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Topic: Leningrad Codex

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	Codex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the 4th century, when the codex gained wide acceptance to the Carolingian Revival in the 8th century many works were not converted from scroll to codex and were lost to posterity.
		The codex also made it easier to organize documents in a library because it had a stable spine on which the title of the book could be written, and later read when books were arranged upright on shelves.
		The codex is the songbook used at a cantus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Codex (595 words)

	Leningrad Codex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Leningrad Codex (Codex Leningradensis) is the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible, dated 1008.
		The Leningrad codex—a codex as opposed to a scroll— is so named because it has been housed at the Russian State Library in Saint Petersburg since 1863.
		The Leningrad Codex is preserved in the Russian National Library, accessioned as "Firkovich B 19 A".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leningrad_Codex (479 words)

	The Leningrad Codex
		It is -- along with the other famous biblical codex, the Aleppo Codex -- one of the sources for biblical tradition, for the study of Hebrew Scriptures, and for providing an accurate text for the reading and writing of the Torah and the other books of the Bible.
		Moreover, the Aleppo Codex, housed for many years in the Aleppo Synagogue in Syria, was badly damaged in a fire during anti-Jewish riots in Syria in 1947, and so it is incomplete.
		The Aleppo Codex, now safely stored at the National Hebrew Library in Jerusalem, along with the Leningrad Codex, set the standard for the correct text of the Tanakh, including its vocalization and the musical accents (trop or te'amim) that accompany every word.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/codex1.html (561 words)

	Aleppo Codex - TheBestLinks.com - Aleppo codex, Maimonides, Syria, Torah, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Thus the Aleppo Codex is the most authoritative source document, both for the biblical text and for its vocalization and cantillation, and for masorah ("transmission"), the tradition by which the Hebrew Scriptures have been preserved from generation to generation.
		The Codex was copied by the scribe Shlomo Ben Buya'a in Palestine in the 10th century.
		The Codex was the manuscript used by the rabbi and scholar Maimonides (1135-1204), when he set down the exact rules for writing scrolls of the Torah, Hilkhot Sefer Torah ("the Laws of the Torah Scroll") in his Mishneh Torah.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Aleppo_codex.html (511 words)

	Bible2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Leningrad Codex is used by most biblical scholars in its published edition known as the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS 1967-1977) which is actually a revision done after World War II of the Biblia Hebraica Kittel (BHK, 1937).
		This manuscript was copied in about 925 CE and is therefore earlier than the Leningrad Codex, however some parts of it were lost which means that the Hebrew University project must rely on the Leningrad Codex and other Hebrew manuscripts for their translation.
		Both the Leningrad and Aleppo Codex contain the books of the Hebrew Bible in threefold arrangement that was developed by the Rabbis and you will see it as such in modern Jewish Bibles: The Torah, the Prophets, and the Writings (the specific order of books sometimes varies between manuscripts).
	www.benyosefministries.com /bible2.htm (1157 words)

	Librarian's Lobby The Leningrad Codex March 1998, Daniel D. Stuhlman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This manuscript cataloged as "Firkovich B 19 A", is known as the Leningrad Codex.
		The Dead Sea scrolls, the Aleppo Codex, and the Codex Sinaiticus are older, but incomplete.
		A codex is like a modern book that is bound with a cover and opens flat.
	home.earthlink.net /~ddstuhlman/crc10.htm (1091 words)

	UCSD Social Sciences
		The decade-long effort to reproduce the Leningrad Codex was a collaboration between Freedman, editor of the new edition, managing editor Astrid Beck of the University of Michigan, and a team of photographers directed by Bruce Zuckerman of the West Semitic Research Project at the University of Southern California.
		The Codex is considered to be an almost inexhaustible source for biblical textual research as well as for Hebrew linguistics and the history of Jewish art.
		According to Freedman, one of the reasons why the Leningrad Codex is so important to scholars is because it is the finest remaining example of the Masoretic system developed by the Ben Asher family.
	ucsdnews.ucsd.edu /newsrel/soc/dlenin.html (867 words)

	Librarian's Lobby The Leningrad Codex May 1998, Daniel D. Stuhlman
		In most of the cases in the L a careful examination with a magnifying glass was required to determine if the letters were enlarged.
		The Leningrad Codex5 is one of the most important manuscripts of the Bible in existence due to its completeness, Massoretic notes and beauty.
		While the scribe who prepared this Codex was very careful, there are a few cases of errors in vocalization or diacritical marks.
	home.earthlink.net /~ddstuhlman/crc11.htm (871 words)

	Judaism: A New Hebrew Bible: the Aleppo Codex - Keter Yerushalayim/Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew - Book ...
		The Codex had a colorful history and for most of the modern period was difficult to gain access to.
		Because of the loss of part of the Codex it was necessary to refer to another early Masoretic manuscript, specifically the Leningrad Codex.
		He became fascinated with the Codex and developed a desire to produce a Tanakh that could communicate the same sensibility as the original but was complete and a fine work of printing.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_51/ai_106730959 (1469 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia at Epinions.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete and dated Hebrew Bible manuscript, having been worked up in the year 1008 and according to an end note it was copied in Cairo directly from a master copy worked up by Aaron ben Asher, one of the most famous (and last) of the Massoretic copyists.
		One distinct advantage of the Leningrad Codex over the ben-Hayyim edition was that the poetic portions were shown in their traditional brickwork layout in the Leningrad manuscript but this was simply not possible in the layout of the Rabbinic Bible where poetry was printed the same way as prose.
		However, Kahle's 1937 edition had relied on a photo-facsimile of the Leningrad Codex done before the Russian Revolution, so the photographic quality was poor and some of the writing, especially vowels and accents, had to be guessed.
	www.epinions.com /content_152810720900 (1875 words)

	Biblical Manuscripts: The Leningrad Codex
		The Leningrad Bible is called a "Codex" because it is in the form of a book ("codex" being an old word for "book").
		The codex would not have been used in the synagogue, but would have been used as a study Bible by students and scholars.
		The Leningrad Codex is used today as the basis for most modern printed editions of the Hebrew Bible, together with a few other incomplete Hebrew Bibles.
	www.usc.edu /dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml (794 words)

	Jerusalem Crown; Homepage
		Aleppo Codex (PDF 2KB) in the scientific community is also known as keter (crown; arabic taj): 'Crown of Aleppo' or 'Crown of ben Asher'.
		The codex was stolen in the 11th century and brought to Egypt.
		From Cairo the codex was moved to Aleppo in the 14th century where it remained in the Jewish community for more than 500 years.
	www.jerusalem-crown.com (580 words)

	Compare Prices and Read Reviews on Jerusalem Crown: The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Epinions.com
		The manuscript called the Aleppo Codex was always considered to be the most authoritative copy of the Hebrew Bible, partly because it was alleged to have been personally proofread, and the vowel points and cantillation marks added by Aaron ben Moshe ben Asher, the great tenth century grammarian and Massorete.
		Sometime in the fourteenth century the codex was taken to the great synagogue of Aleppo, Syria, where its fame earned it the title of "Keter Aram Tzova" - the Crown of Aleppo (Aram Tzova being the Hebrew name for Aleppo, derived from a Biblical reference to someplace in Syria in Second Samuel chapter 10).
		At the same time, efforts were being made to work up a printed Bible based on the Codex; the surviving portion was easy enough to transcribe, the missing portion would be reconstructed by taking the text of the Leningrad Codex and modifying it according to the notes made over the centuries.
	www.epinions.com /content_172657184388 (1599 words)

	History of the Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In fact, the oldest manuscript of the Old Testament is the Leningrad Codex of the Prophets.
		The Old Testament is based on the Leningrad Codex of the Prophets, which not on this manuscript alone.
		The Aleppo Codex was complete until it had to be rescued from a burning synagogue in Aleppo, Syria in 1948 and smuggled into Israel.
	home.swbell.net /whcoc/HistBib4.html (2209 words)

	The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition / Book Store Canada - Book-Ca.Com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The same is not true for the Leningrad Codex -- for a thousand year old book, it is remarkably complete.
		The Leningrad Codex is a big book, meant for public use.
		Margin of the original codex + a little margin of the photography + margin around the photo adds up to as wide as the area occupied by the text.
	book-ca.com /-/0802837867 (1215 words)

	Which Version ? Or more than you ever wanted to know about the (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Lost for centuries, the manuscript was eventually discovered in the mid-nineteenth century and became known as the Leningrad Codex.
		The Codex was acquired by Firkovich (who offered no details in his letters or in his autobiography as to where he got it) and then sold it to the then St. Petersburg Imperial Library." http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/reviews/codex.html http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml Amusing is it not, that the Karaites may have had the most accurate version !
		And if you really want to know more about the differences between BHS and L, see: http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/vol03/Freedman-etal-ed1998rev.html If you want to read the Leningrad Codex, with the massorah in all their glory, a facsimile edition is now available.
	www.talkaboutreligion.com /group/aus.religion/messages/72992.html (666 words)

	Torah Codes \| A Little More of the Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Leningrad Codex, the oldest known intact copy of the Torah dates from 1008 AD.
		Whatever letter-level drift the Torah suffered prior to 1008 AD cannot be determined with absolute certainty, but there is no doubt that for nearly a thousand years it has remained completely unchanged.
		It would be centuries before the introduction of the printing press, yet human error did not creep into the Torah during this period.
	www.ix625.com /codexmore.html (250 words)

	Aleppo and Leningrad Codices on the Web
		Of the two, the online version of the Aleppo Codex is a high quality graphical reproduction, while the electronic Leningrad Codex is well-executed textual version, that may be very useful for document preparation (although it is probably superceded by current versions of Accordance's BHS).
		This is an electronic publication of the facsimile edition of the Codex, that had been previously published in a very limited (only 500 copies) and very expensive edition (the hard-copy edition is available by appointment in Goldfarb Library in the Special Collections section at Brandeis University).
		A useful electronic publication of the Leningrad Codex was recently (beginning in the Fall of 2004) published on the web at http://www.cvkimball.com/Tanach/Tanach.xml.
	people.brandeis.edu /~brettler/online-texts.html (600 words)

	Leningradensia_review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Hendrickson is to be commended for providing an accurate, up-to-date edition of the Ben-Asher text as it appears in Codex Leningrad (B19a).
		It must be understood that this work in not a slavish reproduction of the actual Codex Leningrad.
		Dotan has corrected at points where Codex Leningrad is clearly wrong.
	journalofbiblicalstudies.org /Issue2/Book_Review/leningradensia_review.htm (272 words)

	Review of Freedman et al., The Leningrad Codex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The plethora of editors and photographers employed to produce the facsimile edition of the Leningrad Codex attests both the importance of the codex and the scale of the project.
		The Leningrad Codex (L) is the oldest complete Hebrew Bible manuscript extant, and as such it can fairly claim to be the most valuable witness to the text available.
		In his article "The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text," E. Revell explores the relationship between L and other Masoretic manuscripts (especially the Aleppo Codex [A]) in greater detail.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/vol03/Freedman-etal-ed1998rev.html (1825 words)

	Exhibit Artifacts \| Ink & Blood \| Sacred Treasures of the Bible Museum Exhibit
		Before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls the oldest Hebrew examples of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible were mainly ninth and 10th century codices (books) such as the Leningrad Codex.
		The original Leningrad Codex is located in the Russian National Library and does not travel.
		The oldest known witness in Greek from a codex of this portion of Leviticus dating from the 3rd century AD.
	www.inkandblood.com /exhibit/exhibit-artifacts.php (1306 words)

	IBSS - Biblical Archaeology - Dead Sea Scrolls
		The oldest surviving manuscript of the complete Bible is the Codex Leningradensis which dates to 1008 AD.
		A Facsimile edition of this great codex is now available (Leningrad Codex 1998, Eerdmans for $225).
		Another important text is the Aleppo Codex which is now in Jerusalem.
	www.bibleandscience.com /archaeology/discoveries/scrolls.htm (636 words)

	The Texts of the Bible
		The earliest Hebrew manuscripts are known as the Cairo Codex and the Leningrad Codex of the Prophets.
		The Cairo Codex dates back to 895 AD and the Leningrad Codex of the Prophets to 916 AD.
		Some are the Manuscript of Ephraem, the Codex of Ephraem, the Codex Bezae, and the Syriac Versions.
	www.bibletruths.net /Archives/BTAR124.htm (1290 words)

	[No title]
		Although the Leningrad codex is a beautiful manuscript, even a short, intensive study of it will leave the reader grateful for printed editions with lovely spacing between lines and words as well as clear vowels and accents!
		Therefore, though keeping exactly to the text of the Leningrad manuscript, we are occasionally obliged to deviate from it for the sake of customs and conventions that have become rooted in our nation since the time the manuscript was written.
		Quoting from the Foreword: Despite the importance and authority of the Leningrad Codex on which we base ourselves, we must not follow it slavishly and blindly nor copy obvious mistakes even if they were clearly produced by the scribe himself.
	rosetta.reltech.org /TC/downloads/vol06/Dotan-ed2001rev.txt (1864 words)

	Christian Evidences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Two others are the Aleppo Codex (copied by Aaron ben Asher in A.D. 930) and the British Museum Codex (copied in A.D. The Aleppo Codex was complete until it had to be rescued from a burning synagogue in Aleppo, Syria in 1948 and smuggled into Israel.
		It had been copied from a corrected codex prepared by Rabbi Aaron ben Moses ben Asher before A.D. The Reuchlin Codex of the Prophets was copied in A.D. 1105, while the Cairo Geniza fragments (6th- 9th centuries A.D.) contain over 120 Biblical manuscripts discovered during the rebuilding of the synagogue at Cairo, Egypt, in 1890.
		Included is a complete manuscript of the Hebrew text of the book of Isaiah copied in 125 B.C., which is almost identical to the Masoretic text of A.D. (the Leningrad Codex of the prophets), indicating the unusual accuracy of the Masoretes as copyists over the period of one thousand years.
	www.grmi.org /renewal/Richard_Riss/evidences/13manuscript.html (404 words)

	Morph 4.1 should follow the book order of the Leningrad Codex, not the Traditional Jewish order for the Hebrew Bible ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		MORPH Error Tracker » Morph 4.1 should follow the book order of the Leningrad Codex, not the Traditional Jewish order for the Hebrew Bible
		Morph 4.1 shall henceforth follow the order of the Leningrad Codex, which is the same as BHS except that 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles will precede Psalms instead of appearing at the end.
		The internal tool to change the book order of Morph 4.X has been updated to reorder its input into the order of the Leningrad Codex, and it is now invoked in the build process so that snapshots starting 3 September 2003 will be in Leningrad order rather than traditional Jewish order.
	whi.wts.edu /WHI/MORPH/BugTracker/666 (313 words)

	Projects: Leningrad Codex
		Most modern translations of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament are translations of the text of one medieval manuscript, the Leningrad Codex.
		The Leningrad Codex, held by the Russian National Library in St. Petersburg, occupies this prestigious position because it is the oldest complete manuscript of the Bible in Hebrew known to exist.
		A scholar using the Facsimile Edition of the Leningrad Codex, (published by Eerdmans, 1994).
	www.abmc.org /projects_leningrad.html (261 words)

	Chapter Three (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		3.3.1.2 Codex Leningrad of the Prophets, or Codex Petersburg
		Sometimes this manuscript is also called Codex Sinaiticus because it was found at the Monastery of St. Catherine, at the base of the traditional site of Mount Sinai.
		This manuscript, Codex Alexandrius, ranks next in importance to the preceding two, and is dated to either the late 4th century of mid-5th century.
	home.comcast.net /~kerusso1/apologetics/3.htm (5236 words)

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