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Topic: Lemon economics

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The Market for Lemons

George Akerlof

Asymmetrical information

Lemon

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	Lemon
		The lemon was unknown to the ancient Romans and Greeks; it is first mentioned in the book of Nabathae[?] on agriculture in the third or fourth century.
		Both lemons and limes are regularly served as lemonade[?], or as a garnish for drinks such as cola with a slice either inside or on the the rim of the glass.
		Lemon juice is typically dripped onto battered fish dishes in restaurants in the United Kingdom and other countries.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ci/Citrus_limon.html (151 words)

	Lemon (automobile) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A lemon is a defective car that, when purchased new or used, is found by the purchaser to have numerous or severe defects not readily apparent before the purchase.
		A "lemon" is a citrus fruit with a tart or sour (not sweet) flavour.
		slang; from lemon (1), perhaps via criminal slang sense of 'a person who is a loser, a simpleton', which is perhaps from the notion of someone a sharper can 'suck the juice out of'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lemon_Car (863 words)

	Production Practices and costs - Fresh Market Organic Lemons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Yields for organically produced lemons are similar to those of a conventionally produced crop, ranging from 500 to 900 field boxes per acre and averaging 675 field boxes per acre.
		For lemons in the South Coast, growers either monitor their own orchards or work with a cooperative insectary that supplies biological control agents (e.g., beneficial insects and snails) and other information and assistance relevant to pest management.
		In this study, lemons are assumed to be hand harvested by a labor contractor into 900-pound field bins, and then transported to a packing house.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /pubs/costs/97/lemon (8662 words)

	George Akerlof - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Arthur Akerlof (born June 17, 1940) is an American economist and Koshland Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley.
		Akerlof is perhaps best known for his article, "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism", published in Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1970, in which he identified the severe problems that may afflict markets characterized by asymmetrical information.
		His wife Janet Yellen is president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and a professor of economics at UC Berkeley and served on President Bill Clinton's Council of Economic Advisors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Akerlof (290 words)

	lemon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The sweeter Meyer lemon is lemon crossed with either a mandarin or an orange, and the Ponderosa lemon is a lemon-citron hybrid that has grapefruit-sized fruits.
		Lemons have a refreshing, acid flavor; they are used in summer drinks, such as lemonade and punch, and are often preferred to vinegar as an ingredient in sauces and salad dressings.
		Lemon oil, or the essential oil extracted from the skin, usually while green, is manufactured mostly in Italy and France.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/sci/A0829360.html (422 words)

	10.11.2001 - UC Berkeley professor shares 2001 Nobel Prize in economics, university's second win in a row
		He is the university's fourth economics professor and the third in seven years at the university to be so honored.
		Christina D. Romer, a colleague in the economics department at UC Berkeley, wrote in a 1996 evaluation of Akerlof's work that he was almost certainly destined to win a Nobel Prize.
		He served as senior staff economist with the Council of Economic Advisers from 1973-1974 and was visiting research economist in the special studies section of the Federal Reserve System Board of Governors from 1977 to 1978.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2001/10/11_econwin01.html (1125 words)

	John Kay : more economics in action articles
		Perhaps the most important single event in modern world history is that in the late 18th century economic growth took off in Western Europe and not in south-east China, despite the apparent similarity of technological and economic development and natural resource availability in the two regions.
		To mitigate the adverse economic effects of Christmas - which are large — one could think of a phased abolition of Christmas, raising annual GDP by as much as 1%.
		The idea of rational profit- and utility maximisation is prominent in economics, but was challenged by Herbert Simon, a winner of the Nobel Prize in economics who died in February.
	www.johnkay.com /more?cat=7&supercategory=in_action (2140 words)

	George Akerlof a Winner of 2001 Nobel Prize in Economics
		George A. Akerlof, an economics professor at the University of California, Berkeley, was named the 2001 co-winner of the Nobel Prize in economic sciences today (10/10/01).
		The now-deceased John Harsanyi, a professor of economics and business administration, won the Nobel Prize in 1994; and Gerard Debreu, a professor emeritus of economics and mathematics, won the prize in 1983.
		Since joining UC Berkeley’s economics department in the College of Letters and Science as an assistant professor in 1966, Akerlof has been recognized for his research that borrows from sociology, psychology, anthropology and other fields to determine economic influences and outcomes.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/features/2001/nobel (1264 words)

	Georgia Lemon Law: As seen on Clark Howard
		The Georgia Lemon Law gives both the consumer and the carmaker the right to appeal.
		The Governor's Office of Consumer Affairs says that appeals are rare, and the state Lemon Law process is fair to both sides.
		The basic reason I bought another Infiniti was economics," she said.
	www.georgialemonlaw.com /clark_howard.htm (465 words)

	Lemon Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Lemon test applies to whether the actions of the state (or a state agency like a school board or principal).
		The government cannot be too involved with religions, particularly in terms of economics.
		For example, taxing religions might mean the government would be involved in audits of records and that would be too much entanglement between religion and government.
	courses.unt.edu /swood/lemontest.htm (128 words)

	Marginal Utility: Some Notes On The Economics Of The Used Car Market
		This serves as an illustration both of the potential minor mischief that could be done with a time machine, were such a thing not to violate the known laws of physics, as well as Brian Leiter's periodically renewed critiques of economics' most prominent prize.
		So while getting a lemon (or at least a car with Issues in need of Sorting Out) may be inconvenient, the financial burden of a late-model lemon is likelier than not to fall upon the manufacturer.
		I'm glad my economics was more or less right, because my spelling was bad (I went back and corrected "amateur").
	atbozzo.blogspot.com /2005/08/some-notes-on-economics-of-used-car.html (1672 words)

	California Alumni Association at UC Berkeley
		When George Akerlof first joined the Berkeley faculty in 1966 as an assistant professor of economics, he admits he was at sea, unable to decide which of the dozen or so research ideas buzzing around his head to focus on.
		George Akerlof is honored at an economics department reception attended by students and colleagues.
		Starting with Adam Smith in the eighteenth century, economic theorists had worked on the assumption that buyers and sellers are always in possession of “perfect information,” which enables markets to operate with perfect efficiency.
	www.alumni.berkeley.edu /Alumni/Cal_Monthly/December_2001/A_twist_of_lemon.asp (1874 words)

	Archives
		lemon gelatine in 1 c hot water; add grated rind of 2 lemons, juice of 2 lemons and 1 c sugar.
		Stir all well; then put in the beaten yolks of eggs, two tablespoon lemon juice, two tablespoons cold strong coffee; stir again all thoroughly, and then add four cupfuls of sifted flour alternately with the beaten whites of eggs.
		Such things may seem of little consequence, but the beneficial influence of economical habits is not limited to the actual value of the amount saved.
	www.recipesofyesteryear.com /archives.htm (10696 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Lemon, Mark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		LEMON, MARK [Lemon, Mark] 1809-70, English editor and humorist.
		Chet Lemon recalls his big league career: former center fielder's 16-year tour in the majors with the Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers produced a record-setting defensive mark, productive seasons with the bat and a World Series title in 1984.(Turn Back The Clock)
		The language of Blind Lemon Jefferson: the covert theme of blindness.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Lemon-Ma.asp (229 words)

	DePauw U: Welcome to DePauw
		Because of his commitment to students and the field of economics, Lemon will continue to teach one course each semester, in addition to supervising internships for Management Fellows.
		Lemon began teaching economics at DePauw after working in the Financial Management Program of General Electric Co. He received a bachelor’s degree in economics and mathematics and master’s and doctoral degrees in economics from the University of Kansas.
		Lemon succeeds Mary P. English, who announced in the fall her plans to return to her role as an associate professor of economics and management at DePauw after completing four years as director of the McDermond Center and Management Fellows Program in June 2000.
	www.depauw.edu /pa/news/news_archive/archive9900/2000lemon.asp (626 words)

	Illinois house passes bill providing stronger lemon law protection for defective computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Under the legislation, a manufacturer would have two attempts to fix a defective computer within the first 24 months of use, or the consumer would be entitled to a full refund or a brand new unit.
		In a study done by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, as of August 2000, 53.7 million households in the U.S. had computers.
		The numbers of households with computers has risen by 21% since December of 1998 and computer penetration is up by almost 40% since 1997.
	www.yourlemonlawrights.com /news/03.htm (343 words)

	Salsa Recipes for Canning
		Acid, such as vinegar or lemon juice must be added to prevent the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum, from growing.
		Lemon juice is more acidic than vinegar, but has less effect on flavor.
		The only changes you can safely make in these salsa recipes are to substitute bottled lemon juice for vinegar and to decrease the amount of spices and herbs.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /pubs/_e/e-323.html (1610 words)

	JAAE - December 1996 - Abstract
		Lemon growers and handlers have expressed concern over the impact of this decision on retail-FOB margins.
		Jonq-Ying Lee is a research economist with the Economic Research Department of the Florida Department of Citrus and adjunct professor in the Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida.
		Abstract: An interregional input-output model of the Monroe, Louisiana, Functional Economic Area constructed with IMPLAN is used to assess economic linkages between a small urban core and a surrounding rural periphery.
	www.agecon.uga.edu /~jaae/abst-f96.htm (2722 words)

	How Trust is Abused in Free Markets: Enron's "Crooked 'E'"
		A market can have a lemon's problem when one party to the transaction has far superior information to the other ("asymmetric information") and defects are not obvious.
		Dan concludes that entities like Meineke arise whenever lemon's problems arise because the problem creates an opportunity for profit by legitimate firms and because honest firms are able to "signal" their integrity to consumers in a credible manner.
		The key economic fact is that it is cheaper to dump toxic wastes improperly in a rural river than to pay the much higher fees of a facility that provides proper disposal.
	www.scu.edu /ethics/publications/submitted/black/freemarket.html (2307 words)

	The Joel on Software Discussion Group - why vista will suck...
		Economics dictate that if they make a stable system, they can make a large amount of money.
		Lemon could also restrain himself from pimping his J-- library every time a Java topic comes up.
		That said, Lemon, when you write for an audience, you will be much more effective if you pander to the audience's expectations as opposed to trying to exert your own style.
	discuss.joelonsoftware.com /?joel.3.335989 (1260 words)

	Weekly Column/Nov. 17, 2004
		But in 1987, the Ohio legislature tried to make car buying less of a gamble when it passed the “Lemon Law.” The law was designed to give consumers greater leverage in seeking redress when their new car turned out to be a lemon.
		The Lemon Law was passed with good intentions, but something seems to have happened on the way from good intentions to actual practice.
		As the majority opinion acknowledged, the Lemon Law was designed to give car buyers “greater leverage in seeking redress” when their new auto turns out to be a lemon.
	www.sconet.state.oh.us /Justices/pfeifer/column/2004/jp111704.asp (1015 words)

	Lemon economics
		The standard text on the economics of advertising was a work by Lord Kaldor, economic guru of the last Labour government but one.
		Akerlof’s lemon was a car made on a Friday afternoon in which nothing ever quite worked properly.
		With the economics of information came a different view of the economic role of advertising.
	www.johnkay.com /in_action/130 (950 words)

	[No title]
		Economics 612 reviews the theoretical foundations of economic analysis.
		To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to examine the behavior of a series of economic agents: consumers,workers,savers,financial investors,producers,real investors,polluters, government bureaucrats,etc. Of course, in many cases these roles overlap.
		Microeconomics examines the economic behavior of individuals in all of these roles.
	www.mtsu.edu /~dgraddy/syl612.html (468 words)

	SSRN-Eastern Enlargement of the European Union: Sour Grapes or Sweet Lemon? by Miroslav N. Jovanovic
		The EU has to change its organizational structure in preparation for the decades to come when it is expected to enlarge and even double the number of its member countries.
		The conclusion is that the acceding transition countries do not satisfy most of the economic criteria for EU entry at the moment.
		Some of these countries may in the future need to invest a lot of effort, time and money of their own to comply with the economic requirements for full membership.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=261059 (405 words)

	Overview: California's Lemon Law
		The more expensive and complicated the product is, the more that can go wrong, and the more reasonable the law presumes it is to allow the manufacturer a chance to make it right before allowing a refund or replacement.
		A department store's policy of offering a refund or replacement, without attempting repair, is simply based upon its notion of customer service, or the economics involved, and not lemon law.
		Your specific facts should be reviewed by this office, or another California attorney emphasizing auto dealer fraud, mortgage loan fraud, lemon law, fair debt collection, credit protection, and other consumer fraud and consumer law issues, before taking any action.
	consumer-fraud-lawyer.com /id32.html (909 words)

	George Akerlof
		Akerlof believes that “if any subject in economics ought to be behavioral, it ought to be macroeconomics” and questions how psychology and sociology influence economics.
		For example, it is difficult to explain unemployment in the absence of behavioral economics because in a market where people are “sold” as goods, the market clearing price (or wage) should prevail and unemployment should not exist.
		He is awarded the prize for his pioneering work on the role of asymmetric information between sellers and buyers in the market for "lemons." Some of his past research topics include the long run Phillips Curve, unemployment, education, discrimination, and poverty.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~olney/interviews/akerlof.html (1129 words)

	michigan lemon law lawyer Ronald S. Weiss
		He is admitted to practice law in the State of Ohio, the State of Michigan, and in the United States federal courts.
		He is also currently practicing "Lemon Law" in the State of Ohio.
		Ron treats each case with the indvidual touch always communicating to you where he is at in the case.
	www.michiganlemonlaw.com /about.html (463 words)

	Miss Bukky
		lemon juice and rind and stir until blended.
		After preparing the lemon meringue pie, follow these steps to create a power point presentation…
		Chose which slide is appropriate for the slide you are about to create.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~ebukky/tip.htm (346 words)

	Lemon Tree from Seed
		It is important that you plant them immediately after you take them from the lemon fruit.
		The one seedling produced by pollination will not be clonal as it will carry genetic material from the pollen parent (father) as well as the seed parent (mother).
		A mature tree may often be purchased at a nursery in the house plant section.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /ces/yard/2000/040800.html (606 words)

	Economics Newsletter, Summer 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Yale’s conference was organized by graduate students Andrew Lemon and Marek Weretka and featured discussions of research in all fields of economics.
		After receiving his PhD in economics from the University of Michigan, he taught at the College of William and Mary; Xavier University; the University of Detroit; Southern Illinois University; LaGrange College, where he was head of the economics department; and Georgia State University, where he served for 18 years.
		She was the keynote speaker at the International Conference on the Paradoxes of Happiness in Economics, held at the University of Milanno-Bicocca in Milan, Italy, in March 2003.
	www.econ.yale.edu /department/nl-04/nl04-05.htm (1177 words)

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