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Topic: Leonids

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	Leonids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Leonids are a prolific meteor shower associated with the comet Tempel-Tuttle.
		The stream comprises solid particles, known as meteoroids, ejected by the comet as it passes by the Sun.
		The Leonids get their name from the location of their radiant in the constellation Leo: the meteors appear to stream from that point in the sky.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leonids (308 words)

	Leonid MAC '99 - FACTS on meters and meteor showers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Figure 1: Example of four bright Leonid meteors that were photographed in the constellations of Monoceros and Orion by Lorenzo Lovato of Italy on November 17, 1998.
		For example, a Leonid meteor of magnitude +5, which is barely visible with the naked eye in a dark sky, is caused by a meteoroid of 0.5 mm in diameter and weights only 0.00006 gram.
		The radiant of the Leonids is in the constellation Leo.
	leonid.arc.nasa.gov /meteor.html (1442 words)

	SPACE.com -- Leonid Meteor Shower Special Report
		This Leonid fireball was caught on video by George Varros on Nov. 17, 2001, from Mount Airy, MD. The bright dot at the top is Jupiter.
		Astrophotographer Wil Milan captured about 4.5 hours of the 2001 Leonid meteor shower from northwestern Arizona, near the Burro Creek Wilderness.
		Complete archive of the 2001 Leonids, which provided the greatest show of shooting stars since 1966.
	www.space.com /leonids (269 words)

	SPACE.com -- SPECIAL REPORT: 2001 Leonid Meteor Shower
		The Leonid meter shower is caused by the comet Tempel-Tuttle, which swings around the Sun every 33.2 years and leaves behind a trail of dust and debris.
		Predicting the Leonids is a challenge because each year Earth passes through different portions of the debris stream, which itself moves through space, mingling and spreading the densest areas which are refreshed every 33.2 years.
		The activity of the annual Leonids was accurately predicted in 1999 and 2000, boosting confidence that a forecast for this year will be on target also.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/astronomy/leonids_2001.html (1372 words)

	Leonids 1999 Report (AMS)
		In the mean time, many of the scientific teams established to monitor the Leonids this year began to converge upon their various observing locations over the weekend of Nov. 13-14, setting up equipment and conducting baseline data gathering sessions in the early days of the week of expected Leonid activity.
		Leonid expeditions around the world picked up their observation pace on Nov. 16, as the initial equipment setup and shake-down periods came to a close.
		At best 7 Leonids impressive, trail -leaving Leonids streaked simultaneously in formation upwards from radiant, at maximum time we were shouting almost continuously of as the meteors were almost incessant, often 2 or more rarely 3 simultaneously visible, repeatedly several in row with 1 second intervals.
	www.amsmeteors.org /leo99update.html (7915 words)

	Lunar Leonids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Leonid particles that hit the Moon (and the Earth) that year were relatively large ones (like marbles rather than snowflakes) that had accumulated into a coherent dust filament as the result of an orbital resonance with Jupiter.
		Unlike this year, the 2001 "sub-Leonid point" (the spot where Leonids crash directly down onto lunar terrain) will be favorably positioned on the darkened nearside of the Moon, which will appear as a super-thin crescent.
		Camcorder shots of detonating Leonids may be possible for careful photographers filming just after the Sun sets on Nov. 18th next year.
	www.firstscience.com /SITE/ARTICLES/leonids.asp (1181 words)

	CNN - Pace of Leonid meteors expected to increase - November 17. 1999
		The Leonid shooting stars can dart anywhere overhead, but they all appear to come from the direction of the constellation Leo, which gives the annual shower its name.
		A typical Leonid meteor shower consists of a meager 10 to 20 shooting stars per hour, according to NASA.
		While the fast-moving Leonid particles could cause mechanical damage to satellites, they would be more likely to cause electrostatic discharge -- or short circuits.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/space/9911/17/leonids.01 (924 words)

	Leonids 2000
		Most Leonid particles are tiny and will vaporize very high in the atmosphere due to their extreme speed (about 44 miles per second, or almost 71 km/sec), so they present no threat to people on the ground or even in airplanes.
		The Leonids get their name from the constellation where they appear to originate; the meteors will be radiating from the Sickle pattern in the constellation Leo the Lion, which will be rising out of the east-northeast sky.
		The research data from the Leonids shower will be analyzed to help NASA engineers refine their forecasts for spacecraft; by better determining where, when and how the meteors will strike, NASA can improve protective measures to prevent or minimize damage to spacecraft.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/leo2002e.html (5815 words)

	Leonids Galore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The art of predicting Leonid meteors officially became a science this weekend as sky watchers around the globe enjoyed three predicted episodes of shooting stars.
		The Leonids were bright and they tended to streak far from the shower's moonlit radiant.
		The failure of a major Leonid storm to appear in 1899, after scientists had urged millions to stay up and watch it, was "the worst blow ever suffered by astronomy in the eyes of the public," according to 19th-century astronomer Charles Olivier.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast21nov_1.htm (1410 words)

	Leonids History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Of all the known annual meteor showers, the Leonid is the only one to have had the spectacular showers describe by witnesses as a "storm".
		New research, especially from the Royal Astrological Society, indicates that 2000 and 2001 may also be big years for the Leonids or even exceed the showers of 1998 and 1999.
		Historically the Leonids, though the most dramatic of the annual meteor showers, is most unpredictable.
	www.leonids.org /history.html (714 words)

	Leonid meteor storms: NASA's Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Leonids were active too in the previous two nights.
		The Genesis SRC entry on September 08, 2004, was observed from the USAF NKC-135 "FISTA" aircraft.
		The first reports on the 2003 Leonid shower are posted here.
	leonid.arc.nasa.gov (1580 words)

	Submit Leonid meteor data to NASA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Leonid meteors can appear in any part of the sky, although their trails will tend to point back toward the radiant (see the sky map below).
		On November 18, at 0h UT the lunar sub-Leonid point [the spot where Leonid meteoroids rain directly down on the Moon's surface] will be 9.4 degrees north of the lunar equator and 9.5 degrees sun ward of the day-night terminator.
		In other words, the greatest flux of Leonids are going to hit nearly dead center on the lunar disk as seen from Earth, just over the terminator on the sunlit side.
	www.thursdaysclassroom.com /11nov99/meteorcounts.html (2135 words)

	APOD: 2002 November 17 - Leonids from Leo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That Leonids point back to Leo is not a surprise - it is the reason that this November meteor shower is called the
		Sand-sized debris expelled from Comet Tempel-Tuttle follows a well-defined orbit about our Sun, and the part of the orbit that approaches Earth is superposed in front of the constellation Leo.
		Leonid Meteor Shower in 2002 is uncertain but may approach one per second for
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap021117.html (141 words)

	LEONID METEOR SHOWER
		This behavior is typical of the Leonid shower -- that is, one part of the world may see a tremendous downpouring while elsewhere the event is relatively minor.
		Observers generally ignored the Leonids during the 1940s and 50s, and this state of neglect probably caused many to miss the enhanced Leonid activity in 1961, when observed rates climbed to more than 50 per hour.
		On November 17, 1969, Leonids were seen at a rate of four per minute for less than an hour by observers in the northeastern United States.
	www.iltrails.org /stars.htm (3996 words)

	The Leonids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Leonid meteors at their peak are capable of producing the
		resemblance of the orbit of the Leonids to that of the then-newly
		The Leonids are the swiftest of all shower meteors, at 44 miles
	hometown.aol.com /theleonids (1207 words)

	JAS: Leonids '99 from Jordan (Results)
		The leonids would have been terrific all by themselves, but the chance to be with other meteor lovers and to learn new state of the art science as it is evolving was a wonderful opportunity.
		Leonid Meteor Storm 1999 at Jordan (By ykChia).
		Leonids 1999 - Jordan (By Netherlands Association for Meteorology and Astronomy).
	www.jas.org.jo /leo99r.html (2970 words)

	2001 Leonids
		The Leonids have produced some incredible storms in the past, most famously in 1833, 1866 and 1966.
		Leonids are very fast, and rather bright on average.
		This radiant is rather close to that of the Leonids, but its rates of only a few per hour will likely be overwhelmed by the Leonids.
	skytour.homestead.com /leo2001.html (1050 words)

	Leonids 2001
		Most Leonid particles are the size of dust grains, and will vaporize very high in the atmosphere, so they present no threat to people on the ground or even in airplanes.
		This year, the Leonid meteor shower is expected to peak twice -- once on Sunday, November 18 around 10:00 UT which favours American observers and again on the same day around 18:00 UT which will be too late for American observers but favourable for observers in Australia and Asia.
		Leonid meteors are not visible until late in the evening when the constellation of Leo the Lion rises in the eastern sky.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/leoe2001.html (5060 words)

	The Leonids
		Since it may be 30 years before the next Leonid storm, this year may be your last chance in a long time to see a good Leonid meteor shower.
		During most years, the Leonids are not particularly impressive – about a dozen meteors are seen per hour at the peak.
		The 1833 Leonids were one of the most spectacular meteor displays of the second millennium.
	www.jupiterscientific.org /sciinfo/leonid.html (1399 words)

	Leonids Live! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The display also enabled astronomers to predict a 33 to 34 year period for the return of the Leonids, and it was predicted that the Leonids would return in 1866.
		Moonlight caused the Leonids to be barely detected in 1902.
		The Leonids showed some activity in 1930 with rates between 130 and 190 meteors per hour under moonlight as seen by observers in the United States.
	astronomy.swin.edu.au /~pbourke/other/leonids/history.html (1329 words)

	Jaw-dropping Leonids
		Cooke and other experts agree that when the Leonids return later this month sky watchers in some parts of the world will see a display even better than the one in 1998.
		Leonid meteor storms happen when Earth passes through clouds of dusty debris shed by comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle when it comes close to the Sun every 33 years.
		Veteran meteor watchers are wary of Leonid predictions because the science of forecasting Leonid meteor storms is still young.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2001/ast08nov_1.htm (1395 words)

	Wired News: Coming Soon: Spectacular Meteors
		The Nov. 18 Leonid meteor shower will be "very impressive, rare and something that you'll want to see," said Peter Jenniskens, a research scientist specializing in the study of meteors at the NASA/Ames Research Center at California's Moffett Field.
		A typical Leonid shower yields about 10 to 15 meteors per hour, but this year Jenniskens estimates the meteor shower will have as many as 4,200 an hour at its peak.
		The 2001 Leonid MAC campaign follows a highly successful airborne campaign during the 1999 storm visible throughout Europe, when more than 4,000 meteors rained through the sky at its peak.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,48016,00.html (750 words)

	Leonid Meteor Shower Most "Spectacular" for Decades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Summary Tonight—or very early Tuesday morning—will be the last chance to see the Leonid meteor shower in its full glory, according to astronomers.
		The Leonid meteor showers occur every year in mid-November, but some years are far better than others.
		The Leonids are small particles of dust, ranging in size from a grain of sand to a pebble, that have been cast off by Comet Tempel-Tuttle on its trip past the sun.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/11/1118_021118_leonids.html (652 words)

	NAMN Notes: November 2002
		Perhaps the best single website for the Leonids this year is that of Dr. Peter Jenniskens and the Leonid MAC team at http://leonid.arc.nasa.gov.
		Keep in mind that the peak of the Leonids falls on full moon this year - so the fainter meteors will not be as visible and the actual rates seen by observers will be lower than the quoted ZHR rate.
		When the Leonid rates start to really pick up, all of this info will not be possible to record on tape, or on a written paper roll, for each meteor.
	www.namnmeteors.org /namnnotes0211.html (4933 words)

	C&MS: Leonids Made Easy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the case of the Leonids the parent comet is named Tempel-Tuttle and it makes an appearance in our skies every 33 years.
		These are Leonids that are not dropping down into Earth's atmosphere, but are instead grazing the atmosphere.
		The orbit of the Leonid stream is shown as the green ellipse in the image below.
	comets.amsmeteors.org /meteors/showers/leonidsez.html (732 words)

	SPA - Leonids 2002 first results
		The Leonids dazzled early risers on the morning of 19 November with a spectacular celestial firework show.
		Observed rates were up to 6-10 Leonids a minute at best in the clearer UK skies, during the half hour interval centred on 04h UT, often with several meteors occurring simultaneously, or within a few seconds of one another.
		There were some lovely bright events in the Leonids I saw, quite a few of which were yellow, green or blue-green, and some left a glowing trail hanging in the sky after them for several seconds.
	www.popastro.com /sections/meteor/leoflash.htm (3145 words)

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