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Topic: Leon Festinger

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	Cognitive dissonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic 1957 experiment, students were made to perform tedious and meaningless tasks, consisting of turning pegs quarter-turns, then removing them from a board, then putting them back in, and so forth.
		Festinger further tested his theory on observations of counterintuitive belief persistence of most members of a UFO doomsday cult and their increased proselytization after the leader's prophecy failed.
		Festinger proposed that cognitive dissonance is a "negative drive state", a similar psychological tension to hunger and thirst and that people will seek to resolve this tension.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cognitive_dissonance (1411 words)

	Festinger Article -- Nickel Critique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Festinger and his team, wondering why these anxiety-provoking rumors were so strong, came up with the idea, that the rumors were anxiety justifying - the already frightened people were engaging in communication that fit their state of mind, "[t]hey were experiencing dissonance and were seeking dissonance reduction" (Stone / Singletary / Richmond, 2000, p.
		Festinger also states that there are various degrees (difference in magnitude) of dissonance that depend on the relevance of the related elements: " the magnitude of the dissonance will be a function of the importance of the elements" (p.
		Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance is a relatively straightforward social psychology theory that has also been applied in a variety of fields but especially in the field of communication research.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2000fall/jomc245-001/nickel_critique_2.html (788 words)

	Leon Festinger - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Festinger earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the City College of New York in 1939.
		The cult was ridiculed, and though they had an explanation for the failure of their prophecy -- on the night in question their prayers "had spread so much light that God saved the world from destruction" -- nobody took it seriously.
		Festinger also proposed social comparison theory, according to which people evaluate their own opinions and desires by comparing themselves with others.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leon_Festinger (347 words)

	Leon Festinger Bios (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Leon Festinger was a social psychologist who was best known for his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
		Festinger was born May 8, 1919, in New York City, to Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon, immigrants from Russia.
		Festinger became a major influence in the social psychological field and has several the honors and awards to prove his legitimacy as a theorist.
	www.utexas.edu /coc/journalism/SOURCE/j363/festinger.html (877 words)

	Festinger Article -- Hudson Critique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Festinger also determined that cognitive dissonance was something that was "post-decisional." He "viewed dissonance as conceptually similar to the overlapping concept called cognitive conflict." But he made a delineation.
		Festinger defined cognition as "any knowledge, opinion, or belief about oneself, or about one's behavior." Beyond that, he said, "Cognitive dissonance can be seen as an antecedent condition which leads to activity toward dissonance reduction." Festinger theorized his key assumption that the presence of the dissonance would "give rise to pressures to reduce" it.
		The original idea for Festinger's research "came from an explanation of why people who had experienced an earthquake that produced little visible damage indulged in fear-provoking rumors; the rumors justified their fears." Festinger and others did try to account for this one tricky element: One man's dissonance may be one woman's harmony.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2000fall/jomc245-001/hudson_critique_1.html (866 words)

	LEON FESTINGER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Leon Festinger war ein Sozialpsychologe, welcher hauptsächlich durch seine Theorie der Kognitiven Dissonanz bekannt wurde.
		Lewin, welcher zu dieser Zeit an einer neuen 'Feldtheorie' der Sozialpsychologie arbeitete, sollte auf Festingers Arbeit einen Einfluss bekommen.
		Nachdem Festinger seinen Doktortitel der Psychologie an der Universität von Iowa 1942 erhalten hatte, folgte er Lewin an das Forschungszentrum für Gruppendynamik an das Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) und wurde Assistenzprofessor für Sozialpsychologie.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/L/Leon_Festinger (233 words)

	Definition of Cognitive dissonance
		Cognitive dissonance is a theory proposed by the psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957.
		Festinger said that the idea that he developed into cognitive dissonance theory originally came from a phenomenon that occurred in the aftermath of the deadly Bihar earthquake in India in 1934.
		Festinger said he mused on the notion that the rumors might serve to justify the remaining fear and anxiety that people experienced.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Cognitive_dissonance (1291 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.64 (1994)
		It was at MIT that Festinger's interests turned to social psychology and he launched a series of studies of social influence and communication that became a turning point in the field, for they demonstrated that it was possible to work experimentally and with theoretical rigor, on nonbanal problems of considerable social and psychological importance.
		Festinger (1950) synthesized all of this work in his first theoretical paper in social psychology—a seminal paper concerned with informal social communication and the process, via social comparison, of establishing the correctness of one's beliefs.
		Festinger turned next to the development of a set of ideas for which he is perhaps best known in psychology— the theory of cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957).
	books.nap.edu /books/0309049784/html/98.html (2591 words)

	Leon Festinger Cognitive Dissonance Theory
		Festinger chose the University of Iowa because famed psychologist Kurt Lewin was a member of the faculty.
		Festinger was among a group of behavioral era psychologists who led the way in turning the field of psychology into a strictly experimental area of study.
		Festinger told each participant that the purpose of the experiment was to measure how each personï¿½s expectations of how interesting a task is would affect their performance on that task, and that he was in the group who had been told nothing.
	www.geocities.com /tarob01/Festinger.html (2716 words)

	Leon Festinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Leon Festinger (born May 8 1919) was a social psychologist from New York City who became for his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
		Festinger explained this transformation as occurring because prediction failed: there was no global flood no flying saucers arrived to carry the to salvation.
		Festinger also proposed social comparison theory according which people evaluate their own opinions and by comparing themselves with others.
	www.freeglossary.com /Leon_Festinger (436 words)

	Festinger
		In 1951, Leon Festinger was asked to develop a “propositional inventory” of the area of “communication and social influence.” The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance is what resulted from his research (Festinger, 1957).
		Festinger describes the first principle of his theory by saying, “There may exist dissonant or “nonfitting” relations among cognitive elements” (Festinger, 1957).
		Festinger also addresses the situation when the smoker is unable to reduce or eliminate dissonance.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~johnca/spch100/6-6-festinger.htm (867 words)

	Leon festinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
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	tech.tech-stuff.net /leon-festinger.html (300 words)

	Leon Festinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Festinger explained this transformation as occurring because the prediction failed: there was no global flood and no flyingsaucers arrived to carry the cult to salvation.
		The cult was ridiculed, and though they had an explanation for the failure oftheir prophecy -- on the night in question their prayers "had spread so much light that God saved the world from destruction" --nobody took it seriously.
		Festinger also proposed social comparison theory, according to which people evaluate their own opinions and desires bycomparing themselves with others.
	www.therfcc.org /leon-festinger-29469.html (305 words)

	[No title]
		Festinger noted the incongruity arising from this dissonance is what prompts individuals to alter either behaviors or attitudes with the desired intention of returning their cognitions to a state of consonance.
		Festinger derived his original ideas involving dissonance based upon his belief that people sought consistency in their daily lives.
		Festinger’s theory on the other hand predicted the students who received $1 should experience a level of dissonance and thus hope to resolve that dissonance by rationalizing their actions and expressing favorable views of the activity.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~nainoa/Paper.doc (4337 words)

	Biography
		The son of Russian immigrants, Leon Festinger was born on May 8, 1919, in Brooklyn, New York, to Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon Festinger.
		Upon leaving psychology, Festinger chose to focus his efforts first in the field of archaeology and it’s impact on man and society, and secondly, on the history of the Roman church.
		Festinger was first married to Mary Ballou, with whom he had three children: Catherine, Richard and Kent.
	www.ciadvertising.org /sa/spring_03/382j/aclaire/Biography.html (570 words)

	Cognitive Consistency Theory Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Originator and Professional Background: Leon Festinger was born in 1919 in New York, New York.
		Festinger's interest in this theory evolved due to a paucity of theoretical models in social psychology.
		This question was explored by Leon Festinger and J.M. Carlsmith, social psychologists at Stanford University.
	hsc.usf.edu /~kmbrown/Cognitive_Consistency_Overview.htm (2587 words)

	Cognitive Dissonance Theory
		In order to decode this dense statement, we must first be aware that Festinger held to be true that humans have a deep abiding need in their psyche to be consistent in our attitudes and behaviors; we want to feel in agreement and unified in thought and action.
		So, Festinger, through influential psychological experiments, has successfully proven that if a small incentive is offered for a behavior change, a significant attitudinal change is made whereas if a fairly large incentive is offered, a person will do it for the reward while maintaining their pre-existing attitude.
		This is an example of Festinger’s minimal justification concept stated earlier, that, if a big payment is given for a change of behavior, then the person being paid will not feel dissonant and not change her attitude to accommodate the behavior.
	www.colorado.edu /communication/meta-discourses/Papers/App_Papers/Jean.htm (2983 words)

	Communication Theory: A First Look
		Festinger hypothesized three mental mechanisms people use to ensure that their actions and attitudes are in harmony.
		Festinger says that $1 was just barely enough to induce compliance to the experimenter’s request, so students had to create another justification.
		University of California social psychologist Elliot Aronson was attracted to cognitive dissonance theory because of Leon Festinger’s startling minimal justification prediction.
	www.afirstlook.com /archive/cogdiss.cfm?source=archtheren (3892 words)

	Encyclopedia: Leon Festinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A UFO or unidentified flying object in the original, literal sense is any airborne object or optical phenomenon, detected visually or by radar, whose nature is not readily known.
		Humiliation is literally the act of being made humble, or reduced in standing or prestige.
		Psychologists The supernatural refers to conscious magical, religious or unknown forces that cannot ordinarily be perceived except through their effects.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Leon-Festinger (701 words)

	Cognitive Dissonance
		Leon Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory is very closely related to many of the consistency theories.
		Leon Festinger’s theory, unlike the others I have described, deal with quantitative aspects, as well as qualitative.
		This is where Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance attempts to rationalize her behavior.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/39/pko112.shtml (2119 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Leon Festinger was born on May 8, 1919, in Brooklyn, New York.
		Festinger contributed a large number of theories and concepts to the field of social psychology, yet none has had greater impact than the ideas in his famous 1957 book Theory of Cognitive Dissonance ("Biography," 2004).
		For a full biography on Leon Festinger, visit the National Academies Press.
	www.ciadvertising.org /sa/spring_04/adv382j/laura/leonfest.html (173 words)

	cognitive dissonance theory by leon festinger: criticalessay.com-critical essays, critical term papers, critical ...
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	www.criticalessay.com /term-papers/1002/cognitive-dissonance-theory-by-leon-festinger.html (406 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: When Prophecy Fails: A Social and Psychological Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Festinger & co. gave ample enough hints at the location and press coverage of the group that confidentiality cannot have been preserved.
		Festinger's cult-founding protagonist, Marion Kreech, may be constructively compared to AA founder, Bill Wilson, but her bizarre message did not find the mass appeal that surrounds AA.
		Interestingly, Festinger inserts a cameo-like discussion of Joseph McCarthy's ultimate failure, which in the cognitive dissonance model, resulted from his accusations of persons of greater credibiilty.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0061311324?v=glance (1583 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology: Festinger, Leon (1919-1989) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Festinger believed that people want balance in their lives and that cognitive dissonance was a way to bring back a lost sense of balance.
		Festinger was born in New York City, on May 8, 1919, to Alex Festinger and Sara Solomon.
		Essentially, Festinger explained, all people hold certain beliefs, and when they are asked to do something that runs counter to their beliefs, conflict arises.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0004/ai_2699000466 (720 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.64 (1994)
		From what might be called psychosocial-archeology, Festinger moved on to a deep interest in the history of religion.
		He worked closely with a number of medieval and Byzantine church scholars, and eventually his interest focused on the differences between the Eastern and the Western or Roman church and the role such differences might have played in the differential development and acceptance of material technology in these two parts of the Roman empire.
		Festinger died before he could publish this material, but he made the same profound impression on the medieval historians as he had made earlier on the psychologists with whom he worked.
	books.nap.edu /books/0309049784/html/106.html (468 words)

	Leon_Festinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Er wurde als Sohn von Alex Festinger und Sara Solomon, russische Einwanderer, geboren.
		Nachdem Festinger seinen Doktortitel der Psychologie an der Universität von Iowa 1942 erhalten hatte, folgte er Lewin an das Forschungszentrum für Gruppendynamik an das Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) und wurde Assistenzprofessor für Sozialpsychologie.
		Nachdem Lewin im Jahre 1947 verstarb, stieg Festinger als Assistenzprofessor für Sozialpsychologie zum Programmdirektor des Zentrums für Gruppendynamik der Universität Michigan auf.
	bodo.subdomain.de /Leon_Festinger (250 words)

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