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Topic: Leopold II of Austria

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List of rulers of Austria

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	wiki/Leopold II of Belgium Definition / wiki/Leopold II of Belgium Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Leopold II began laying the diplomatic, military, and economic groundwork for his control of the Congo in 1877, and ruled it outright from early 1885 until its annexation by Belgium in 1908.
		Leopold was born in BrusselsBrussels (Dutch: Brussel, French: Bruxelles, German: Brüssel) is the capital of Belgium and is considered by many to be the de facto capital of the European Union, as two of its three main institutions have their headquarters in the city....
		Leopold II is still a controversial figure in the Democratic Republic of Congo; in 2005 his statue was taken down just hours after it was re-erected in the capital, KinshasaKinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium (3659 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Leopold II, King of the Belgians (Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (April 9, 1835 - December 17, 1909), succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death.
		Leopold Ferdinand Elie Victor Albert Marie, Count of Hainaut (as eldest son of the heir apparent), Duke of Brabant (as heir apparent), born at Laeken on June 12, 1859 and died at Laeken on January 22, 1869.
		Leopold II is perceived by many Belgians as the "King-Builder" ("le Roi-Bâtisseur" in French, "Koning-Bouwer" in Dutch) because he commissioned a great number of buildings and urbanistic projects in Belgium (mainly in Brussels, Ostend and Antwerp).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/l/le/leopold_ii_of_belgium.html (1176 words)

	emperor francis ii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who may also be referred to as Francis von Habsburg or Emperor Franz I of Austria (February 12, 1768 - March 2, 1835) was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the Empire was disbanded.
		He was a son of Leopold II of Austria (1747-1792) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain (1745-1792).
		Austria played a major role in the final defeat of France — in recognition of this, Francis, represented by Clemens von Metternich, presided over the Congress of Vienna, helping to form the Concert of Europe and the Holy Alliance, ushering in an era of conservatism and reactionism in Europe.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Emperor_Francis_II (497 words)

	King Leopold II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		King Leopold II Leopold, Louis, Phillippe, Marie, Victor, Duke of Saxony, Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was born in Brussels on 9 April, 1835.
		Leopold II also wanted to turn Brussels into a real capital city: he commissioned the mapping out of broad thoroughfares, and several parks, and the construction of public buildings and monuments such as the Museum at Tervuren and the Arch commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Independence.
		Commenting on his death, a contemporary journalist wrote: “One is inclined to compare Leopold II to Henry the Navigator, Infante of Portugal, who in the 15th century did everything in his power to discover new lands and to insure to his country the glory and profit if their discovery.
	www.angelfire.com /pa/ImperialRussian/royalty/belgium/belgium04.html (2157 words)

	Leopold II of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leopold II (1050 – October 12, 1095) was a Babenberg Margrave of Austria ruling from 1075 onwards.
		He was the son of Ernest the Brave and father of Leopold III.
		Subsequently, he was deposed by the Emperor, who gave the fief to Vratislav II of Bohemia, who defeated Leopold in the Battle of Mailberg.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leopold_II_of_Austria (152 words)

	LEOPOLD II. - LoveToKnow Article on LEOPOLD II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During the last few years of his rule in Tuscany Leopold had begun to be frightened by the increasing disorders in the German and Hungarian dominions of his family, which were the direct result of his brothers headlong methods.
		But it may be said of Leopold, as of Fontenelle, that his heart was made of brains.
		He knew that he must succeed his childless eldest brother in Austria, and he was unwilling to inherit his unpopularity.
	2.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEOPOLD_II_.htm (556 words)

	Joseph II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Joseph’s plan to annex Bavaria to Austria and thus to consolidate his state was frustrated in the War of the Bavarian Succession (1778–79); his project to exchange the Austrian Netherlands for Bavaria was thwarted (1785) by King Frederick II of Prussia, who formed the Fürstenbund [princes’ league] for that purpose.
		Joseph allied himself with Czarina Catherine II of Russia (whom he accompanied incognito on her Crimean journey), hoping to share in the spoils of the Ottoman Empire.
		Judgments on Joseph II vary widely, but it is certain that he left a socially freer state on his death than he had found on his accession.
	www.bartleby.com /65/jo/Joseph2.html (778 words)

	Leopold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Leopold III of Austria (Saint Leopold) -- (1095-1136)
		Leopold the Strong (from the dynasty of the Otakars), Margrave of Styria from 1122 to 1129
		Leopold, Victoria is a suburb of Geelong, Australia.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/Leopold.htm (202 words)

	Leopold II, Holy Roman emperor, king of Bohemia and Hungary. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Having reached an agreement (1790) with Frederick William II of Prussia, who wished to prevent Austrian expansion in the east and was about to side with the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) in its war against Russia and Austria, Leopold abandoned his alliance with the Russian czarina, Catherine II.
		Although he hoped to avoid war with revolutionary France, Leopold instigated (1791) the Declaration of Pillnitz, by which the emperor and the king of Prussia stated that if all other European powers would join them, they were prepared to restore Louis XVI to his lawful powers by force.
		Leopold II is generally considered a ruler of outstanding diplomatic and administrative abilities.
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/Leopo2HRE.html (376 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Joseph II
		Its beginnings can be traced in Austria to the thirteenth century, and it became clearly marked in the sixteenth, especially so far as the administration of church property was concerned.
		It was fostered in the second half of the eighteenth century by the spread of Febronian and Jansenist ideas, based on Gallican principles.
		But though in general the Josephinist system collapsed, its essential principles remain: the efforts for union among all the lands of Austria are one result of the system; another is the attitude of the nineteenth-century State towards the Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/08508b.htm (3148 words)

	[No title]
		Charles VI - Habsburg, Catholic ruler of Austria (and Slovakia) from 1711 to 1740.
		Joseph II (ruled Austria and Slovakia 1780-90), a Habsburg, Catholic emperor, he tried to bring Austria into an era of enlightenment.
		Leopold II (ruled Austria and Slovakia 1790-92), tried to continue the policies of enlightenment of Joseph II.
	members.aol.com /wfrush/namesuc.htm (728 words)

	Leopold II of Austria -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		He was the son of (additional info and facts about Ernest the Brave) Ernest the Brave, father of (additional info and facts about Leopold III) Leopold III.
		Subsequently, he was deposed by the Emperor, who gave the (A piece of land held under the feudal system) fief to (additional info and facts about Vratislav II of Bohemia) Vratislav II of Bohemia, who defeated Leopold in the Battle of Mailberg.
		Ultimately, Leopold managed to retain his position, but he lost some territory in Southern (A region in the central and eastern part of the Czech Republic; it lies east of Bohemia and west of the Carpathians) Moravia.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/le/leopold_ii_of_austria1.htm (145 words)

	AllRefer.com - Leopold II, grand duke of Tuscany (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Leopold II 1797–1870, grand duke of Tuscany (1824–59).
		Refusing the demands of the extremists, however, Leopold left Tuscany in Feb., 1849, and returned several months later in the wake of Austrian troops.
		In 1852 he repealed the constitution, and in 1859 he was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Ferdinand IV, who was deposed in 1860.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Leopo2Tus.html (219 words)

	(Leo VI* - Louis II* ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Leopold II* (Margrave of Austria) (ABT 1055 - ____)
		Leopold III* (Markgraf Of Austria) (ABT 1084 - ____)
		Leopold* (Markgraf Of Austria) (ABT 0940 - ____)
	www.afn.org /~lawson/index/ind0039.html (114 words)

	Goethe
		The Declaration of Pillnitz may have seemed to Leopold a deft and ephemeral diplomatic ploy addressed to his fellow monarchs and their courtiers: on the streets and in the clubs of Paris it continued to reverberate ominously for the rest of the year.
		Austria did not, and was left out, but Prussia consolidated the territorial link between Brandenburg and East Prussia it had acquired in the First Partition of 1772, and above all it gained the long-coveted port of Danzig (Gdansk).
		They were of course overwhelmingly Catholic, and distinctly unsympathetic to the increasingly Enlightened attitudes of their rulers in the second half of the century, when the example of Austria, especially of Joseph II, led many a German Catholic ecclesiastic to dabble in the dangerous game of secularization, rationalization, and independence of Rome.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/b/boyle-goethe2.html (6714 words)

	Clementine: Princess Napoleon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		She was the third daughter, and last child, of King Leopold II and Queen Marie-Henriette.
		After Stephanie's departure to Austria, King Leopold II tied to sweeten the life of his young daughter, while also keeping her away from Queen Marie-Henriette.
		She once again asked her father for his permission to marry Prince Victor, but the answer was an emphatically royal no. Clementine again asked Leopold II claiming that this was her last chance at marital happiness, yet the King continued to hold his ground and even threatened Clementine with disinheritance.
	www.eurohistory.com /clementine.html (960 words)

	FRANCIS I. OF THE TWO SICILIES - LoveToKnow Article on FRANCIS I. OF THE TWO SICILIES
		He married Clementina, daughter of the emperor Leopold II.
		of Austria, in 1796, and at her death IsabelIa~ daughter of Charles IV.
		After the Bourbon family fled from Naples to Sicily in 1806, and Lord William Bentinck, the British resident, had established a constitution and deprived Ferdinand IV.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /F/FR/FRANCIS_I_OF_THE_TWO_SICILIES.htm (270 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Leopold III
		At age 23 he succeeded his father as margrave (military governor) of Austria.
		Father of Otto of Freising, who wrote Leopold's biography, and of Duke Henry II of Austria, and step-father to King Conrad III of Germany.
		Refused the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1125.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintl20.htm (150 words)

	Melk Abbey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		On March 21, 1089 Babenberg Margrave Leopold II of Austria (1075-1095) made over the church and the castle on the cliff site of Melk to the Benedictine abbot Sigibold and his monks.
		The Reformation in the early sixteenth century made rapid headway in Austria, and monastic recruitment dropped so alarmingly that by 1566 Melk Abbey housed only three monks, three priests and two lay brothers - and their level of education left much to be desired.
		It may not be Austria's largest abbey library, but with its inlaid shelving, its matching book spines and its Paul Troger ceiling fresco it must be one of the most beautiful.
	www.italkey.it /MONASTERI/melk.html (1891 words)

	The Radical Revolution
		In August of 1791, Austria and Prussia declared that order, the rights of the monarch, and the privileges of the aristocracy should be restored in France.
		Anxious to secure their political position, they rose with the popular tide and declared Austria's and Prussia's declaration to be a threat to national security and declared war on April 20, 1792.
		The Austrians were motivated in part by Marie Antoinette; the Emperor of Austria, Leopold II, was her brother.
	www.wsu.edu:8000 /~dee/REV/RADICAL.HTM (3223 words)

	Samuel Arnold (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It is almost certain that it was during this visit to the Medici court in Florence that Cimarosa composed the bulk of his keyboard sonatas.
		Passing on his way home to Naples through Vienna, Cimarosa learned that his friend and patron Leopold, the former Grand Duke of Tuscany, was now Emperor Leopold II of Austria.
		Unfortunately Leopold II died less than a month after he had commanded Cimarosa to repeat the entire opera as an encore following its second performance.
	www.artaria.com /Composer/FullBios/Cimarosa_Full.htm (1627 words)

	Winch Genealogical Database Descendency Chart (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		13 Jul 1142 + Borivoj II, Duke Of Bohemia 2 Princess Of Austria Ida b.
		14 Jun + Dietrich II Count Of Formbach 2 Princess Of Austria Elisabeth b.
		21 Sep 1154 + Raimond II Berenger, Count Of Provence + Raimond V, Count Of Toulouse 3 Heinrich II, Duke Of Austria b.
	www.rootsweb.com /~gumby/cgi-bin/igmdesc.cgi/n=Winch?I13467 (484 words)

	Kings of East Franks
		Leopold III "The Saint", 1106 in Germany, d.
		Father: Louis II "the German", King of East Franks, b.
		Louis II "the German", King of East Franks, b.
	www.geocities.com /missourimule_2000/kingsofeastfranks.html (674 words)

	Austria-Germany
		Maria (Helena) Princess of Hungary Leopold II Margrave of Austria
		Dedi II Margrave of the Ostmark Adeladja "The White"
		Adelheid Princess of the Ostmark Princess of Poland Leopold III "The Saint" Oda Princess of Lausatia Mrs Ziemomysl Prince of Poland----------------->
	www3.telus.net /hallshome/royalty/royaltyausgr.htm (378 words)

	[No title]
		The princes and statesmen who carried out this policy, Choiseul in France, Pombal in Portugal, Florida Blanca in Spain, and Joseph II and Leopold II in Austria, were themselves the disciples of the philosophers, and in some cases were animated by the same spirit that inspired Voltaire's campaign against Christianity.
		It was, however, not their intention to destroy the Church, but rather to make it a part of the machinery of the new bureaucratic state -- and to limit its functions to that of an educational institution whose business it was to make men useful and obedient citizens.
		And while in Austria the Church was thus reformed by an enlightened despotism inspired by the rational and progressive ideas of eighteenth-century Freemasonry, in the rest of Germany every kind of abuse continued to reign.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/RELROM.TXT (3056 words)

	Leopold II on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		1747-92, Holy Roman emperor (1790-92), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1790-92), as Leopold I grand duke of Tuscany (1765-90), third son of Maria Theresa.
		F former German U-boat commander Gunter Leopold and his wife Katinka.
		Leopold wrote a letter to George Hoffman's widow explaining how Hoffmann saved his life and protected him as a POW after Leopold's
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/L/Leopo2H1R1E1.asp (712 words)

	The Mozart Project: Biography
		Joseph II constitutes Austrian Netherlands as a province of the Austrian monarchy, provoking riots in Louvain and Brussels.
		Joseph II and Catherine II form a defensive alliance.
		Prussia and Austria guarantee a free constitution for Poland.
	www.mozartproject.org /biography/ch_86_91.html (1806 words)

	KDHX Theatre Review - The Secret Marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In his time – the late 18th century – he was widely admired as a master of comic opera.
		Emperor Leopold II of Austria hired him as court composer, finding him much more worthy than his uncouth contemporary, Wolfgang Mozart.
		Cimarosa’s first opera for the Emperor, The Secret Marriage, was such a hit that Leopold offered dinner to all the singers and then had them repeat the entire show for him in a private performance.
	www.kdhx.org /reviews/secret_marriage.html (523 words)

	Leopold III, margrave of Austria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		or Saint Leopold, c.1073–1136, margrave of Austria (1095–1136).
		By his marriage (1106) with Agnes, widow of Duke Frederick I of Swabia (see Hohenstaufen), he became the stepfather of German King Conrad III and the father of Otto of Freising and of Duke Henry II of Austria (see Babenberg).
		The founder of numerous monasteries (of which Heiligenkreuz, Klosterneuburg, and Mariazell still exist), Leopold was canonized in 1485 and is the patron saint of Austria.
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/Leopo3Aus.html (151 words)

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