Circumcision: Legal Issues
		These principles imply that circumcision of male children (or any other operation done under proxy consent), when unnecessary and performed for other than express therapeutic purposes, may not be legal regardless of the standard of care.
		Interpreting the legal status of circumcision objectively is difficult, owing to the cultural background and long history of the practice.
		circumcision policy statement, declared circumcision to be non-essential to child health; male circumcision must now be viewed in an entirely different light legally from that of an essential and necessary procedure.
	www.cirp.org /library/legal (2200 words)

	CIRCLIST Splash Page Entry Screen
		Circumcision is one of the oldest known surgical procedures in medicine.
		Worldwide one in six men are circumcised, and every year it is estimated that there are about 15 million post-infancy circumcisions performed, which makes circumcision the most commonly performed surgical procedure.
		The site provides individuals who have chosen circumcision a forum to let others who may be considering the procedure benefit from their experience.
	www.circlist.com (379 words)

	Afghanistan: "No-one listens to us and no-one treats us as human beings". Justice denied to women. - Amnesty ...
		The rights and status of women in Afghanistan became an issue of global concern prior to the military intervention by a US-led coalition that led to the end of the Taleban regime in November 2001.
		Legal reform and the rebuilding of the police force and judicial system with international support are currently being taken forward in Afghanistan.
		The legal age for marriage in Afghanistan for men is 18 and for women is 16 years of age.(39) Clear data on actual marriage age is lacking as provisions to register marriage and birth are absent in many areas, and many people do not know their exact age.
	www.web.amnesty.org /library/index/engasa110232003 (19534 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Country Index: Gender
		A 2002 study reported by the All Party Parliamentary Group on Population and Development found that 47 per cent of all homicides with female victims were cases of ‘honor killing’ in which relatives murder a woman suspected of sexual impropriety, which includes being raped, in order to rid the family name of the perceived slur.
		The personal status of women in Egypt is derived from Islamic law, which dictates the rules of marriage, divorce, inheritance, and employment.
		This legal structure is distinct from the rest of the Egyptian legal system, which is based on French civil law.
	www.pogar.org /countries/gender.asp?cid=5 (1126 words)

	Circumcision: painful, unnecessary procedure inflicted on the newborn
		Studies have shown that circumcision, far from being a harmless and painless procedure, is one of the most painful procedures that can be performed on an infant and has potentially far-reaching detrimental physical and psychological consequences.
		Circumcision is a surgical procedure that involves forcefully separating the foreskin from the glans and then cutting it off.
		Circumcision would eventually turn into a mark of class distinction, and the surgery would become entrenched in modern medical practices, despite scant study of its benefits, dangers, or side effects.
	www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com /circumcision.htm (6579 words)

	NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF ROUTINE INFANT CIRCUMCISION
		While the same risks and problems may occur with circumcisions performed to treat some diagnosed problem, when it is done as a result of medical necessity at least the risks and problems have been offset by some explicitly expected benefit.
		Unfortunately for those advocating circumcision as a preventative measure, this rate is about the same as the penile cancer rate in Scandinavia, and higher than the Japanese rate.
		Circumcision has never been shown to do more good than harm, and it is scant comfort to a parent whose child dies as a result of any unnecessary procedure that "on average" it might be beneficial.
	www.eskimo.com /~gburlin/mgm/hampton1.html (4998 words)

	Circumcision
		Moreover, the circumcision of biblical times, a small cut of the preputial tissue that overhangs the infant glans, was replaced by the year 140 AD with the radical circumcision performed by today's mohels.
		QLRC concluded: "Whether or not circumcision would be for the benefit of the particular child and whether or not it would be reasonable having regard to the child's state at the time and to all the circumstances of the case would need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis".
		Doctors who perform ritual circumcisions usually plead 'necessity': in its least repellent form the argument runs that since boys will be ritually circumcised anyway, it is 'better' that this be done by doctors in a clinical setting; alternatively that it is a 'service' to the community which 'ought to be made available'.
	www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org /virtual_journal/v2n1.html (18002 words)

	Legal Child Abuse: Circumcision
		Yet the adults that circumcision was intended to benefit often express anger at having been sexually altered without their consent.
		Argues that parents should not have the option of choosing circumcision in ordinary cases and that the procedure should be illegal in the absence of medical reasons for it.
		NOCIRC is a 501(c)3 non-profit educational organization, an organization of diverse individuals committed through research, education and advocacy to securing the birthright of male and female infants and children to keep their sex organs intact.
	www.cerius.org /circ.htm (2064 words)

	Nouvelle page 1
		It was the repository of member’s legal civil status.
		Birth, circumcision, marriage, divorce death, notoriety were scrupulously generated and confirmed by the community through its registers.
		It seems essential that such registers and copies of marriage contracts, be placed under the safeguard of a religious authority such as the “Consistoire Central” in Paris, to service the requirements of Jews in their various country of adoption, and that a copy be kept in Egypt, for instance at the Alexandrina Library.
	www.ajoe.org /Nebi/argu-UK.htm (1825 words)

	[No title]
		The word "caste" is normally used to refer to what in India is called Jti, the social status, which is one's inheritance at birth.
		CIRCUMCISION: a practice common in many CULTURES of cutting away the foreskin as a SYMBOL of INITIATION or manhood.
		The HEBREW BIBLE, speaks about the "circumcision of the HEART," an idea which is taken up in the NEW TESTAMENT as a spiritual state rather than an outward symbol Deuteronomy 10:16 thus transforming a physical act into an inner, spiritual, commitment Philippians 3:3.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~nurelweb/books/concise/WORDS-C.html (8077 words)

	Canada: Legal Status of Circumcision.
		court challenge to the status of the practice of male neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision under the
		Effect of neonatal circumcision on pain response during subsequent routine vaccination.
		Kendel, D. Caution Against Routine Circumcision of Newborn Male Infants (Memorandum to physicians and surgeons of Saskatchewan).
	www.cirp.org /library/legal/Canada (626 words)

	Message to America's Physicians
		Our strong recommendation is that physicians educate themselves about the anatomy, physiology, development, and proper care of the prepuce, as well as nonsurgical treatment alternatives to circumcision.
		Include circumcision status as part of data to be collected for other studies, and explore the effects of circumcision on physiological, neurological, and neurochemical differences, and sexual and social functioning.
		Support organizations of children’s advocates like CRC and DOC that are educating the public and professionals about the harm of circumcision and the value of keeping male genitals intact.
	www.circumcision.org /message.htm (319 words)

	Alberta Children's Advocate: correspondence re newborn circumcision
		Morrish assured me that the study was ethical and legal, but so far has declined to furnish evidence of this.
		Somerville, one of Canada's leading ethicists, outlines the ethical and legal status of neonatal circumcision.
		I suspect that the issue of infant male circumcision which you so vigorously oppose is one that the medical establishment finds to be somewhat of an embarrassment.
	www.courtchallenge.com /letters/rechner1.html (840 words)

	Wikiquote:Manual of style - Wikiquote
		In these cases, please make the link bold so that its significance is easier to recognize.
		The legal situation with regard to circumcision varies from country to country (see Legal status of circumcision).
		Sometimes, references may also be more formally called out:
	en.wikiquote.org /wiki/WQ:MOS (2744 words)

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