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Topic: Legionella

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	Medmicro Chapter 40
		Legionella bacilli reside in surface and drinking water and are usually transmitted to humans in aerosols.
		Legionella was first recovered from the blood of a soldier more than 50 years ago, but its importance as a human pathogen was not recognized until 1976, when a mysterious epidemic of pneumonia struck members of the Pennsylvania American Legion.
		Winn WC Jr., Myerowitz RL: The pathology of the Legionella pneumonias.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch040.htm (3318 words)

	Legionella,Legionela
		The hospital has established by norm to practice the test of antigenuria (to verify the presence of antigens in the orina) to all the people who arrive with some from the typical symptoms that the bacterium causes, as they are the high fever, cough and anomalies in the respiratory process.
		The outbreak of legionella in the Virgin Hospital of the
		The 13 patients of legionella - twelve are admitted the Virgin Hospital of the Way and one in the Hospital of Navarre evolves favorably, according to the information facilitated yesterday by both hospitable centers to the Government of Navarre.
	home.iprimus.com.au /matgreen/Legionella.Spain.Pamplona.html (6183 words)

	Disease Listing, Legionellosis, General Information \| CDC Bacterial, Mycotic Diseases
		Legionellosis is an infection caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila.
		A milder infection caused by the same type of Legionella bacteria is called Pontiac Fever.
		The Legionella bacteria are found naturally in the environment, usually in water.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/legionellosis_g.htm (837 words)

	Legionella Control Services
		Legionella Control International are leading providers of professional Legionella control, prevention and associated environmental hygiene and risk management consulting services to organisations and individuals around the world.
		Although it's impossible to guarantee that pathogenic microorganisms such as Legionella will not exist in a water system, through proactive management and effective control programs it is possible to dramatically reduce the factors that allow those responsible bacteria to proliferate...
		Our independent Legionella audits have been developed to give you and your organisation the confidence that your existing control systems and practices are compliant with current good practice procedures and latest relevant legislation...
	www.legionellacontrol.com /legionella-control-services.htm (439 words)

	Legionella Control, Prevention & Risk Management
		Legionella Control International are leading providers of professional Legionella control, prevention and associated environmental hygiene and risk management services to organisations and individuals around the world.
		Although it is impossible to guarantee that pathogenic microorganisms such as Legionella will not exist in a water system, through proactive management and effective control programs it is possible to dramatically reduce the factors that allow those responsible bacteria to proliferate...
		Our independent Legionella audits have been developed to give you and your organisation the confidence that your existing control systems and management procedures are compliant with current good practice and latest legislation.
	www.legionellacontrol.com (625 words)

	Elgressy Installs Tested And Approved Weapon Against Legionella
		Legionella bacteria are aerobic gram-negative rods associated with respiratory infections.
		Legionella are ubiquitous in natural aquatic environments, capable of existing in waters with varied temperatures, pH levels, and nutrient and oxygen contents.
		Legionella are prevalent in anthropogenic waters such as potable water, hot water systems, cooling tower reservoirs, and whirlpools.
	www.prweb.com /releases/2006/9/prweb438643.htm (806 words)

	Reducing Legionella Colonization with Monochloramine \| CDC EID
		Legionella organisms were speciated or serogrouped by macroscopic slide agglutination with a panel of polyclonal rabbit antisera against Legionella species and L.
		Legionella were cultured from both the water and biofilm samples on 59 (24%) of 246 occasions before conversion versus 2 (22%) of 9 occasions after conversion.
		Legionella pneumophila associated with the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis in a model multi-species biofilm has reduced susceptibility to disinfectants.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol12no04/05-1101.htm (4857 words)

	Legionella Water Testing Lab - GTS
		Legionella are naturally found at the air-water interface in surface water, in ground water (Appl Environ Microbiol 71:663, Feb 2005), and in aerated biofilms.
		Legionella may multiply to high numbers in cooling towers, evaporative condensers, air washers, humidifiers, hot water heaters, spas, fountains, and plumbing fixtures.
		Regular monitoring with a battery of DFA monoclonal antibodies for several serogroups and several species of legionella morphologically intact bacteria provides a means for exercising 'reasonable care' to deter potential litigation.
	www.legionella.com (756 words)

	NOW <i>Legionella</i> Urinary AntigenTest
		Legionella Urinary Antigen Test is one of the most widely recognized rapid urine test in the world due to sensitivity, specificity and ease of use.
		The NOW Legionella Urinary Antigen test is an in vitro rapid immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen in urine specimens from patients with symptoms of pneumonia.
		It is intended to aid in the presumptive diagnosis of Legionella infection (Legionnaires’ disease) caused by L.
	binax.com /NOWlegionella.shtml (129 words)

	Legionella - MicrobeWiki
		Legionella has a bad reputation because of its pathogenicity, although complete recovery from Legionnaire's is probable upon proper diagnosis.
		Legionella pneumophila is the bacteria that causes Legionnaire's disease.
		Because Legionella form symbiotic relationshiops with amebas, outbreaks of the disease are often correlated with the presence of amebas.
	microbewiki.kenyon.edu /mediawiki-1.6.6/index.php/Legionella (619 words)

	OVERWHELMING RESPIRATORY FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILIA: 14(3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		For Legionella serology, the Zeus Scientific Inc. Legionella screening indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test system was used to assay the level of Legionella antibodies in patients' sera.
		Legionnaire's disease: infection caused by Legionella pneumophila and Legionella-like organisms.
		Prevalence of antibody to Legionella pneumophila in Riyadh.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/143/92326.html (2685 words)

	MD. Scientific Working Group to Study Legionella in Water Systems
		Legionella bacteria were first recognized in association with an outbreak of pneumonia that occurred among attendees of an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976 [1].
		To be able to identify other legionella species and serogroups, and to actually obtain the legionella bacterium responsible for the infection for comparison with legionella bacteria which may be isolated from associated environmental sources [23,24], it is necessary to culture the organism.
		In the recent CDC study in Texas [42], all 11 hospitals on municipal water systems using free chlorine for disinfection had legionella in their water systems; in contrast, all 4 hospitals on municipal water systems using monochloramine for disinfection had water systems that were culture-negative for legionella (and had no cases of nosocomial legionella infection).
	www.dhmh.state.md.us /html/legionella.htm (10206 words)

	eMedicine - Legionella Infection : Article by Mobeen Rathore, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Although several other species of the genus Legionella were subsequently identified, L pneumophila is the most frequent cause of human legionellosis and a relatively common cause of community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia in adults.
		Initiate an investigation for the source of Legionella organisms when 1 case of LD is identified in an inpatient transplant recipient or when 2 cases occurring within 6 months of each other are identified in transplant recipients who visited an outpatient unit during the 2-10 months before the onset of illness.
		Stone BJ, Abu Kwaik Y: Expression of multiple pili by Legionella pneumophila: identification and characterization of a type IV pilin gene and its role in adherence to mammalian and protozoan cells.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1288.htm (4253 words)

	Legionnaires Disease,Legionella,Legionellosis
		legionella bozemanii was cultured from four of the five infected patients, from the tap water in the patients care areas, from the hospital hot water holding tanks, and from soil in an area of excavation and new contruction on hospital property.
		Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was cultured from the sputum of two patients and identified in lung tissue of a third patient by direct fluorescent antibody staining.
		Legionella pneumophila was isolated from the showers and faucets used by 5 of the six patients with the disease.
	www.q-net.net.au /~legion/Legionnaires_Disease_Outbreaks.htm (14192 words)

	Legionella pneumophila cover page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Legionella pneumophila is a motile, rod-shaped, gram-negative, aerobic, bacterium.
		It is considered to be a "facultative parasite," which in the last twenty years has been identified as the leading cause of Legionnaire's Disease.
		When this outbreak first occurred it shocked the nation and the world, because no one knew why all of the men at the convention were being diagnosed with with acute respiratory failure.
	s99.middlebury.edu /BI330A/projects/Cocchiaro (122 words)

	Legionella Appendix Section
		identification of the source(s) of Legionella spp., or proceeding with decontamination of the
		All positive clinical and environmental cultures for legionella should be reported to the hospital Infection Control office.
		However, the hospital continues to maintain careful surveillance for nosocomial legionella, including urinary antigen testing in suspected cases of nosocomial pneumonia; continues regular environmental surveillance; and carefully maintains the hot water system.
	legionella.info.ca /legionella0415.html (2670 words)

	LEGIONELLA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The first discovery of bacteria from genus Legionella came in 1976 when an outbreak of pneumonia at an American Legion convention led to 29 deaths.
		Since the initial discovery many species have been added to the Legionella genus, but only two are within the scope of our discussion: L.
		The flu-like symptoms are still seen in Pontiac fever patients but pneumonia does not develop and infection does not spread beyond the lungs.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /path/00001507.htm (335 words)

	BD - Diagnostic Systems: Legionella Agar Enrichment, 5 mL
		Legionella Agar Enrichment is intended for use in the the preparation of Legionella Agar.
		Legionella pneumophila was first demonstrated as a causative agent of pneumonia by McDade et al., who isolated this organism from lung tissue of patients who died of Legionnaires Disease.
		Use of a biological safety cabinet in the handling and inoculation of specimens suspected to contain Legionella organisms and in the handling and examination of inoculated plates is recommended.
	www.bd.com /ds/productCenter/233901.asp (1090 words)

	eMedicine - Legionnaires Disease : Article by Burke A Cunha, MD, MACP
		Legionella species infect human macrophages and monocytes, and intracellular replication of the bacterium is observed within these cells in the alveoli.
		Legionellae in the hospital setting is usually due to its presence in water sources and on surfaces (eg, pipes, rubber, plastics).
		Den Boer JW, Yzerman EP: Diagnosis of Legionella infection in Legionnaires' disease.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1273.htm (4463 words)

	Legionella Prevention
		The experience of the first 16 hospitals (the Sweet 16) that used copper-silver ionization for Legionella control from 5-11 years is reported.
		Legionella surveillance: political and social implications--a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
		The public must be informed that Legionella are common colonizers (as are Pseudomonas species) of man-made water distribution systems that are rarely pathogenic for immunocompetent hosts and that Legionnaires’ disease is not a contagious disease.
	www.legionella.org (704 words)

	Legionella Bacteria
		Legionella bacteria are present in many water supplies and can thrive in cooling towers and domestic water systems.
		Cooling towers are susceptible to high levels of Legionella bacteria due to their operating conditions and temperatures.
		Hospital and Health-Care facilities can be at risk to Legionella growth due to lower hot water temperatures.
	www.summitlaboratories.com /legionella.htm (193 words)

	Legionnaires Disease,Legionella
		Because the vast majority of Legionellosis is caused by the L. pneumophila species, this bacterium is the thrust of the discussion.Legionella is a global bacterium.
		The study of outbreaks of Legionella pneumophila has been essential in understanding the organism, the disease, and its pathogenesis.
		Early epidemics defined the clinical spectrum: Pontiac fever is an acute, self-limited, febrile illness with an attack rate of 95% to 100% and an incubation period of 36 hours.
	www.q-net.net.au /~legion (664 words)

	LEGIONELLA 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A role for phosphoinositide metabolism in phagocytosis and intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila.
		Detection of Legionella pneumophila DNA in serum samples using the polymerase chain reaction: A case-control study.
		Bringing the genome of Legionella pneumophila to life: Gene expression patterns of the replicative and transmissive phase in vitro", H.
	www.legionellaconf.org /proinf.htm (383 words)

	Aqua Care - total water hygiene services
		Of the potential impurities, Legionella (centre) is the most serious.
		If not properly controlled, Legionella can proliferate rapidly over a wide area, causing severe - potentially lethal - damage to health as it spreads.
		The penalties for noncompliance with current HSE guidelines for Legionella control include heavy fines and imprisonment, never mind the potential damage to the hard won reputation of any commercial organisation or public body.
	www.aquacarewhs.com (251 words)

	Information about Legionnaire's Disease issued by the H...
		The germ which causes legionnaires' disease is a bacterium called Legionella pneumophila.
		People catch legionnaires' disease by inhaling small droplets of water suspended in the air which contain the Legionella bacterium.
		However, most people who are exposed to Legionella do not become ill.
	www.hse.gov.uk /legionnaires (582 words)

	Legionella Prevention
		Copper-silver ionisation is scientifically proven and accepted as a long term Legionella control and prevention water treatment technology.
		As a result of these studies and excellent performance reports, healthcare facilities and hotel chains around the world are converting from traditional water treatment methods to our better performing and more affordable automated water treatment technology.
		Copper silver ionisation studies and Legionella prevention and control guidelines can be downloaded by visiting via our Archives section.
	legionella.info.ca /default.htm (232 words)

	Legionella control prevention in hot water
		The Bad news… a record number of recorded Legionella cases in 2003 where associated to healthcare facilities, hotels and even office buildings.
		Since the discovery of Legionella in 1976, many theories and studies have been conducted in order to determine the best course of action when dealing with Legionella control and prevention in a properly designed water treatment program.
		Legionella colonisation is found within the Biofilm where it hides from chlorine and other water treatment techniques like thermal eradication.
	www.waterionisation.com /hwsol4.html (515 words)

	Legionella control - Lenntech
		In the prevention and control of legionnaires disease (legionella) causing microbes, chlorine dioxide has taken an eminent roll.
		The advantages in using chlorine dioxide with hot and cold water systems have already been shown at the descriptions on legionella.
		For more information or advice on the treatment, measurement and prevention of legionella please feel free to contact us by mail, fax or telephone.
	www.lenntech.com /legionella_control.htm (255 words)

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