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Topic: Legitimation

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Legitimation
		An infant thus legitimated is held equal to legitimate children in all respects as to sacred orders and as to ecclesiastical dignities, except the cardinalate.
		Such legitimation is termed plenior in canon law to distinguish it from the plena legitimation which is granted by papal rescript, and from the plenissima which follows on the radical validation of a marriage (sanatio in radice).
		Canon law and the Roman civil law are not in accord in the matter of legitimation, as the latter restricts the privilege to children born of concubinage, whose parents afterwards married.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09131e.htm (865 words)

	Legitimation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Legitimation is the act of providing legitimacy to a child born out of wedlock.
		Generally in the United States, the favored method is the subsequent marriage of the parents, although certain states may require special proceedings, and in others, the parents are required to officially adopt the child.
		Legitimation in the social sciences refers to the process whereby an act, process, or ideology becomes legitimate by its attachment to norms and values within in given society.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Legitimation (293 words)

	AllRefer.com - legitimation (Legal Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		legitimation, act of giving the status of legitimacy to a child whose parents were not married at the time the child was born.
		Under the common law, legitimation by this process was not allowed, although that rule came under the displeasure of the church.
		In the United States, legitimation by subsequent marriage is the general rule.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/legitima.html (224 words)

	The Study of Lyotard's Concept of Legitimation
		Legitimation is the process by which a legislator is authorized to promulgate such a law as a norm.
		In this case legitimation is the process by which a "legislator" dealing with scientific discourse is authorized to prescribe the stated conditions (in general, conditions of internal consistency and experimental verification) determining whether a statement is to be included in that discourse by the scientific community.
		Next, Lyotard states: "Legitimation is the process by which a legislator is authorized to promulgate such a law as a norm." That is, legitimation is the process by which the legislator can turn a statement into a law that people must follow.
	www.california.com /~rathbone/legitima.htm (923 words)

	Jurgen Habermas - Legitimation Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A legitimation crisis arises as soon as the demands for such rewards rise faster than the available quantity of value, or when expectations arise that cannot be satisfied with such rewards.
		Offe and his collaborators question whether the form of procuring legitimation does not make it necessary for competing parties to outbid one another in their programs and thereby raise the expectations of the population ever higher and higher.
		A legitimation crisis then, must be based on a motivation crisis--that is, a discrepancy between the need for motives declared by the state, the educational system and the occupational system on the one hand, and the motivation supplied by the socio-cultural system on the other.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/legitcri.html (2206 words)

	Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society: Legitimation in the Letter to the Hebrews: The Construction and ...
		Salevao's goal is to explain and correlate the theology and strategy of the epistle with the readers' social situation by means of the concept of legitimation as developed in the sociology of knowledge.
		Legitimation is defined as "the aggregate of ways a social order or social world is explained and justified to its members" (p.
		His reply to objections is that it is both legitimate and possible to use inferences from a single writer because the biblical data is all we have (p.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3817/is_200409/ai_n9439109 (1325 words)

	University of Pittsburgh
		All governments need to legitimize their rule, to justify their right to power, to promote their authority as a means to gaining popular support, or at least, acquiescence, without which they are likely to collapse.
		The aim of Habermas' Legitimation Crisis (1973) was to try and identify the crisis points within advanced capitalist societies and how the modern state continues both to manage such crises and maintain the legitimacy of the capitalist system.
		Legitimation in late capitalist societies is thus primarily based on ideological control, on the ability of the state and cultural apparatus (including media) to convince the masses that the existing system is just, fair, rational, and so, legitimate.
	fuentes.csh.udg.mx /CUCSH/Sincronia/reyes2.htm (5665 words)

	Fathers Are Parents Too! - Being a Father & the Importance of Legitimation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Legitimation is your open, voluntary acknowledgment that you are your child’s father.
		Legitimation is separate from establishment or acknowledgment of paternity.
		A petition to legitimate must be filed with the Clerk of Superior Court in the county of the mother’s residence.
	www.fapt.org /issues/legitimation.html (2153 words)

	LEGITIMATION AND CULTURALISM: TOWARDS POLICING CHANGES IN THE EUROPEAN `POST-SOCIALIST' COUNTRIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Whereas the legitimation approach conducts its analysis of policing systems by examining the impact of policing on the socio-political factors of society, the culturalistic approach focuses its attention on the observation that it is socio-political factors which influence police behaviour and activity.
		The legitimation approach employs a dialectical method of analysis which allows for a continuing investigation of the interrelationship between the legitimacy, structure and function of police.
		The legitimation approach, by constructing its analyses of policing systems through the concepts of legitimacy, structure and function, focuses its attention on the relationship between police, state and society.
	www.ncjrs.org /policing/leg219.htm (5303 words)

	legitimation.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The legitimation through inheritage seems to have been dependant of the mother of the king too (A strong example of the king's mother's role in the inheritage is the Choice of Aspelta (593-68 BC)for king.
		She seems to perhaps be the last of royal blood, but for her sons to have a complete legitime claim for the thone it is required that both parents are of royal blood.
		Consequently the principles of legitimation were also subject to change: the relationship between god and king, the perception of the king's position and functions, these changes expresses themselves in the changing formulations of the argument for the rulership (Otto 1969:411).
	www.sv.uit.no /student/aniemi/legitime.htm (4686 words)

	MPIfG Working Paper 98/2, Fritz W. Scharpf: Interdependence and Democratic Legitimation
		Legitimating arguments, then, must be arguments that are able to establish a moral duty to obey these collectively binding decisions even if they conflict with individual preferences.
		But whereas the formal independence of the ECB, and the scope of its hierarchical authority, were legitimated by the explicit and highly politicized decisions of national governments and parliaments, much less political attention had accompanied the expansion of the judicial authority of the European Court of Justice (Weiler 1982).
		They may perform an orienting and a legitimating function if they communicate the wider framework of ongoing policy controversies, the definition of the situation and the political aspirations in light of which problems and options can be meaningfully considered.
	www.mpi-fg-koeln.mpg.de /pu/workpap/wp98-2/wp98-2.html (6993 words)

	Legitimation by Subsequent Marriage
		The first appearance of legitimation by subsequent marriage is in commentaries on Gratian's Decretum in the 12th c., citing Justinian's law, and then explicitly through two papal decrees of Alexander III, dated 1172 and 1180, both later incorporated into canon law (in the Decretals, 4.17.6 and 4.17.1).
		Legitimation occurs only if the father was domiciled in England and Wales at the time of birth of the child or of his own death if it occurred before.
		Also, the Bavarian Landrecht limited legitimation to naturales children, and an Austrian law of 1791 required that the parents had been free to marry at the time of birth, but that was not retained in the GB of 1811, and a court decision of 1890 explicitly accepted that spurii could be legitimated by subsequent marriage.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/royalty/legmatsub.htm (1803 words)

	Protest against the Legitimation of Charlotte, Duchess of Albany, 1784
		On March 30, 1783, King Charles III signed an Act of Legitimation by which he recognised his natural daughter, Charlotte, thus permitting her to succeed upon his death to his private estates.
		This Act of Legitimation was forwarded to King Louis XVI of France who confirmed it and had it registered in the Parlement of Paris (the most important of the French law courts).
		In the third place, he represents the irregularity of this pretended legitimation, which was not necessary to enable his brother to give to this person a fair subsistence, which he had already been bound in conscience to do for thirty years past.
	www.jacobite.ca /documents/1784protest.htm (469 words)

	Habermas - Communication and Evolution in Society
		His concept of Universal Pragmatics and studies of legitimation problems in society are key to understanding the background of recent debates in the philosophy of communication.
		Legitimation for Habermas is assessing the rightness and justice of a political order.
		The concept of legitimation is important in Habermas' critique of capitalism, and mass democracies in particular.
	userwww.service.emory.edu /~mhalber/Research/Guides/hab-comm.html (490 words)

	Stanford GSB: Stanford Business August 2002
		A key theory put forward in the original paper by Hannan and Freeman is “density dependence,” which says that organizations’ vital rates—their founding rates, growth, and mortality—depend on the total number of organizations within the relevant population.
		Legitimation is the process by which a certain way of doing things comes to be seen as natural or taken for granted.
		However, the force of legitimation is stronger when the population density is rising from a low base, such as in the early history of an industry.
	www.gsb.stanford.edu /community/bmag/sbsm0208/feature_org_ecology_part2.html (1652 words)

	: GN 00306.050 - Legitimation - 01/11/2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A child born illegitimate may be legitimated under some State laws by the acts of his/her parent(s).
		A legitimated child is deemed dependent unless adopted by someone other than the NH (see GN 00306.165 ff.).
		Under current State laws, a child legitimated after birth is considered to be legitimate from birth.
	policy.ssa.gov /poms.nsf/lnx/0200306050 (151 words)

	Abstracts, Education Department, Keele University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This paper explores state legitimation forms in education in a context of implementation of neoliberal policies.
		It is argued that in a globalised and neoliberal context the state earns legitimation capacity by developing discourses and policies which favour accumulation processes.
		Thus, from this point of view, legitimation is not only a consequence of a new agenda but it is also a set of problems that shape that agenda.
	www.keele.ac.uk /depts/ed/events/conf-docs/bonal1.htm (277 words)

	Scholarly Inquiry and a Faith Beyond Mere Legitimation
		The outgrowth of such a critique results in the establishment of narrative as a means of understanding faith beyond mere legitimation.
		Habermas's notion of a crisis of legitimation serves as a critical means of understanding the context which gave rise to work such as Fowler's Stages of Faith.
		By going beyond legitimation, the faith of Abraham transcended the systems of Hegel and Fowler by refusing to appeal to the ethical embodiment of the universal.
	www.mobap.edu /academics/fl/journal/3.1/ream.asp (8276 words)

	Legislative Search -
		The general public shall be allowed to inspect 11 court files and records for proceedings involving a 12 legitimation petition under the jurisdiction of the 13 juvenile court pursuant to paragraph (1) or (2) of 14 subsection (e) of Code Section 15-11-5.
		Subject to the earlier sealing of certain 4 records pursuant to Code Section 15-11-61, the juvenile 5 court shall make and keep records of all cases brought 6 before it and shall preserve the records pertaining to a 7 child until ten years after the last entry was made.
		43 S. (d) A legitimation petition may be filed, pursuant to 2 paragraph (2) of subsection (e) of Code Section 15-11-5, 3 in the juvenile court of the county in which a deprivation 4 proceeding regarding the child is pending.
	www.state.ga.us /services/leg/ShowBillPre.cgi?year=1997&filename=1997/SB26.passed (828 words)

	A Turn To Scientific Analysis And Democratic Deliberation In Environmental Policy: Political Risk, Legitimation ...
		Legitimation Crisis (1975) and Richard Münch?s Risikopolitik (1996), respectively, are two cases in point.
		The Habermasian line of analysis is concerned with the structural dilemmas of modern states in relationship to the capitalist market economy: Whereas economic vitality discourages regulating economic actors, the prevention of extreme social inequalities demands the firm hand of the state in order to avoid a crisis.
		In essence legitimation crisis signals the contradictions of the political administrative system and its need to simultaneously secure the legality of private capital accumulation and assume the external costs of market dysfunctions to assure support for governmental activity (1975, p.
	theoryandscience.icaap.org /content/vol002.002/alario.html (3908 words)

	Legitimation Registration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If both mother and child are not present before the District Officer upon registering for legitimation, the Registrar is required to contact them to obtain their approval.
		If the mother or child denies that the person filing for legitimation is the father of the child, the person filing for legitimation registration is required to obtain approval from a court.
		Within 90 days of receiving notification regarding legitimation, the mother or child can file a request to the Registrar indicating that the person filing for legitimation is not fully or partially qualified to have custody of the child (Civil and Commercial Code 1976, Book 5, Section 1549).
	www.dopa.go.th /English/servi/myson.htm (298 words)

	legitimation on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Legitimation in the Letter to the Hebrews: the Construction and Maintenance of a Symbolic Universe.(Book Review)
		Embracing Inana: legitimation and mediation in the ancient Mesopotamian sacred marriage hymn Iddin-Dagan A. Date: 04/01/2003
		Kant, Habermas, and the 'philosophical legitimation' of modernity.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/l1/legitima.asp (409 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Legitimation of green advertising serves the need of legitimizing two aspects of the capitalist system: (1) consumption practice and (2) corporate power (Goldman and Papson 1996).
		Legitimation links these two aspects together which is decried by consumer environmentalist activists as "(a) a superficial public relations effort to divert consumer attention from environmentally questionable corporate practices and (b) an attempt to dilute consumer interest" (Baker and Miner 26).
		Robert Goldman defines "legitimation ads" as "an outgrowth of the culture industry’s mass marketing and wish fulfillment within a societal system fundamentally antagonistic to their realization"(87).
	it.stlawu.edu /~advertiz/tmj/Deceptive (357 words)

	Georgia General Assembly
		(d)(e) A legitimation petition may be filed, pursuant to paragraph (2) of subsection (e) of Code Section 15-11-28, in the juvenile court of the county in which a deprivation proceeding regarding the child is pending.
		(f)(g) After a petition for legitimation is granted, if a demand for a jury trial as to support has been properly filed by either parent, then the case shall be transferred from juvenile court to superior court for such jury trial.
		If such claims are raised in the legitimation action, the court may order, in addition to legitimation, visitation or custody based on the best interests of the child standard.
	www.legis.state.ga.us /legis/2005_06/fulltext/hb287.htm (411 words)

	Immanent Legitimation: Reflections on the Kami Concept
		While it is not difficult to understand the Shinto claim of an immanent (non-transcendent) kami-nature, that quality alone may not explain the devotion which Shinto apologists pay to it --- particularly in the context of their criticisms of the association of kami with words like deity and god.
		Instead, legitimation would appear to be immanent in the hierarchy of the Japanese social system itself, namely, a function of one's "proximity" to the line of descent linked most intimately to the original ground of being from which kami and all other existence derives.
		In short, while neither omnipotent nor equivalent to the "original essence" from which the world emerged, Amaterasu remains the kami closest to that essence, and thus the highest and most noble of all, model for all other kami, and for her descendants, the historical emperors, who, in turn, serve as exemplars for their subjects.
	www.kokugakuin.ac.jp /ijcc/wp/cpjr/kami/havens.html (4998 words)

	Chapter 49 - Article 2
		If it appears to the court that the petitioner is the father of the child, the court may thereupon declare and pronounce the child legitimated; and the full names of the father, mother and the child shall be set out in the court order decreeing legitimation of the child.
		In case of death and intestacy, the real and personal estate of such child shall descend and be distributed according to the Intestate Succession Act as if he had been born in lawful wedlock.
		The procedures shall be the same as those specified by G.S. except that the spouse of the mother of the child shall be a necessary party to the proceeding and shall be properly served.
	www.ncga.state.nc.us /EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/ByArticle/Chapter_49/Article_2.html (309 words)

	Héritier: Composite Democratic Legitimation in Europe: The Role of Transparency and Access to Information
		It is comprised of diverse elements of democratic legitimation: the vertical legitimation through parliamentary representation in the EP; executive representation through delegates of democratically-elected governments in the Council of Ministers; horizontal mutual control among member states; associative and experts' representation (delegation) in policy networks (Benz 1998); and, finally, individual rights based legitimacy.
		While transparency and access to information stress the input-oriented goals of democratic legitimation, that is the right to know who makes which decisions when, associative representation and negotiative democracy emphasise the output-oriented goals of democratic legitimation, that is government legitimation through policy performance accommodating the widest possible scope of interests.
		Both input- and output-oriented legitimation are important and have to be viewed in their reciprocal relationship.
	www.mpp-rdg.mpg.de /abst2001_6.html (407 words)

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