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Topic: Leopold I of Austria Habsburg

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	Leopold I Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany
		Leopold II Habsburg-Lorraine, Holy Roman Emperor, Grand Duke of Tuscany (as Leopold I) Leopold II (born Peter Leopold Joseph) (May 5, 1747 – March 1, 1792) was the penultimate Holy Roman Emperor from 1790 to 1792 and Grand-duke of Tuscany (Leopold I - Pietro Leopoldo d'Asburgo-Lorena - Granduca di Toscana).
		Leopold was born in Vienna, a third son, and was at first educated for the priesthood, but the theological studies to which he was forced to apply himself are believed to have influenced his mind in a way unfavourable to the Church.
		Leopold was too purely a politician not to be secretly pleased at the destruction of the power of France and of her influence in Europe by her internal disorders.
	www.tuscany-toscana.info /leopold_grand_duke_of_tuscany.htm (1459 words)

	Austria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Austria is located at the crossroads of Europe; Vienna is at the gate of the Danubian plain, and the Brenner Pass in W Austria links Germany and Italy.
		Austria captured world attention in 1986 when former UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim was elected president despite allegations that he had been involved in atrocities as a German army staff officer in the Balkans during World War II.
		Austria was quickly ostracized by other EU nations because of the Freedom party’s participation in the government, and Haider—who had not joined the government—subsequently resigned as party leader.
	www.bartleby.com /65/au/Austria.html (3380 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Habsburg Monarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Habsburg Monarchy, often called Austrian Monarchy or simply Austria, are the territories ruled by the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg, and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine, between 1526 and 1867/1918.
		The Habsburg Monarchy grew to European prominance in 1526, when Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the younger brother of Emperor Charles V, was elected King of Bohemia and Hungary following the death of Louis II, the King of those two countries, in battle against the Turks at Mohacs.
		Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 â€“ May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna, daughter of Philip III of Spain.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Habsburg-Monarchy (7123 words)

	The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Austria
		Jewish civil servants were inaugurated to prove their loyalty to Austria (1851); they were excluded from the possession of land (1853); and they were excluded from certain professions such as soliciting or teaching (1855).
		The Mauthausen camp was the central camp (referred to as the “mother camp” by the SS guards) for all of Austria.
		After the war, there were many displaced people in Austria, some returned to their homes, but many immigrated to Israel after its formation in 1948.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/vjw/Austria.html (2610 words)

	History of Austria
		Austria's performance in the war was distinctly unimpressive, and the expense involved led to further resistance.
		The Emperor's daughter, Marie Louise, was married to Napoleon, and Austria contributed an army to Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812.
		Representatives of the new Republic of Austria convinced them that it was unfair to penalize Austria for the actions of a now dissolved Empire, especially as other areas of the Empire were now perceived to be on the "victorious" side, simply because they had renounced the Empire at the end of the war.
	www.austriantour.com /austria_history.html (5807 words)

	Austria Info
		Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of two European countries that have declared permanent neutrality, the other being Switzerland.
		Austria is a member of the United Nations (since 1955) and the European Union (since 1995).
		During the 14th and 15th Austria continued to expand its territory until it reached the position of a European imperial power at the end of the 15th century until the end of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918.
	www.the-world-in-focus.com /Europe/Austria/austriainfo.html (1174 words)

	Habsburg - RecipeFacts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Rulers of Austria (as dukes 1282–1453, archdukes 1453–1804, and emperors 1804–1918),
		Maria Theresa of Austria, Habsburg heiress and wife of emperor Francis I Stephen, reigned as Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia 1740 - 1780.
		Brewer-Ward, Daniel A. The House of Habsburg: A Genealogy of the Descendants of Empress Maria Theresia.
	www.recipeland.com /facts/Habsburg (2963 words)

	Background Info \| Austria Travel Information \| Lonely Planet Destination Guide
		Although the Habsburgs were not averse to using a bit of muscle, they preferred less barbaric ways of extending their territory and so Austria gradually expanded thanks to judicious real estate purchases and some politically-motivated marriages.
		Austria began the 20th century in prosperity but its expansionist tendencies in the Balkans and its annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1908 led to the assassination of the emperor's nephew in Sarajevo in June 1914.
		Austria went to the polls later in the year and a coalition government of the centre-left Social Democrats (SPO) and the conservative People's Party was formed in January 2007, with the SPO's Alfred Gusenbauer as chancellor.
	www.lonelyplanet.com /worldguide/destinations/europe/austria/essential?a=culture (1249 words)

	Austria - Cunnan
		Austria is a nation in the centre of Europe.
		With the short exception of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, Austrian Habsburgs held the position of German Emperor beginning in 1438 with Albert II until the end of the Holy Roman Empire.
		During the 14th and 15th century Austria continued to expand its territory until it reached the position of a European imperial power at the end of the 15th century.
	cunnan.sca.org.au /index.php?title=Austria&printable=yes (276 words)

	Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor) (Pepys' Diary)
		Leopold I, the Holy Roman Emperor, was born June 9th, 1640.
		“Leopold I Habsburg (June 9, 1640 - May 5, 1705), Holy Roman emperor, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain.
		By a personal appeal to the diet at Regensburg Leopold induced the princes to send assistance for the campaign; troops were also sent by France, and in August 1664 the great imperialist general, Raimondo Montecuccoli, gained a notable victory at Saint Gotthard.
	www.pepysdiary.com /p/6893.php (303 words)

	Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of six European countries that have declared permanent neutrality and one of the few countries that includes the concept of everlasting neutrality in their constitution.
		Austria, shorn of Hungary, was proclaimed a republic in 1918.
		Austria became a member of the European Union in 1995, but it retained its strict constitutional neutrality and forbade the stationing of foreign troops on its soil.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Austria.htm (5152 words)

	Other Locations In Austria
		Province in western Austria, bounded on the north by the kingdom of Bavaria and on the south by Bolzano and Trento (joint Italian city-states), and lying between the Austrian provinces of Salzburg on the east and Vorarlberg on the west.
		Province of Austria, bounded on the north by the kingdoms of Bohemia and Moravia, on the east by the province of Niederosterreich (Lower Austria), on the south by the provinces of Steiermark and Salzburg, and on the west by the kingdom of Bavaria.
		It is bounded on the north by the province of Niederösterreich (Lower Austria), on the east by Hungary, on the south by the Hungarian kingdom of Croatia, and on the west by the province of Steiermark (Styria).
	cobweb.scarymonsters.net /~corleyj/gaming/noctis/austria.html (2051 words)

	The Austrian Flag
		The flag was adopted by Friedrich II., der Streitbare, the last Babenberg as Duke of Austria in the 13th century.
		According to legend, Duke Leopold V. of Austria (1157-1194) was involved in a fierce battle during the Crusades.
		Austria became one of the marches (the Ostmark) of the Holy Roman Empire after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, and was given a margrave around 960.
	www.sinz.org /Michael.Sinz/Austria/index.html (278 words)

	The Austrian Order of the Golden Fleece
		The Habsburgs would probably have abandoned their claim to Sovereignty of the Order of the Golden Fleece after the Treaty of Utrecht if they had not found themselves in possession of the Treasure of the Order, which had been retained in Brussels.
		Leopold only ruled for two years when he was succeeded as Emperor and Sovereign by his eldest son Francis, who was elected Emperor as Francis II and presided over the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
		The advent of the First World War marked the collapse of the Habsburg Empire; Franz Josef died in 1916 and was succeeded by his great-nephew, the Archduke Charles, as Emperor Charles I, IV as King of Hungary.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/habsburg/austria/ausgdfl.htm (1460 words)

	Emperor Leopold
		Leopold was not destined to become emperor, but became so by the death of his elder brother.
		Leopold asceded to a state consisting of about nowadays Austria and Czechia, and Silesia and a fringe of the Hungarian kingdom.
		In 1658 the power of Austria would perhaps be a tenth or less of that of France, and rank well behind that of the United Provinces, England and Spain.
	www.spanishsuccession.nl /leopold.html (612 words)

	Leopold Information
		2.1 Margraves of Austria from the Babenberg dynasty
		Leopold the Strong (from the dynasty of the Otakars), Margrave of Styria from 1122 to 1129
		Leopold, Victoria is a suburb of Geelong, Australia.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Leopold (305 words)

	Austria
		Austria is also the birthplace of our own Felix the Bear.
		Austria has been called the 'Land of Music' as a result of the large number of musicians who have lived and studied there.
		The Habsburg Archduke of Austria assumed the title of Holy Roman Emperor which the Habsburgs then held most of the time until 1806.
	www.brentknoll.fslife.co.uk /AUSTRIA.HTM (352 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Austria
		However, reignal numbering for the Habsburgs in Austria itself was often different to that of the imperial title, due to the differing origins of the two bodies.
		Western Franks secede from the Germanic Empire, and Austria is controlled by the various Frankish rulers of the fledgling Holy Roman Empire.
		HRE Leopold I. Austria permanently absorbs the County of Tyrol.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanyAustria.htm (548 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)
		Frederick the Handsome (born 1286; died January 13, 1330), from the House of Habsburg, was Duke of Austria as Frederick I and King of the Romans as Frederick (III).
		After the death of his eldar brother Rudolf and the assassination of his father in 1308, he became the ruler of Austria on behalf of himself and his younger brothers.
		Louis held Frederick captive on Castle Trausnitz in the Upper Palatinate for three years, but the persistent resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of the King of Bohemia from his alliance and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release him in the Treaty of Trausnitz of March 13, 1325.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Frederick_I_of_Austria_%28Habsburg%29 (686 words)

	WHKMLA : Habsburg-Ottoman War, 1683-1699
		Despite a truce concluded with Emperor Leopold in 1680, Thököly mistrusted the Emperor and in 1682 recognized Ottoman sovereignty, himself being appointed Duke of Upper Hungary (i.e.
		While the Austrian Habsburg and Imperial forces were tied up in Hungary, France used the situation to expand on her northern and eastern frontier.
		Habsburg commanders : 1683-1687 Duke Charles of Lorraine, 1688 Duke-Elector Max Emanuel of Bavaria, 1689-1693 Ludwig von Baden, 1693-1699 Prince Eugene of Savoy.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/17cen/habsbott16831699.html (1123 words)

	History of Austria
		An important characteristic of the Habsburgs' approach to their possessions was the concept of collective inheritence, as opposed to the principle of primogeniture, wherein the eldest son inherits the total holdings upon the death of the predecessor.
		In retrospect, the Habsburgs proved to be the most tenacious guardians of the traditions of the original European aristocracy, and its legal thinking in terms of family and clan (in contrast to the ancient and modern principles of public law) (Wandruszka 30-32).
		Charles was the son of Philip I, king of Castile, and Joanna the Mad; maternal grandson of Ferdinand V of Castile and Isabella I; paternal grandson of the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I; and great-grandson of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	Habsburg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Habsburg (in English speaking countries sometimes spelled Hapsburg, but never so in official use) was one of the major ruling houses of Europe.
		Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol, and VorderÃ¶sterreich until 1386, when he was killed in the Battle of Sempach.
		The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship was not strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy till 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule do not always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2Fen%2FHabsburg (2688 words)

	Maximilian Genealogy Master Database 2000 - pafg479 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		Albert I of Austria HABSBURG [Parents] died 1308.
		Elizabeth of TYROL married Albert I of Austria HABSBURG.
		Albert II the Lame of Austria HABSBURG died 1358.
	www.peterwestern.f9.co.uk /maximilia/pafg479.htm (243 words)

	The National Awakening (Spectacular Slovakia travel guide)
		With the Hungarian elite brought temporarily to heel, the Habsburgs began to liberalise.
		Emperor Leopold II decreed in 1790 that Hungary was a "wholly independent kingdom...to be ruled by its own lawfully crowned kings in accordance with its own customs." He also reversed the Empire's "Germanisation" policy, allowing Magyar to be used at universities (although Latin was to remain the official administrative language).
		Then, in 1844, the Hungarian legislature, bristling against renewed Habsburg attempts to Germanise the Empire, replaced Latin with Magyar as the sole language of administration, and also declared Magyar the sole language of instruction.
	www.spectacularslovakia.sk /ss2003/14_awakeing.html (621 words)

	Hungary and the limits of Habsburg authority
		In the case of the Habsburgs, the three operating principles were the dynasty, class and reform.
		The Habsburg Empire was not primarily a Balkan country.
		The first Habsburg to rule over lands in the "East" (the origin of the name "Austria") was Count Rudolph the First who took the land around Vienna away from the King of Bohemia in 1278.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture4.html (4059 words)

	Leopold III of Austria (Habsburg)
		Leopold III (born November 1, 1351 in Vienna; died July 9, 1386 in Sempach) from the Habsburg family was a Duke of Austria, Styria and Carinthia.
		He frist was the administrator of Tyrol, and was jointly charged with the rule of the Habsburg lands with Albert after Rudolf's death.
		However, in the Treaty of Neuberg of September 9, 1379, he became the exclusive ruler of Styria (including Wiener Neustadt), Carinthia, Carniola, the Windish March, Gorizia, the Habsburgs' posessions in Friuli, Tirol and Further Austria.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/le/leopold_iii_of_austria__habsburg_.html (170 words)

	999 Austria
		Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy consisting of nine federal states and is one of two European countries that have declared their everlasting neutrality, the other being Switzerland.
		The territory of Austria, by then the Celtic kingdom of Noricum, which was a long time ally of Rome, (cattle and early steel) and rather occupied than conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus and made the province Noricum in 16 BC.
		During the 14th and 15th century Austria continued to expand its territory until it reached the position of a European superpower at the end of the 15th century until the end of the Habsburg monarchy in 1918.
	www.999austria.com (401 words)

	2. The Habsburg Monarchy. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Monarchs: Ferdinand III (1637–57), Leopold I (1657–1705), Joseph I (1705–11), Charles VI (1711–40), Maria Theresa (1740–80), Joseph II (coregent 1765–80, emperor 1780–90), Leopold II (emperor, 1790–92).
		The Habsburgs faced serious difficulties in uniting and maintaining the Austro-Hungarian portions of the empire.
		Jews expelled from Vienna by Leopold under the pretense of lack of loyalty to the crown.
	www.bartelby.com /67/757.html (428 words)

	Leopoldian line Information
		It was begun by Leopold III, duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (Inner Austria).
		The division of the Habsburg territories between the Albertinian line and the Leopoldian line was a result of the early death of Rudolf IV.
		Leopold had four sons, but only two younger (Ernest the Iron and Frederick IV) had children.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Leopoldian_line (133 words)

	Monarchie - Leopold II
		Leopold II On 9 April, birth in Brussels of Leopold, Louis, Philippe, Marie, Victor, son of Leopold I and Louise-Marie.
		On 12 December, the King Palace convened an international conference in Brussels of scientists, geographers and explorers, focusing on the discovery of the centre of Africa.
		Leopold II set up, with the cooperation of the British explorer Stanley, the Study Committee on the Upper Congo, converted in 1879 into the International Association of the Congo.
	www.monarchie.be /en/monarchy/history/leopold_II.html (291 words)

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