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Topic: Leonese

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	Unity, self-government & Officiality
		The Leonese language is spoken in Leon (provinces of Leon, Zamora and territories under Portuguese administration of Miranda'l Douro and Sendim), and also in the Asturian Princedom.
		It was taken form, in the territory in which it's spoken now, with the implantation of the Latin by the Romans and with the contribution of the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the "Astures" territory (ancient tribe of the Iberic Peninsula).
		The Leonese talking, is going to be, in every sense, illiterate in his own language, in an intent for discrediting and exterminating it.
	www.freewebs.com /conceyu/llingingles.html (624 words)

	Asturian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Asturian, Leonese, Astur-Leonese or Bable (Asturianu in Asturian, Llïonés in Leonese) is a Romance language spoken in some parts of the provinces of Asturias, León, Zamora and Salamanca in Spain, and in the area of Miranda de Douro in Portugal (where it is officially recognized as Mirandese).
		The denial of recognition of Asturian or Leonese as an official language has driven Asturian and Leonese to an apparent dead end.
		At the end of the 20th century, the Academia de la Llingua Asturiana made efforts to provide the language with most of the tools needed by a language to ensure its survival: a grammar, a dictionary, and periodicals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Asturian_language (401 words)

	Leonese Nationalist Parties (Spain) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		I seem to recall the main flag of the Leonese autonomists is white with a red lion.
		The flag they propose for this country is red with the leonese shield in the centre (white with red lion) surmounted by a crown.
		I don't know the meaning of the [Conceyu Xoven] leonese nationalist flag but a similar symbol is used by several northern Spanish groups, as the Ensame Nacionalista Astur and the Cantabrian nationalist flag also has a similar device.
	www.flagspot.net /flags/es}leon.html (635 words)

	Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The period of Leonese hegemony in Christian Spain nominally lasted until the death of Alfonso VII (1157), but it had, long before, been seriously undermined by the conquests of Sancho III Garcés the Great (1000–35) of Navarre and by the elevation, on his death, of Castile from county to kingdom.
		The second period in Leonese history runs from 1157 to 1230, when the kingdom was ruled, in separation from Castile, by its own kings, Ferdinand II (1157–88) and Alfonso IX (1188–1230).
		After the final union with Castile (1230), Leonese political and administrative institutions were, for a time, maintained, and the records of the Cortes show that some sense of the separate identity of Leon survived into the first half of the 14th century.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/print_toc?tocId=9047809 (434 words)

	Astur-Leonese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Leonese language is spoken in Leon (the Spanish provinces of Leon and Zamora), in the Portuguese provinces of Miranda de Douro and Sendim, and in the Asturian Principality.
		It took form in the territory in which it is spoken now, from the implantation of Latin by the Romans with contributiona from the pre-Roman languages which were spoken in the territory of the Astures, an ancient tribe of the Iberian peninsula.
		The Leonese language is the Leon's own – the language which was formed inside the Leonese territory and which was spoken by their ancestors.
	www.mcfly.org /wik/Astur-Leonese (184 words)

	Lords of the Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Romans were tenacious but in the end the mere 500 troops were destroyed by the Leonese troops, although this time the Romans were able to stop themselves from being swarmed so badly and were able to take out a like number.
		There were a mere 2000 infantry holding the region and again the sheer numbers of the Leonese forces swamped the defenses the Romans set up.
		May-July- Leonese forces turn and assault the city of Nova Fokia as soon as the weather warms.
	www.throneworld.com /lords/lote47/Newsfaxes/L47_Turn_13.htm (8372 words)

	Unity, self-government & Officiality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Actually, due the hole loss of our sovereignty and the subjection to foreign governments, our country are divided in several provinces, autonomous communities and two states, the Spanish and the Portuguese.
		Therefore, the last redoubt for the leonese identify today, is the province of Leon, political space in which our country is reduced, although it isn't a 30 % of the territory where our culture is expanded.
		Immediately will be a negotiation meeting for establish the ways of rejoin to the Leonese autonomous community all the territories under Portuguese administration of the Sabor river.
	www.freewebs.com /conceyu/oxetingles.html (244 words)

	Study II, continued: Fernando I and the Origins of the Leonese-Castilian Alliance with Cluny, Part Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Imperial Leonese is the connotation also of the two diplomas on the census duplicatus: that of 1077 granted by him as rex Le(gi)onum, the confirmation of 1090 as Hispaniarum rex.
		Below the Pyrenees Burgundian friendship with the Hispanic king-emperors, as a strongly Leonese and imperial phenomenon, largely determined the peculiar geographical distribution pattern of the dependencies and patrimonies acquired.
		From the Iberian side, the prime characteristic of the alliance is its completely Leonese and imperial orientation, which places it apart from the Castilian half of the kingdom and establishes it as an integral element in the Leonicizing domestic and foreign policy of the Navarro-Basque monarchy in Western Spain.
	libro.uca.edu /frontier/bishko2b.htm (10830 words)

	GeoNative - Asturies - Asturias - Asturian-Leonese
		Loengo probintzian, eta Sanabria inguruan (Zamorako probintzian), biaak Gaztela-Leongo autonomi erkidegoa, badira astur-leonesaren pare bat dialekto.
		Unesco "Leonese" hizkuntza aipatzen du bere Liburu Gorrian (loturak
		A couple of dialects are spoken in the Castilla-Leon region of Spain.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/astur.html (454 words)

	BATTLES OF CASTILE & LEON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Battle between Basques, commanded by Lope Fortún, first lord of Biscay and Sancho de Estigiz, lord of Durango, and the Leoneses, commanded by the prince Ordoño, son of the king Alfonso "el Magno" of Leon and future king Ordoño II.
		The Leonese king, Ordoño II, defeats the moslem armies of Caliph Abd el-Rahman III.
		The troops of Abd el-Rahman III defeat the Leonese & Navarrese.
	es.geocities.com /endovelico2001/med/battle.html (2806 words)

	León Province (Castile and Leon, Spain)
		León's official flag is recognised by the Leonese Diputación Provincial (provincial government) and used by official institutions, governments, cities, political parties and by the people.
		Apart from the Spanish, the Castile and Leon and the Leonese flags there were not many to see.
		I made some improvements and colour changes (shade of purpure —not purple— and colours of lions corrected) in the Leonese [provincial, city and nationalist] flags, based upon my direct observation of these flags when I spent some days in April 2000 in León.
	flagspot.net /flags/es-cl-le.html (442 words)

	LEONESE
		Date "LEONESE" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1615.
		"LEONESE" is generally used as a noun (proper) -- approximately 100.00% of the time.
		"LEONESE" is used about 2 times out of a sample of 100 million words spoken or written in English.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/LE/LEONESE.html (295 words)

	PRINCIPLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Anyway, the non-leonese or non-leonesist people can approach to the knowledge of the Leonese Country and his social movement, and also can participate in the development of it.
		These pages are opened to all the leonesist people or leonesist collectives (or even those that weren’t but want to collaborate with us), independently of the number of people they have, the model of Country or the method or fields in which they do work.
		The main reason is not to differ nor to be the pretext for self-rule projects (for this we have a lot of reasons, even if we were dumb!), but simply because it is ours, the autochthonous, the Leonese’s own, and because this language suffered a lot, especially in the last decades.
	portalon.tripod.com.ar /english/look.html (293 words)

	Dark Ages: Wales by Night (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A forceful personality, Alfonso IX was determined to recover Leonese territory lost to Castile; and, despite the fact that he had done homage to Alfonso VIII, he did not hesitate to ally himself with the Almohads to further this end.
		As a result, his kingdom was placed under papal interdiction, and he was finally compelled to marry the Castilian king's eldest daughter, Berenguela.
		This was not done and the Leonese army was, therefore, absent from Las Navas de Tolosa.
	www.walkingshadows.org /DA/royalfamily.htm (539 words)

	Extremaduran
		From 1188 to 1230, the kingdom of León recuperates its independence from Castilla, and the two kingdoms divide the nowadays Extremadura in two parts, west and east of the ancient “Calzada de Guinea” or “Ruta de la Plata” (silver way), in the area re-conquered with the Tagus river as southern limit.
		Some Leonese traces are conserved in some words only, completely lexicalized, like the conservation of the final —e=>-i (ex: VL rete => redi), [je] diphtong in palatal context without reduction (priesa), palatalization of initial l- (llares), -lj- palatalized (millo), -mb- group conserved (lamber), changes of [l] in [r] or vice-versa after plosive (fror).
		The written Extremaduran is mostly phonetic, representing with the results of both f- and -s aspiration, and with the sounded fricative interdental [ð]; thus it is not ressembling very much written Castilian or Asturian.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Extremaduran/Extremaduran.html (750 words)

	Asturian Nationalist Movements (Spain)
		Andecha is an Asturian word meaning that a group of friends or neighbours from the same rural area or village help each other to pick and collect the corn of the neighbouring fields.
		Similar to the device in the [Conceyu Xoven] leonese nationalist flag.
		Ensame Nacionalista Astur used the Asturian flag with Covadonga [or Victory] cross without Alpha and Omega and with red star in canton (as the image [of Andecha Astur] reported by Dov Gutterman), but only in political meetings because the official flag of the party was white with fl emblem in center.
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/es}o.html (322 words)

	Untitled Document
		A study of the intense diplomatic relations maintained between the Portuguese and Leonese, afterwards Castilian-Leonese, monarchies throughout the Middle Ages.
		They were dotted with a series of agreements relating to the internal problems of each kingdom, the mutual relations and the general political situation in the Iberian Peninsula.
		This action led to the rupture of Leonese friendship with the Caliphate and harsh reprisals which demolished the Leonese advance to the south of the Tagus River.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue1/html/palenzuela_main.html (11423 words)

	SSHL: Collections: Latin American Studies: Elections
		Department of State 1932: “The Granada aristocracy, even during the colonial period, was restive under the administrative control of the Spanish authorities at León, which was, and still is, the largest city.
		Ramírez 1989: “In 1854 the Conservative Party of the Granadans, who called themselves the Legitimists, and the Liberal Party of the Leonese, known as the Democrats, entered into a new conflict whose consequences were to be more bitter and tragic than ever” (page 50).
		Walker, in turn, was confirmed as general in chief of the army of the republic…Finally it was agreed that the Constitution of 1838, for which the Leonese had started the fateful war, would remain the law of the land” (page 41).
	sshl.ucsd.edu /collections/las/nicaragua/1811.html (9786 words)

	Study 2, Fernando I and the origins of the Leonese-Castilian Alliance with Cluny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A second Leonese line of connection with religious [15] revival in the first half of the eleventh century, this time running from Catalonia, can be found in the strategic borderland lying between the two kingdoms of Leon and Castile, the Campi Gothorum or Campi Gothici, the modern Tierra de Campos.
		A third factor in the Leonese context of Fernando I's turn to Cluny is the appearance in that kingdom from ca.
		Neither Fernando I, Alfonso VI nor their Leonese predecessors of the old line are known ever to have struck gold pieces, in spite of their imperial pretensions; the earliest such issue for either Leon or Castile was Alfonso VIII's morabetinus or maravedí of 1172.
	libro.uca.edu /frontier/bishko2.htm (14191 words)

	University of Pamplona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Head Dean of Unileon indicated that new Ph.D privileges are opened for the professors of the University of Pamplona who want to attend and do their studies at the University of León and the registration process will begin next August.
		The Governor of Northern Santander on his visit with the City Council of León, made a special mention about the different conditions of his Department and the achievements that he expects having with the support of different projects from the Government of Navarra and the City Council of Pamplona.
		In his aspirations of the continuing achieved agreement of cooperation The Honorable Governor requests the City Council of León its collaboration on the different educative and cultural projects, which will be supported by the Leonese authorities, who manifested their desire of making an agreement with the Northernsantanderean capital.
	www.unipamplona.edu.co /english/upw_htm/nota_rect_eur_05_06_04.htm (531 words)

	Romance languages of Spain
		Nevertheless, spoken dialects of Galician blend themselves with those spoken in Portugal, and the general view is that the language is the same.
		At present, the boundary between Portugal and Spain does not coincide with the limits of Portuguese and Leonese or Castilian.
		In the Middle Ages Leonese was reputed more elegant, and consequently preferable for literature.
	www.geocities.com /msanzledesma/rom_i1.htm (1164 words)

	MSF Canada \| Travel Journals - Visiting MSF in Sierra Leone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Everyone is nice and the Sierra Leonese staff are the warmest people I have ever met.
		Freetown is considered by MSF as a post-conflict capital city and Sierra Leone — is still viewed as a country in conflict.
		I introduced myself to everyone at the general staff meeting and then checked in with the administration department to arrange evacuation and rendez-vous procedures, should they be necessary.
	www.msf.ca /journals/sl (1438 words)

	Coq de Leon
		Contrary to other lines of roosters which are well-known among the fishermen, the feathers from the spade, hackle and saddle hackle are the ones we use in the tying of artificial flies made from Leonese birds.
		Perhaps, in the time of Juan de Bergara, the most preferred ones were the saddle hackles - the manuscript of Astorga just makes reference once to the place where he gets the feather he needs to tie the flies and he talks of a feather from the neck.
		The centre of Leonese rooster breeders is located in some vilages situated in the north of the province of Leon, in the river Curueño valley and nearby.
	www.flyfishinghistory.com /coq_de_leon.htm (2218 words)

	Miranda do Douro Municipality (Portugal)
		This is the municipal flag of the leonese speaking municipality of Miranda do Douro / Miranda de l Douro, Portugal.
		Miranda do Douro constitute a linguistic minority within Portugal: they speak a dialect (Mirandese — mirandés) of the Leonese or Asturo-Leonese language, spoken also (but not official) in the spanish communities of Castilla-León (León province) and Asturias.
		Mirandese has recently [1999] become official in the geographic area where it is spoken, and is tought in local schools.
	www.fotw.net /flags/pt-mdr.html (231 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		This region rests on the elevated central plateau and is traversed by the Douro river.
		As count of Burgos from c.930 he took advantage of Leonese divisions and the war against the Moors to establish the virtual independence of Castile from León.
		After c.950 he styled himself count of Castile.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Leonese (92 words)

	[No title]
		We believe that all the elements of your name are appropriate to your period, though not quite in the same spellings; but unfortunately the way you've combined them is not consistent with the naming practices of your culture.
		In your period in Leon, a woman was most often known by her given name plus a patronymic.
		In one study of Leonese names from the second half of the 12th century, 67% of women had names of this form.
	www.panix.com /~gabriel/public-bin/showfinal.cgi/1789.txt (1659 words)

	University of Pamplona (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Albéitar Pavillion’s great lecture hall in León, County of Castile and León in Spain, was small to welcome the ceremony celebrated in the name of Saint Isidoro which this year had special connotations because the Leonese academic institution is also celebrating its Silver Anniversary.
		The Governor of Northern Santander at his visit with the City Council of León, made special mention of the different conditions of his Department and the achievements that he expects to have with the support of different projects from the Government of Navarra and the City Council of Pamplona.
		In his aspirations of the continuing achieved agreement of cooperation The Honorable Governor requested the City Council of León’s collaboration on the different educative and cultural projects, which will be supported by the Leonese authorities, who manifested their desire of formulating an agreement with the Northern Santanderean capital.
	www.unipamplona.edu.co /english/upw_htm/upw_bol_tie026_unileon.htm (695 words)

	Portugal -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In (additional info and facts about 868) 868, Count (additional info and facts about Vímara Peres) Vímara Peres reconquers and governs the region between the (additional info and facts about Minho) Minho and Douro Rivers.
		Occasionally, Portugal gained factual independence during weak Leonese reigns.
		Henry declared Portugal independent while a civil war raged between (A city in central Mexico) Leon and (A region of central Spain; a former kingdom that comprised most of modern Spain and united with Aragon to form Spain in 1479) Castile.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/portugal.htm (7204 words)

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