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	Optical lens design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Optical lens design is the science/art of calculating the various lens construction parameters (variables) that will meet or at least approach desired performance requirements while staying within required constraint values, and any cost/schedule limitations.
		Lens design programs have curve fitting routines that can fit the melt data to a selected dispersion curve, from which the index of refraction at any wavelength within the fitted wavelength range can be calculated.
		Prior to the advent of digital computers, lens design was an agonizingly slow hand-calculation process requiring high-precision trigonometric and logarithmic tables, reams of paper, plotting 2-D cuts through the multi-dimensional space, and significant patience and understudying from previous masters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optical_lens_design (1104 words)

	Contact lens cases - Patent 4036357
		This invention relates to contact lens carrying cases and improvements permitting the integration of a fluid reservoir with contact lens storage space, which further permits the dispensing of wetting/cleaning fluid necessary for application to a contact lens prior to insertion in the eye or prior to storage in the case.
		The primary lens storage cap is connected to the base of the cylinder by means of a thin flexible strap acting as a hinge in a similar fashion as the strap hinge of the fluid dispenser cap.
		The secondary lens storage cap is connected to the primary lens storage cap by means of a thin flexible strap acting as a hinge in a similar fashion as the strap hinges of the fluid dispenser cap and primary lens storage cap.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4036357.html (1576 words)

	Gravitational Lenses - Picture Gallery
		The gravitational lens is produced by the cluster's tremendous gravitational field that bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the image of a more distant object.
		A gravitational lens is produced by the enormous gravitational field of a massive object which bends light to magnify, brighten and distort the image of a more distant object.
		The gravitational lens action is also magnifying the background object by a factor of ten, providing an unparalleled view of this very distant galaxy which is in a stage of active star-formation.
	www.astro.hi.is /lens/pict_th.html (3346 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The light rays (the grey arrows) from the distant galaxy (to the right in the image) are bent when passing a large gathering of mass -- such as the galaxy cluster symbolised by the ball with blue glow in the centre.
		Space itself is also actually curved, even though we can't see this with our eyes on a starry night.
		The curvature -- or warping -- of space was originally proposed by Einstein as early as 1915 in his theory of General Relativity.
	oposite.stsci.edu /pubinfo/pr/2000/08/content/lensingfact.txt (526 words)

	The Camera Lens
		We use a lens to allow the camera to have a LARGE opening to let in a lot of light and still have a sharp focus for the image.
		This is the distance from the lens to the point of focus when the lens is focused on infinity.
		Thus the amount of light from a 50mm lens at f2 is the same as a 200 mm lens at f2.
	www.scphoto.com /html/lens.html (799 words)

	Photographic Science: Body
		A lens with a single piece of glass, such as a magnifying glass or the lens in a pair of glasses, is called a "simple" lens.
		Lens coatings are often added to reduce reflection and improve light transmission at an air-glass or glass-glass interface (decreasing one increases the other).
		The focal length, f, is the distance between the rear lens node and the point behind the lens at which ray paths parallel to the lens axis prior to entering the lens intersect with the lens axis after leaving the lens.
	johnlind.tripod.com /science/sciencelens.html (2815 words)

	Dual lens camera - Patent 4801958
		More particularly, it relates to a dual lens camera of the type wherein a relatively longer focal length lens and a relatively shorter focal length lens are selectively used to expose film in the camera, for example to take a telephoto or a wide angle picture.
		Since the longer focal length lens 1 is greater lengthwise than the shorter focal length lens 3, the arrangement of the plate 17 parallel to the exposure plane 11 appears to necessitate a front to rear dimension D of the camera that prevents making the camera very compact in size.
		Since the longer focal length lens 1' is greater lengthwise than the shorter focal length lens 3', the arrangement of the shutter and/or aperture plane defining plate 17' inclined inwardly towards the exposure plane 11' provides additional interior space for the longer focal length lens.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4801958.html (1391 words)

	Edmund Optics
		Telecentricity is a special property of certain multi-element lens designs in which the chief rays for all points across the object or image are collimated.
		In the case of a doubly telecentric design (telecentric in both object and image space), both the front and rearmost lens groups need to be bigger than the object and image respectively.
		The front lens group of the telecentric lens has a diameter of approximately 40mm while that of the non-telecentric lens has a diameter of less than 20mm - a factor of more than two times smaller.
	www.edmundoptics.com /techsupport/DisplayArticle.cfm?articleid=261 (1352 words)

	Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center
		The lens is described as subluxed when it is partially displaced, but contained within the lens space.
		Lens dislocation occurs in about 75% of patients with Marfan syndrome and usually is bilateral, symmetrical, and supertemporal.
		In this disease, the lens is displaced supertemporally and present at birth.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smd/Rad/neurocases/Neurocase168.htm (451 words)

	Dr. Leo Chylack's Research Web Site: Research Summary, Project Descriptions, Techniques, Funding, Publications, Staff, ...
		Since the natural lens of the eye is clear and present in the eye with the implant the implant is called a “phakic” intraocular lens.
		Chylack is assessing the effect of a synthetic phakic intraocular lens on the transparency of the natural lens of the eye.
		Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) relieves TGF b1 induced transcription repression of heat shock proteins in human lens epithelial cells.
	www.brighamandwomens.org /surgery/research/facultypages/chylackresearch.asp (1798 words)

	Hubble Abell 1689 Photo
		The Advanced Camera for Surveys aboard NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has used a natural "zoom lens" in space to boost its view of the distant universe.
		The picture is an exquisite demonstration of Albert Einstein's prediction that gravity warps space and therefore distorts a beam of light, like a rippled shower curtain.
		Though individual stars lens background light, the deflection was too small to ever be seen from Earth.
	store.spaceimages.com /ab16gravlen.html (591 words)

	Line-Focus Fresnel Lens for Solar Concentrator Array (226) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While the mini-dome lens concentrated sunlight onto a spot on the photovoltaic cells, the line-focus Fresnel lens focuses sunlight onto a narrow strip of photovoltaic cells.
		In space applications, the arch is tolerant of slope and shape errors, with a large acceptance angle for sun-tracking of two degrees without loss of usable solar energy.
		The lens and solar cells are kept aligned in a lightweight aluminum or composite heat-dissipating structure.
	www.mdatechnology.net /techsearch.asp?articleid=226 (1668 words)

	3D Magic Lenses
		Note that this lens frustum is not rigid like a standard camera frustum because the lens's orientation changes with the movement of both the lens and the user's head (in a head tracked environment).
		The 3D lens volume is akin to the lens frustum we calculated to implement 2D lenses, in that it defines the area to be affected.
		Unlike the flat lens whose frustum changes shape as the user shifts his or her head, the shape of the volume lens is rigid.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~stage3/publications/96/conferences/uist/lenses/index.html (3260 words)

	ESA - Space Science - Exploring space - Hubble and Keck find farthest known galaxy in the Universe
		These great observatories got a boost from the added magnification of a natural ‘cosmic gravitational lens’ in space that further amplifies the brightness of the distant object.
		Using the combination of the high resolution of Hubble and the large magnification of the cosmic lens, the astronomers estimate that this object, although very small - only 2,000 light-years across - is forming stars extremely actively.
		However, two intriguing properties of the new source are the apparent lack of the typically bright hydrogen emission line and its intense ultraviolet light which is much stronger than that seen in star-forming galaxies closer by.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEM6DJ1PGQD_exploring_0.html (924 words)

	A Five Quasar Gravitational Lens « Space Photos
		In reality, an entire cluster of galaxies is acting as a gigantic gravitational lens that distorts and multiply-images bright objects that occur far in the distance.
		This Hubble Space Telescope image is so detailed that even the host galaxy surrounding the quasar is visible.
		The cluster of galaxy that acts as the huge gravitational lens is cataloged as SDSS J1004+4112 and lies about 7 billion light years distant toward the constellation of Leo Minor.
	jtintle.wordpress.com /2006/05/24/a-five-quasar-gravitational-lens (205 words)

	The Influence of Space Power Upon History (1944-1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Space, by contrast, was still the subject of extreme fiction a mere one hundred years ago, when Jules Verne’s From the Earth to the Moon and H.G. Wells’ First Men in the Moon were the "authoritative works" on the subject.
		Second, that space power is currently undergoing a historic transformation (and proliferation) from a primarily strategic tool of national security to one germane to all forms of national activities: civil, commercial, and military.
		Space Power’s influence on the course of history began in 1944, when a metallic cigar rose vertically from the ground in Nazi-occupied Holland and flew, unimpeded (indeed, unstoppable) into the British Isles.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/shaw.html (5240 words)

	SPACE.com -- New Hubble Pic Poses Question: Where are All the Farthest Galaxies?
		SEATTLE - The Hubble Space Telescope has used a giant, natural magnifying glass in space to zoom in on some of the most distant and faint galaxies ever detected.
		The huge cosmic lens is actually a cluster of galaxies harboring a trillion stars about 2.2 billion light-years away.
		The resulting image shows a multitude of galaxies associated with the lens itself, a galaxy cluster known as Abell 1689.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/hubble_asc_abell_030107.html (749 words)

	Nikon Forum: Good lens for space shuttle launch?
		I'll be attending the launch of space shuttle Discovery next month, and will have the privilege of watching from the grounds of the Saturn V memorial, just 3.2 miles from the launch pad.
		The space shuttle stack itself (not counting the launch tower) is around 200 ft. If I wanted that to be 1/3 of the frame, I'd want to capture a height of 600 ft. At 3.2 miles, that's a field of view of 2 degrees.
		Space shuttle launches are among the most photographed activities on earth.
	www.photo.net /bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=00BtPX (3554 words)

	Galactic lens reveals its inner self - space - 23 May 2006 - New Scientist Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A kaleidoscopic image produced by a cluster of galaxies acting as a gravitational lens may reveal the complex distribution of matter within the lens itself, a newly released Hubble Space Telescope image reveals.
		This violates mathematical theory, suggesting “the mass distribution within the lens is complicated — as it always is in clusters”, says Keeton.
		The cluster is also special because, using it as a lens, it was the first discovered to contain five images of a single quasar (pictured).
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn9212-galactic-lens-reveals-its-inner-self.html (691 words)

	Centauri Dreams » Blog Archive » The FOCAL Mission: To the Sun’s Gravity Lens
		The gravity lens concept, harking back to a 1936 Einstein paper, came to the fore in 1978, when Dennis Walsh and team spotted a twin quasar image, the result of the lensing caused by an intervening galaxy as it bends light around it.
		I anticipate that there will be a host of FOCAL space missions launched in all directions around the Sun, each probe launched in the direction exactly opposite to the star to explore with respect to the Sun position….A FOCAL space mission could be used to magnify anything of interest outside the Solar System.
		In the interim, deep space probes to the required distances offer the possibility of numerous scientific investigations, many of which were first examined by NASA in its studies for the TAU (Thousand Astronomical Units) mission in the 1980s.
	www.centauri-dreams.org /?p=785 (2117 words)

	Contact Lens Spectrum
		Nearly all of us have a hand magnifier lying around that we use to measure lens diameter, optic zone size, etc. Try flipping it around to inspect the surface of a GP contact lens.
		This modified technique allows you to manipulate the lens in space, altering how light passes through the lens.
		Many of you probably have contact lens cases that patients use to temporarily store their lenses when they remove them during an office visit.
	www.clspectrum.com /article.aspx?article=12714 (522 words)

	HubbleSite - Hubble Views Distant Galaxies through a Cosmic Lens - 4/5/1995
		This Hubble telescope image of a rich cluster of galaxies called Abell 2218 is a spectacular example of gravitational lensing.
		This cluster of galaxies is so massive and compact that light rays passing through it are deflected by its enormous gravitational field, much as a camera's lens bends light to form an image.
		This phenomenon magnifies, brightens, and distorts images of those faraway objects, providing a powerful "zoom lens" for viewing galaxies that are so far away they could not normally be observed with the largest telescopes.
	oposite.stsci.edu /pubinfo/pr/95/14.html (140 words)

	Hubble discovers exotic rings and arcs in deep space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		May 14, 1999: The NASA Hubble Space Telescope serendipitous survey of the sky has uncovered exotic patterns, rings, arcs and crosses that are all optical mirages produced by a gravitational lens, nature's equivalent of having a giant magnifying glass in space.
		A gravitational lens is created when the gravity of a massive foreground object, such as a galaxy or fl hole, bends the light coming from a far more distant galaxy directly behind it.
		This is what is called "gravitational lensing," since the intervening galaxy acts as a lens to focus the image of the distant quasar to a new location.
	spacescience.com /newhome/headlines/ast14may99_1.htm (1194 words)

	The Space Place :: StarLight Riddle
		The mirror or lens must be just the right shape and the surface must be perfectly smooth and polished.
		Also, the larger the light-gathering surface (that is, the lens or mirror), the brighter the image.
		A lens (like in a pair of eyeglasses or a magnifying glass) must be very large and very thick (thus very heavy) if it is to be very powerful.
	spaceplace.jpl.nasa.gov /en/kids/ds3riddle.shtml (424 words)

	Darkness visible - astrophysicists measure unseen matter with curved space as lens Natural History - Find Articles
		Using curved space as a lens, astrophysicists take the measure of unseen matter.
		In relativity theory, where space and time are conjoined, time itself can also be thought of as bending in the presence of gravity--a concept for which there is no analogue in pre-twentieth-century physics.
		A colleague of mine has even forged a career in mathematics by exploring the abstract theory of gravitational lenses--an elegant field in which one seeks to describe all possible lenses, alone and in combination, regardless of whether an example in the real universe is known or will ever be found.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_n1_v106/ai_19318730 (892 words)

	Hubble Space Telescope: News and Updates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Space Telescope Science Institute is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) for NASA, under contract with the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).
		The Space Telescope Science Institute is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA), for NASA, under contract with the Goddard Space Flight Center.
		The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA).
	www.thetech.org /exhibits_events/online/hubble/updates/may2097-sept497.html (2497 words)

	Gravitational Lens Data Base
		We will provide information and data on gravitational lens systems, including HST and radio images that can be downloaded from our ftp site.
		The Galactic extinction for the lens based on Schlegel, Finkbeiner and Davis (1998)
		Is the velocity dispersion of the primary lens galaxy in km/s.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /glensdata (461 words)

	Research
		This number is 3 in the case of the lens space L(4,1), 2 for the lens spaces L(m,1) with m>0, and at most 1 otherwise.
		The main idea is to examine what lens spaces may be obtained by surgery on large volume hyperbolic knots in lens spaces.
		Since all knots in lens spaces are rationally null-homologous, they each have a properly embedded orientable once punctured surface in their exterior whose boundary may cross the meridian of the knot more than once.
	www.math.uga.edu /~kb/research/main.html (709 words)

	CNN - Hubble reopens celestial eye to Eskimo nebula, galactic zoom lens - January 24, 2000
		BALTIMORE (CNN) -- The Hubble Space Telescope reawakened following the longest hiatus in its nine-year life, snapping stunning images of a dying star known as the Eskimo nebula and a dense cluster of remote galaxies that acts like a celestial magnifying glass, NASA reported Monday.
		A second target is a massive cluster of galaxies called Abell 2218, which acts like a giant zoom lens in space.
		The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and the European Space Agency.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/TECH/space/01/24/hubble.awakes (621 words)

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