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	Leo Marks
		Leopold Samuel Marks (born September 24, 1920; died January 15, 2001) was an English cryptographer and scriptwriter.
		Marks played a major role in the construction and security of SOE cyphers (initially double transposition ciphers), especially by his re-invention of the "one-time pad", re-organisation of the emergency poem cyphers, and by the recruitment of a special team (based at Grendon Underwood, Buckinghamshire) to decode indecipherable messages.
		Marks was often angry at the carelessness he found in SOE.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/le/Leo_Marks.html (420 words)

	Telegraph \| News \| Leo Marks
		LEO MARKS, who has died aged 80, was the chief cryptographer of Special Operations Executive during the Second World War; later he wrote the script for Peeping Tom, the film which destroyed the career of its director Michael Powell.
		Marks almost contrived to fail his interview, taking all day to break a cypher that he had been expected to decode in only 20 minutes with the help of a key.
		Marks deduced that since no signals from Holland were ever corrupted, the Germans must have penetrated the network and be controlling the transmitters.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2001/01/23/db01.xml (1674 words)

	Leo Marks
		Marks cherished a hopeless passion for a daughter of Hambro, and when she was killed in an air crash in Canada wrote a brief dirge.
		Leo Marks, codebreaker, codemaker and impresario, was born in 1920.
		Marks provided code briefings to commandos who destroyed the heavy water plant in Norway that the Germans were using for an atomic weapons program, and his agency carried out extensive sabotage in conjunction with the D-Day invasion.
	www.mishalov.com /Marks.html (1583 words)

	artnet.com Magazine Features - Irreverent Truths
		Marks is the money-sun that smiles with impish benignity on the artists who circle him in a magazine illustration like obedient little planets.
		Marks may be "conspicuously slavish in his devotion to his artists" -- false personalization at its insinuating best -- but there's clearly an ulterior motive to it.
		Marks is, in fact, anything but inferior socially, and he must have money to spare.
	www.artnet.com /Magazine/features/gorgon/gorgon6-2-05.asp (954 words)

	The masterspy of Acton town (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Marks, now 78, is a warm, solicitous and highly enigmatic man, in whom, despite a broad anarchic streak, the habit of secrecy is deeply engrained.
		Marks also made sure that code-poems were either severely doctored from their original form or written by himself.
		To Marks, already suspicious of the Dutch network, this lack of errors indicated that the messages were being transmitted by agents in captivity (agents at large tended to make mistakes as a result of the desperate haste in which they had to work).
	powell.ifrance.com /nversion/leomarks-mastersp.htm (2292 words)

	Between Silk and Cyanide -- A Review
		Marks quickly realized that the real danger from messages being read by the Germans was not just the exposure of one message's content, but the ability of the Germans to figure out the security checks the agents employ.
		Marks devoted much of his energy to the problem of "indecipherables." These are messages from agents that do not decode properly, usually due to coding errors or garbles in transmission.
		Marks puts this tragic story in a different context: the bureaucratic battle between SOE and the main British intelligence service that Marks knows as "C." Apparently C believed that SOE was ineffectual and wanted to disband them or at least take them over.
	world.std.com /~reinhold/silkandcyanide.html (1943 words)

	Leo Marks
		Marks argued that the enemy might know the poem or the prose passage and would then be able to break the cipher.
		Marks, was convinced that Norman was under the control of the Gestapo.
		Marks joined the intelligence agency, it was using ciphers based on phrases in classic works of British literature.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SOEmarks.htm (1174 words)

	SIGHTINGS
		Marks and other members of the Special Operations Executive, formed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1940 to sabotage the Germans, were caught up in a corrosive rivalry with the Foreign Office and the external intelligence agency MI6, which wanted to suppress SOE.
		Marks was 8 when he broke his first code, deciphering the price from a group of letters penciled in a first edition at his father's bookshop.
		Marks then worked out a system in which rows of unique codes were printed on squares of silk, which were easy to hide and could be destroyed, bit by bit, as each row of numbers was used.
	www.rense.com /political/britwwwii.htm (1080 words)

	Contemporary Review: Leo Marks: Master Of Codes
		Marks was the only child of Benjamin Marks, a partner in the bookshop at 84 Charing Cross Road, later made famous by Helene Hanff in her eponymous story of her letter-relationship with one of Benjamin's employees, Frank Doel.
		Marks showed early precocity, when at the age of eight during one of his many Saturday morning visits to the bookshop, he was left to read a first edition of Herman Melville's The Gold Bug.
		Marks was asked to arrange a display of the Code Section's cutting edge technology, which included silks printed with codes in an ink which could be completely erased with a chemical pencil.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1625_278/ai_76737771 (1419 words)

	[minstrels] A Code Poem For The French Resistance -- Leo Marks
		Leo Marks wrote some 500 poems to be used as code cyphers, and kept them in a 'ditty box' - which he regrets disappeared.
		From: "Adrian Bracken" The interesting other connection (I believe) with Leo Marks, who wrote this poem, was that he was connected with the Bookshoop at 84 Charing Cross Road (owned by his father?) that featured in the exchange of letters between the bookshop and Helene Hanff.
		Howard Lawn Code Poem by Leo Marks The life that I have is all that I have, And the life that I have is yours.
	www.cs.rice.edu /~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/197.html (2599 words)

	Between Silk and Cyanide: A Codemaker's War, 1941-1945 - PowerBookSearch!
		Marks was a wizard at cryptography but had little regard for authority or the lumbering wartime bureaucracy that often stymied his genius.
		Marks paints a vivid portrait of London of that era, from the matrons who oversaw the young women in the coding office to the in-fighting of the various French factions, the privations of rationing, and his own attempts at getting ahead in the vast war machine.
		Leo Marks is renowned both as a cryptographer and as a screenwriter.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch068486780X.html (2109 words)

	International Intelligence History Study Group -- RESEARCH QUESTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Leo Marks joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE), which was charged by Winston Churchill with setting "Europe ablaze", in early 1942.
		Marks was suspicious about messages from the Dutch agents from an early stage, but his superiors would not act on his warnings.
		Marks sometimes knew, from agents' so-called "security checks" (on which he has wise words), when agents had been captured, and was haunted by their fates.
	www.intelligence-history.org /r-marks.htm (509 words)

	Nationwide History
		Leo Marks, who is the company’s founder, began organizing weekend trips from Appleton to Chicago for a Christian youth group.
		Leo and his wife, Dorothy, were both fully employed in other fields; their tour business was a sideline and the office was in a corner of their living room.
		Leo and Dorothy’s son, Patrick Marks is president and in charge of operations.
	www.nationwidetravelers.com /History.htm (1296 words)

	Code Book Has Winning Formula - 7/26/1999 - Publishers Weekly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Marks took his know-how to the S, where, while still only in his early 20s, he promoted the idea of printing one-time-only code (in invisible ink, of course) on a tiny piece of water-soluble silk, a thin fabric that could possibly escape detection if an agent were searched.
		Marks felt that it was actually better not to memorize code in case the agent was tortured.
		Marks suspected that the Germans had cracked the code there but couldn't convince his superiors; the Germans relayed false messages that sent many agents to their deaths.
	www.publishersweekly.com /article/CA167126.html?pubdate=7/26/1999&display=archive (885 words)

	Leo Marks
		Marks is Raven, Sockeye of the Raven moiety, the Lukaax.ádi clan, and the child of the Chookaneidí.
		Leo, a Tlingit, has carved for more than 40 years and is considered a master wood carver and silversmith.
		He was taught by his father, Willie Marks, from childhood.
	www.alaskanativeartists.com /leo_marks.htm (142 words)

	Amazon.ca: Between Silk and Cyanide : A Codemaker's War, 1941-1945: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Marks was in his early 20s during the war, a civilian with military rank in Britains elite Special Operations Executive, a prodigy immersed in a pasty world of subterranean old men.
		I think that Marks with his tendency to ignore rules, to act on his own based on his own understanding of events, while well meaning, often did not take into account that he may not be aware of the whole picture.
		Marks himself was an unusual, brash, understandably not very modest, and clearly insecure young man, and he conveys his unusualness with a clinical wryness that spares neither himself nor anyone else.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/068486780X (2561 words)

	Re: Leo Marks
		It's obvious, and was obvious to the SOE before Marks.
		The failure was not just the lack of perfect forward secrecy; it was the lack of perfect forward non-verifiability of the safe/duress indicators.
		Marks' solution was counter-intuitive: give the agent a sheet of "worked-out keys", printed on silk.
	www.mail-archive.com /cryptography@c2.net/msg04572.html (564 words)

	Film \| Leo Marks
		Leo Marks, who was codes and ciphers chief at the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the second world war, and worked closely with agents dropped behind enemy lines, has died aged 80.
		Awarded an inconspicuous MBE for his war work, Marks kept in touch with the intelligence world after demobilisation, and went into a successful career writing for the theatre and films.
		Illness, money problems and the breakdown of his childless, 34-year marriage to the painter Elena Gaussen last year brought a bitter end to the life of an octogenarian who may be seen to have peaked in the secret service world when he was in his early 20s.
	film.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4129227-3156,00.html (876 words)

	Between Silk and Cyanide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Unfortunately, since the Germans had equal access to the classics--"Reference books," Marks quips, "are jackboots when used by cryptographers"--Marks thought agents should write their own poems (or use his) instead, several of which are cheerily obscene.
		Marks had a hard time proving that swaths of silk would save his people from swallowing their "optional extra," a cyanide pill.
		Marks knows when to cut the laugh track, particularly as his book becomes a despairing record of agents blown--lost to torture, prison, the camps, and execution.
	homepage.mac.com /cjkarr/Books/css-demos/modern/Books/BetweenSilkandCyanide.html (443 words)

	[ISN] World War II cryptographer, author Leo Marks dead at 80
		Marks worked in the the Special Operations Executive, formed by Prime Minister Winston Churchill in 1940 with orders to ``set Europe ablaze'' by infiltrating agents behind enemy lines to carry out sabotage and set up secret armies.
		In his work, Marks was acutely aware that agents were being tortured and killed, and those painful memories were poured out in a book, ``Between Silk and Cyanide,'' published in 1999.
		Marks thought the codes would be safer if they were hidden in original poetry, and 20 of his poems were included in the book.
	lists.virus.org /isn-0101/msg00116.html (564 words)

	eNature: Articles: Detail
		Leo is one of the few constellations that actually looks something like the character for which it was named.
		(It is sometimes recognized as a backwards question mark or a fishhook.) Regulus marks the heart of the lion (and the dot beneath the question mark).
		Leo originally had a longer tail with a tuft of hair at the end, but those stars now make up the nearby constellation Coma Berenices (BereniceÕs Hair).
	www.enature.com /articles/detail.asp?storyID=270 (726 words)

	Special Operations Executive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Leo Marks as "Codemaster" had initially to improve the British agents' codes as they were being easily broken by the Germans.
		When Marks heard the news on Christmas eve 1943, he went out on to the roof to be "the closest I could get to her".
		Violette was not the only female agent Marks had to brief and befriend (it was vital that the Codemaster got to know his agents, painful as that might be when they were killed or captured).
	www.manx.ndirect.co.uk /SOE.html (644 words)

	Book Talk - 10/04/99: Leo Marks; His story of the special operations Code War.
		Leo Marks; His story of the special operations Code War.
		Master cryptographer LEO MARKS joined Special Operations' code department in 1942 at the age of 22.
		LEO MARKS tells his story and recites two of his wartime poems.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/arts/booktalk/stories/s51241.htm (147 words)

	LEO Punctuating Quotations
		When the whole sentence except for the section enclosed in quotation marks is a question or exclamation, the question or exclamation mark goes outside the quotation mark.
		When only the unit in quotation marks is a question or exclamation, the mark goes inside the closing quotation mark.
		When both the whole sentence and the unit enclosed in quotation marks are questions or exclamations, the question or exclamation mark goes inside the closing quotation mark.
	leo.stcloudstate.edu /research/puncquotes.html (827 words)

	Between Silk and Cyanide --- A Codemaker's War 1941 - 1945
		Leo Marks came into the SOE --- Special Operations Executive --- when he was twenty-two.
		Marks' department was engaged in creating various codes that would buffalo the Germans and keep English and Resistance agents from being murdered in the field.
		There is something in the code world called "indecipherables." They are those messages that may have come through with atmospheric distortion; or the agent may have mispelled one of the five key words at the beginning; or he or she may have made an error in the transposition of the code groups.
	www.ralphmag.org /marks-cyanideZH.html (1359 words)

	Julius Marks Elementary School
		he mission of Julius Marks Elementary School is to educate our students in a nurturing environment to successfully meet the challenges of the present and the future.
		In 1924, Marks' son, Leo, of Columbus, made a gift of $125,000 to enlarge and improve the tuberculosis sanatorium on Georgetown Street.
		That gift included the stipulation that the sanatorium be named after Julius Marks.* When the sanatorium project was not undertaken, it was agreed that the next school built would bear the name of Julius Marks.
	www.juliusmarks.fcps.net (189 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Between Silk and Cyanide: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Leo Marks keeps you on your toes the whole way through - hilarious and touching by turns, the book is absolutely unputdownable.
		That Leo Marks also had a personal story to tell assists the casual reader in understanding the inhumanity of war and its profound personal impact, even for those who do not serve on the front line.
		Leo Marks (son of the owner of 84 Charing Cross Road) set off to war at a tender age clutching a railway ticket and a fl market chicken and ended up in less than a year as one of the key people in Britain's war effort.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0007100396 (1004 words)

	ipedia.com: Special Operations Executive Article
		The Valençay SOE Memorial was unveiled at Valençay in the Indre departement of France on May 6, 1991, marking the fiftieth anniversary of the despatch of F Section's first agent to France.
		The SOE were highly dependent upon the security of coded transmissions, and Leo Marks, an SOE cryptographer, was responsible for the development of better codes to replace the insecure poem codes.
		"Between Silk and Cyanide" by Leo Marks, 1998; Marks was the Head of Codes at SOE and this book is an account of his struggle to introduce better encryption for use by the field agents
	www.ipedia.com /special_operations_executive.html (961 words)

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