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	History of the Theatre
		The Lenaia was celebrated near the end of January under the supervision of the archon basileus, the principal religious official of Athens.
		Consequently, more freedom of expression was permitted, and the Lenaia came to be associated especially with comedy, in which Athenian officials and political affairs were often severely ridiculed.
		Contests at the Lenaia were at first only for comic dramatists and actors, but in 432 others for tragic playwrights and actors were added.
	phoenixandturtle.net /excerptmill/brockett.html (1471 words)

	Lenaia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lenaia probably comes from lenai, another name for the ((Greek mythology) a woman participant in the orgiastic rites of Dionysus) Maenads, the female worshippers of Dionysus.
		The Lenaia is depicted on numerous vases, showing typical Maenad scenes, but also scenes of aristocrats and (Fermented juice (of grapes especially)) wine-mixing rituals.
		At the Lenaia, (Light and humorous drama with a happy ending) comedy was more important than (Drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or circumstance; excites terror or pity) tragedy, and many of (An ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies (448-380 BC)) Aristophanes' plays were first performed there.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/le/lenaia.htm (381 words)

	Dithyramb - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The leader of the chorus later became the solo protagonist, with lyrical interchanges taking place between him and the rest of the chorus.
		Competitions between groups singing dithyrambs were an important part of festivals such as the Dionysia and Lenaia.
		Each tribe would enter two choruses, one of men and one of boys, each under the leadership of a choregos.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dithyramb (418 words)

	lenaea
		The Lenaia was a festival with a dramatic competition but one of the lesser festivals of Athens and Ionia in ancient Greece.The Lenaia took place (in Athens) in the month of Gamelion, roughly corresponding to January.
		Lenaia probably comes from lenai, another name for the Maenads, the female worshippers of Dionysus.The Lenaia is depicted on numerous vases, showing typical Maenad scenes, but also scenes of aristocrats and wine-mixing rituals.
		There were also poetic contests, but not contests for the singing of dithyrambs.It is unknown when the Lenaia was abandoned, but contests of some sort continued into the 2nd century BC.
	webraindor.info /wiki/lenaea (350 words)

	WiccanWeb.ca
		LENAIA was a mid winter festival of ancient Greece and related cultures.
		At the Cretan Lenaia the God was known as Zagreus and a shape-shifting spiral dance where animals were imitated was performed.
		In addition to the death and resurrection of Dionysus as described in these rituals there were also rites to taste the first of the new wine, particularly in rural areas, where the Dionysias took on a much more bucolic character.
	www.wiccanweb.ca /print-7728.html (2183 words)

	Lenaia
		Lenaia is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		The City Dionysia (Dionysia ta en Astei, also known as the Great Dionysia, Dionysia ta Megala) was the urban part of the festival, possibly established during the tyranny of Pisistratus in the 6th century BC.
		The Dionysia was originally a rural festival in Attica (Dionysia ta kat' agrous), probably celebrating the cultivation of vines.
	www.experiencefestival.com /lenaia (2500 words)

	EMORY CLASSICS: Publications\| Niall W. Slater
		And then Aristophanes confounds the audience again, for, having begun a speech which is a thorough-going parody of the title character's speech in the Telelphus, the actor suddenly drops that character for a moment and again speaks as Aristophanes.
		One might say that actors did not exist at the beginning of the fifth century; conceptually they were an undifferentiated part of the class, "performers at the Dionysia." By the time the city establishes contests for actors apart from the overall play competitions, actors do exist as a separate category.
		A contest for tragic actors was probably established at the City Dionysia in 449, at the Lenaia in 442.
	classics.emory.edu /indivFacPages/slater/slater10.html (5772 words)

	II
		These were not held to a single date, but celebrated at slightly different times in different places, possibly so that a traveling band of Dionysian performers could make a tour through the area.
		(Parke, 103) It is thought to be the ceremony from which later festivals such as the Lenaia and the City Dionysia were derived.
		After the introduction into Athens of the cult of Dionysus Eleuthereus in the mid-sixth century, and after the City Dionysia were established, the Lenaia lost some of its prestige.
	home.earthlink.net /~delia5/pagan/dio/grcc-tp-dnyscult-1-with-references.htm (3558 words)

	Sheffield Theatres Education Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Homeric competitions took place at the summer festival of Athene, and the drama competition at the Lenaia (comedy) and City Dionysia (tragedy).
		Of the two festivals the Lenaia was by far the less important.
		It was originally intended as a festival of both tragedy and comedy, and was held in a precinct called the Lenaion.
	www.sheffieldtheatres.co.uk /education/productions/iphigenia/festival.shtml (3590 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.10.02
		Albeit the metic's role was not identical to that of the citizen, surely it is too simple to read the social symbolism of festival processions as a straight-forward rank-ordering of superior and inferior statuses.
		Perhaps it was when xenoi were present, and the empire was being featured, that the distinctions in status between "true Athenians" and all others had to be emphasized.
		I don't know, but I do think the question is worth asking; and reducing social history to rank-ordered status hierarchies makes posing this sort of question that much harder, by suggesting that the answer must be obvious.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-10-02.html (2284 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.02.32
		Thus, she examines the hunt scene of Xenophantos' lekythos by contrasting the practice of hunting in East and West; discussing the cultural context of the lekythos; focusing on how Persians were depicted in Attic art; re-examining some Achaemenid seals; and comparing historical and mythicised Persians and their significance in Greek art.
		Richard Hamilton in his "Lenaia Vases in Context" discusses the ritual significance of a group of vases showing female worshippers at a mask of Dionysus attached to a column.
		H emphasises that a better understanding of the meaning of the vases results only if they are examined as a group in a systematic way, as this could reveal their association with Athenian religious practice.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-02-32.html (2457 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nor is IG ii 1367 secure: on the base are carved five laurel crowns each with the word "(at the) Pythia"; in the center are two olive crowns with the inscriptions, "at the) Great Panathenaia" and "(at the) Lenaia with dithyramb".
		Since dithyramb is specified only for the Lenaia it is almost certain that all the other victories were in Nikokles' speciality, kithara-singing (see Pausanias).
		Still, dithyramb is different: it is a group performance, organized and financed through tribal choregia and won by the tribe, and the prizes should be correspondingly different from the gold crowns and money of the musical contests and the oil of the equestrian and athletic contests, all of which are prizes for individuals.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-v4n03-hamilton-die.txt (937 words)

	The Festival and Theatre of Dionysus
		The Homeric competitions took place at the summer festival of Athene, and the drama competition at the Lenaia (comedy) and City Dionysia (tragedy).
		Of the two festivals the Lenaia was by far the less important.
		It was originally intended as a festival of both tragedy and comedy, and was held in a precinct called the Lenaion.
	fp.hulse.plus.com /rah/festival_and_theatre_of_dionysus.htm (3599 words)

	Athens HHH - Dionysos-festivals
		Some scholars interpret these vases as illustrations of the rites of the Lenaia, but there is no way of being certain about this.
		The Lenaion may have been the earliest shrine of Dionysos at Athens, and the earliest tragedies and comedies may have been performed here, before the Theatre of Dionysos was built.
		They included the vintage-celebration of Oschophoria; the festive fertility-processions of the Rural Dionysia; the apparently ecstatic Maenadism of the Lenaia, Anthesteria with its concern for new wine, young children and the spirits of the dead, and its sacred marriage of Dionysos; and finally the City Dionysia, established after the others as a culminating civic event.
	www.athenshash.com /Main_HTML/dionysos-festivals.htm (2173 words)

	UQ - Classics and Ancient History: CL215 - Introductory
		Old Comedy is the name we give to the comedies performed in the theatre of Dionysus in Athens in the 5th century B.C. These comedies were presented at the annual theatre festivals in Athens.
		The Lenaia (the name means "Festival of the Wine-Vats") was much more of a domestic festival than the City Dionysia, because of the difficulty of sea travel in January.
		It was produced at the Lenaia festival in 425.
	www.uq.edu.au /hprcflex/gk2250/intro.htm (1380 words)

	Note on ancient Greek theatre
		Lenaia (winter festival; official title was Dionysia at the Lenaion” indicating its location at a sanctuary) included a procession and began to include dramatic performances in 440, with only two tragedians competing, each with two tragedies; comedy competition much as in the Greater Dionysia.
		In both the Greater Dionysia and the Lenaia, the state paid the actors (all males), but the other costs of the production were borne by a wealthy citizen.
		If an Athenian citizen could not afford the price of admission, he was allowed in free of charge.
	www.lclark.edu /~ndsmith/Greek_theatre.htm (610 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.04.06
		This man may be the kitharodos mentioned in Pausanias I 37, 2 and cannot generally be called a chorokitharistes, as Slater supposes.
		IG II2 3779 enumerates his victories at various contests and we hear that, at the Lenaia, he was victorious in the dithyramb (presumably as a chorokitharistes).
		But concerning the other contests, including the Isthmia, we are not told in which category he won, and the lack of any further specification allows us to suppose that he won in his main category (as a kitharodos?).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2004/2004-04-06.html (519 words)

	derKİ - en Kİ'li internet dergisi
		They believe that the spirits bat around during the wedding of Archon's wife and Dionysos (the statue which was brought on a car) that's why, after the wedding finishes, the spirits are dismissed and the ceremonyis over.
		In Lenaia, a statue of a phallus (male organ) passes through the ceremony arena and Dionysos' renaissance is performed.
		The source of the old comedia I told you about before, is Lenaia festivals.
	www.derki.com /ingilizce/secondissue/tiyatro.html (1751 words)

	Aristophanes - Crystalinks
		58), and at least three times at the Lenaia, with Acharnians in 425, The Knights in 424, and Frogs in 405.
		His sons Araros, Philippus, and Nicostratus were also comic poets: Araros is said to have been heavily involved in the production of Wealth II in 388 (test.
		(Aristophanes¹ third son is sometimes said to have been called not Nicostratus but Philetaerus, and a man by that name appears in the catalogue of Lenaia victors with two victories, the first probably in the late 370s, at IG II2 2325.
	www.crystalinks.com /aristophanes.html (660 words)

	Electronic Antiquities Volume III, Number 2
		Ockham's Razor might suggest that two references to an attack by Kleon on Aristophanes should be to the same event.(21) On the other hand, the nan ('now') of 1291 seems to suggest that Wasps (perfor med at the Lenaia of 422 BC) is the explanation of the business of the stake and the vine.
		Choruses of course do not hav e to be sympathetic from the audience's standpoint, but we should observe the difference from the vigorous assault at Knights 247ff.
		The next year in his Marikas (performed at the Lenaia of 421 BC) Eupolis will split his chorus, with the penetes supporting Marikas/Hyperbolos and the plousioi opposing (and very likely supporting an antagonist).
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/ElAnt/V3N2/storey.html (7111 words)

	Amazon.com: Lenaia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		the festival known as the Lenaia was held every year to...
		safety valve was the annual Lenaia, held each January in honor...
		* (ii) The Lenaia was the winter festival of...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Lenaia&index=blended&page=1 (1120 words)

	Celebrating Winter Solstice - School of the Seasons
		On this night, Greek women “held their ecstatic dances in winter — fully clothed in Greek dress, with castanets or the thyrsus, dancing together with no male companions, human or satyr.” Graves calls it the Lenaea, the Festival of Wild Women (a nice companion for the Festival of Merry Women on Dec 14).
		Mithra was also associated with the bull (his initates were baptized with the blood of a sacrificed bull) and shown with the emblems of the zodiac surrounding him, suggesting that he is also a Year God.
		The Lenaia occurred on the twelfth day of the Greek lunar month, Gamelion, which falls in early winter.
	www.schooloftheseasons.com /celsolstice.html (2753 words)

	Aristophanes, The Clouds
		He is the only surviving representative of 'Old Comedy'—which was political and satirical and ribald in the (sometimes) extreme.
		The comedy performances were part of a competition in honor of the god Dionysos, three playwrights each contributing one play for an occasion (the City Dionysia or the Lenaia).
		The Acharnians belonged to the Lenaia of 425, where Aristophanes won First Prize over Kratinos and Eupolis.
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/aristoph-clouds.html (953 words)

	DIDASKALIA: Ancient Theater Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He argued that the relevant Aristophanic hypotheses were recording victories only, not entrants, that the passage in
		is not opposing tragedy and comedy, but that "to us" refers to the theatre in a larger sense, and that we know of too many lost comedies which must belong to the years 426-404 than can be accommodated by only six per year (three at the Lenaia, and three at the Dionysia).
		in 423, the competition at the Lenaia of 422, and the dating of Eupolis' comedies (with a piece of neglected evidence from his
	didaskalia.open.ac.uk /issues/vol5no1/storey.html (489 words)

	Brooklyn College/Classics 0.1/Dionysos at Athens
		Aristophanes' comedy the Acharnians, presented in 425 BCE at the Lenaia, features a chorus from the deme of Acharnai, who have been displaced from their village by Spartan invasions of Attica and forced inside the walls of Athens.
		The Lenaion may have been the earliest shrine of Dionysos at Athens, and the earliest tragedies and comedies may have been performed here, before the Theater of Dionysos was built.
		The festival is best known as the main occasion on which tragedies and comedies (along with dithyrambs, choral songs honoring Dionysos) were performed in the Theater of Dionysos.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /classics/hansen/dionfest.htm (3155 words)

	Articles - Menander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A well-known statue in the Vatican, formerly thought to represent Marius, is now generally supposed to be Menander, although some archaeologists dispute this, and it has also been identified with his statue in the theatre at Athens, also mentioned by Pausanias.
		Menander was the author of more than a hundred comedies, but only won the prize at Lenaia eight times.
		His rival in dramatic art (and in the affections of Glycera) was Philemon, who appears to have been more popular.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Menander?mySession=4171eb8fd88e40731a1ae4a6c7ec9b6f (828 words)

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