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Topic: Leghemoglobin

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	Leghemoglobin :: metabolism
		Leghemoglobins accumulate to millimolar concentrations in the cytoplasm of infected plant cells prior to nitrogen fixation and are thought to buffer free oxygen in the nanomolar range, avoiding inactivation of oxygen-labile nitrogenase while maintaining high oxygen flux for respiration.
		The conclusion is that the decrease of nitrogen-fixing capacity is caused by a decrease of the leghemoglobin content of the root nodules and not by repression of the nitrogenase synthesis.
		Characterization of recombinant soybean leghemoglobin a and apolar distal histidine mutants.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /meid:5225 (2354 words)

	Medscape MEDLINE search: Leghemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The promoter of the Vicia faba L. leghemoglobin gene VfLb29 is specifically activated in the infected cells of root nodules and in the arbuscule-containing cells of mycorrhizal roots from different legume and nonlegume plants.
		Leghemoglobins facilitate diffusion of oxygen through root tissue to a bacterial terminal oxidase in much the same way that myoglobin transports oxygen from blood to muscle cell mitochondria.
		Symbiotic leghemoglobins are crucial for nitrogen fixation in legume root nodules but not for general plant growth and development.
	search.medscape.com /uslclient/searchMedline.do?queryText=Leghemoglobin (1152 words)

	Leghemoglobin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The oxygen carrier leghemoglobin is a hemoprotein found in leguminous plants.
		In plants with nitrogen fixing bacteria (such as alfalfa or soybeans), the presence of oxygen will poison the bacterium.
		Leghemoglobin acts as a natural defense against oxygen toxicity by scavenging free oxygen in these systems.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leghemoglobin.html (72 words)

	Separation and determination of the relative concentrations of the homogeneous components of soybean leghemoglobin by ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The multiple components of soybean ferric leghemoglobin are readily separated by analytical and preparative flat bed isoelectric focusing in both the presence and the absence of the ligand nicotinate.
		Leghemoglobins a and c1 prepared by ion exchange chromatography are homogeneous according to isoelectric focusing criteria.
		Leghemoglobin c2 prepared by ion exchange chromatography is an approximately 1:2 mixture of leghemoglobins c2 and c3.
	trophort.com /000/744/000744864.html (266 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: Davidowitz, Eliot
		Towards this end, several alfalfa leghemoglobin genes were characterized and oligonucleotide probes specific to the four most divergent classes of the leghemoglobins were used in in situ hybridizations to tissue sections.
		Leghemoglobin mRNA is not detectable in the mature tissue of alflalfa nodules, therefore, protein stability may be involved in determining the shift in expression of the different leghemoglobin types.
		The concentration of leghemoglobin appears to be higher in the cells of the central tissue adjacent to the nodule parenchyma.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?acc_num=case1057175009 (297 words)

	Method for the expression of genes in plants, parts of plants, and plant cell cultures, and DNA fragments, plasmids, ...
		It is furthermore known, that the efficiency of both the transcription initiation and the subsequent translation initation on the leader sequence of the Lb genes is high as the Lb proteins constitute approximately 20% of the total protein content in root nodules.
		It is well-known that the leghemoglobin genes of all leguminous plants have the same function, cf.
		The 5' flanking regions of the four soybean leghemoglobin genes are isolated, as described by Jensen, E. O., Ph D Thesis, Institut for Molekylaer Biologi, Århus Universitet (1985), and the sequences of the four 5' flanking regions are determined by the use of the dideoxy method as described by Sanger, F., J. Mol.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4886753.html (7604 words)

	Biology Summer Research Program
		The red color of normal nodules is due to heme in leghemoglobin, which is the transporter of oxygen to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
		It was suspected that the switch to a green color in the mutant’s nodules was due to the degradation of heme and leghemoglobin.
		The lack of nitrogen fixation or oxygen consumption might trigger a negative feedback response in the plant that leads to leghemoglobin degradation and heme conversion to biliverdin, which is a green pigment.
	biology.marquette.edu /biosummer/symposium/2005/rosado.htm (482 words)

	Biology Summer Research Program
		We also suggest that the bright green pigmentation of the nodule may be due to degradation of leghemoglobin as a consequence of the lack of oxygen consumption by the bacteria.
		Leghemoglobin ferries oxygen to the bacteria at high flux under the normal condition of low free oxygen concentration in the nodule interior.
		Lack of oxygen consumption by the bacteria may be sensed as an abnormally high relative concentration of oxygenated leghemoglobin, and perhaps high free oxygen as well.
	biology.marquette.edu /biosummer/symposium/2007/rosado.htm (440 words)

	Tyrosine B10 Inhibits Stabilization of Bound Carbon Monoxide and Oxygen in Soybean Leghemoglobin
		Detailed comparisons of the carbon monoxide FTIR spectra and ligand-binding properties of a library of E7, E11, and B10 mutants indicate significant differences in the role of electrostatic interactions in the distal pockets of wild-type sperm whale myoglobin and soybean leghemoglobin.
		The proximal pocket of leghemoglobin is designed to favor strong coordination bonds between the heme iron and axial ligands.
		Thus, high oxygen affinity in leghemoglobin is established by a favorable staggered geometry of the proximal histidine.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bichaw/2004/43/i20/abs/bi049848g.html (216 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: TYR(B10) PREVENTS STABILIZATION OF BOUND OXYGEN IN SOYBEAN LEGHEMOGLOBIN
		Leghemoglobins can bind to, and transport molecular oxygen and thereby maintain a low oxygen environment within the root nodule, permitting the microaerobic bacteria to convert atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia, which is then assimilated by the plant for growth.
		For this reason, oxygen affinity in leghemoglobin is much greater than myoglobin, and recent investigations have suggested that leghemoglobin has evolved a mechanism strikingly different from that of myoglobin for regulating oxygen binding.
		For this purpose, soybean leghemoglobin uses the uncommon combination of TyrB10 and HisE7 to manipulate the electrostatic environment in the distal pocket thus weakening hydrogen bonding with oxygen, and ensuring the requisite kinetic rate constants for high affinity binding.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=154068 (480 words)

	Leghemoglobin :: genetics
		Further, it appears that the amount of leghemoglobin in ineffective nodules is regulated at a post-transcriptional level.
		The expression of leghemoglobin and nodulin-25 genes from alfalfa and of the nifHD genes from R. meliloti were monitored by hybridizing the appropriate DNA probes to RNA samples prepared from nodules.
		On this basis we suggest that peribacteroid membrane formation precedes leghemoglobin and nodulin-25 induction, moreover, after induction of nodulation by the nod genes at least two communication steps between the bacteria and the host plants are necessary for the development of the mature nodule.
	lib.bioinfo.pl /meid:5224 (2691 words)

	Part II. Physiology and anatomy of nitrogen fixation
		The soybean nodules on the right have been hand-sectioned to show the typical pink appearance of the nodule interior which is due to leghemoglobin, an important oxygen-binding protein present in nodules.
		Crude extract from soybean nodules showing the red appearance due to leghemoglobin.
		Leghemoglobin is about 50% of the total soluble protein.
	academic.reed.edu /biology/Nitrogen/Nfix2.html (345 words)

	Question 6.8 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The role of leghemoglobin in root nodules of legumes is complex.
		It is a molecule which is vary similar to the hemoglobin found in red blood cells of animals.
		The globin portion of the leghemoglobin is produced by the host plant and the heme portion is produced by the bacterial symbiont.
	www.mta.ca /~rthompso/Hopkins1/Chapt6H/quest6,8.html (121 words)

	DOYLE, JEFF J.*, JANE L. DOYLE, JULIE C. HO, AND T. CLINT NESBITT.
		Leghemoglobin is a small nuclear gene family in Leguminosae and other plant families.
		Our expectation, given the apparent concerted evolution in Glycine max, was that the several leghemoglobin genes in each species would form a clade relative to other species, in the typical concerted evolution pattern.
		However, the unpredictability of the evolutionary pattern in leghemoglobin should serve as a warning for those interested in using gene families as a source of characters for reconstructing taxic phylogenies.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/bsa-abst/section5/abstracts/2.shtml (303 words)

	Study of the pseudoperoxidatic activity of soybean leghemoglobin and sperm whale myoglobin. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The compound formation between soybean leghemoglobins a and c and H2O2 or ethyl hydroperoxide has been studied and compared with the hydrogen peroxide compound of sperm whale myoglobin.
		The pseudoperoxidatic activity of leghemoglobins a and c and myoglobin was studied using guaiacol as electron donor.
		The maximal reaction velocities of leghemoglobins are greater than that of myoglobin.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_565653.html (150 words)

	A.N.Bach Institute of Biochemistry / LABORATORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY OF NITROGEN FIXATION
		Enzyme metleghemoglobin reductase reducing leghemoglobin was for the first time isolated from legume nodules and studied.
		Scheme of leghemoglobin functioning used for description of regulation of conditions in nodules was proposed.
		Expression of lupine leghemoglobin gene in E. coli was done, functionally active leghemoglobin was obtained (with Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznan, Poland).
	www.inbi.ras.ru /english/labs/topunov-eng.html (1092 words)

	UALBERTA Bio 108 Lecture 30
		Leghemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that, like hemoglobin in red blood cells, reversibly binds O2.
		In addition, leghemoglobin keeps the concentration of free O2 low in the nodules to protect the nitrogenase from O2 inhibition.
		Leghemoglobin: a protein found in root nodules of legumes which reversibly bind Oxygen, thus controlling its concentration.
	www.csun.edu /~hcbio027/biotechnology/lec10/nitrogen.html (807 words)

	Reduction of Ferric Leghemoglobin in Soybean Root Nodules -- Lee and Klucas 74 (4): 984 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Reduction of Ferric Leghemoglobin in Soybean Root Nodules -- Lee and Klucas 74 (4): 984 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Reduction of Ferric Leghemoglobin in Soybean Root Nodules
		Reduction of ferric leghemoglobin to ferrous leghemoglobin in
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/74/4/984 (249 words)

	Augsburg College Biology - Photo of Month -March 2003
		Nitrogen fixing bacteria require oxygen-free conditions to fix nitrogen, so they only inhabit the cells in the central core of the nodule (the darker mass of cells in the center).
		Though not visible in this photo, the interiors of legume nodules are normally pink due to the presence of leghemoglobin (similar to the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin that causes your blood to be red).
		Leghemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen, and it locks up oxygen, thus fostering the oxygen-free conditions needed for nitrogen fixation.
	www.augsburg.edu /biology/photoofmonth/nodules.html (440 words)

	Myoglobin-enhanced oxygen delivery to isolated cardiac mitochondria -- Wittenberg and Wittenberg 210 (12): 2082 -- ...
		With the exception of the two lowest points, oxygen uptake rates are those reported spectrophotometrically by the near-steady-state rates of deoxygenation of myoglobin or leghemoglobin, as in Fig.
		The ratios of the rates of oxygen uptake at the plateau of this figure to those determined polarographically were 0.91, 0.77 and 1.30 in experiments using myoglobin and 0.76, 0.96 and 0.92 in experiments using leghemoglobin.
		The role of leghemoglobin in nitrogen fixation by bacteroids isolated from soybean root nodules.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/210/12/2082 (4765 words)

	Biophysical Chemistry G4170: Primary Sequence Homology Searches
		At 13-23% sequence identity the mammalian hemoglobins are distantly related to leghemoglobins-- the evolutionary tree discussed in Creigton's text would put them at a great distance, and they are also difficult to detect using state-of-the-art of homology search tools.
		Thus leghemoglobin is a true hit, but it is found in a range with lots of false positives.
		You can use this interesting result in a two-step process to relate human and plant hemoglobins: that is, leghemoglobin is definately realted to fetal hemoglobin, and fetal hemoglobin is definately related to the other human sequences.
	mcdermott.chem.columbia.edu /biophys_2002/top/homologyII.html (1934 words)

	Leghemoglobin. An electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectral study of the free protein and its complexes with ...
		probes of the heme and its ligands in ferric and ferrous leghemoglobin.
		proximal ligand to the heme iron atom of ferric soybean leghemoglobin is
		ferric leghemoglobin to form a high spin complex as judged from the optical
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/abstract/251/19/6090 (442 words)

	Summary Notification
		The expression of the leghemoglobin gene in the tubers of potato is assumed to affect the oxygen transport and the redox regulation in the tuber.
		Under greenhouse conditions, the insertion of the leghemoglobin had a positive effect on the starch content of the tubers.
		The trait that was added in GM plants, the leghemoglobin gene, can affect the redox regulation system of the cell and thus alter a wide range of processes in the plant.
	gmoinfo.jrc.it /gmp_report.aspx?CurNot=B/DE/03/150 (710 words)

	Scope, WAU dissertation no. 809
		In this thesis some general aspects of nodule formation and the regulation of nitrogenase and leghemoglobin (Lb) synthesis have been studied.
		The transformation of Rhizobium bacteria into nitrogen fixing bacteroids was studied by investigating the DNA content of bacteroid cells by means of cytofluorometry (chapter I).
		The regulation of nitrogenase and leghemoglobin synthesis were studied in more detail.
	library.wur.nl /wda/abstracts/ab809.html (438 words)

	Effects of Distal Pocket Mutations on the Geminate Recombination of NO with Leghemoglobin on the Picosecond Time Scale
		The picosecond NO geminate rebinding kinetics of wild-type leghemoglobin, a monomeric plant hemoglobin with structural similarity to myoglobin, and six mutant proteins at the distal histidine (H61G, H61A, H61V, H61L, H61R, H61F) are investigated.
		Over the past 20 years, the relative importance attributed to the proximal and the distal sides in modulating geminate ligand binding has varied considerably.
		Our results with leghemoglobin are discussed in terms of the relative contributions of proximal and distal effects to geminate rebinding kinetics.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/jpcbfk/2003/107/i34/abs/jp030106r.html (195 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		Influence of expressed leghemoglobin on stability of Escherichia coli cells to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species – tert-butyl hydroperoxide and S-nitrosoglutathione was studied.
		It was shown that priority of pro- or antioxidant properties of leghemoglobin is dependent on its concentration in the cells.
		In cells with reduced synthesis leghemoglobin mostly functions as prooxidant, in cells with intensive one – as antioxidant.
	www.doaj.org /doaj?func=abstract&id=243289&recNo=2&toc=1 (128 words)

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