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Topic: Leopold II of Belgium

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King Leopold II of Belgium

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Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium

Belgian Congo

	Congo Free State - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Leopold II began laying the diplomatic, military, and economic groundwork for his control of the Congo in 1877, and ruled it outright from early 1885 until its annexation by Belgium in 1908.
		Under Leopold II's administration, the Congo Free State was subject to a terror regime, including atrocities such as mass killings and maimings which were used to subjugate the indigenous tribes of the Congo region and to procure slave labour.
		By 1908 public pressure and diplomatic manoeuvres led to the end of Leopold II's rule, and to the annexation of the Congo as a colony of Belgium, known as the Belgian Congo.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Congo_Free_State (3225 words)

	Leopold II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		The scramble for Africa began in the mid-1870's with the purpose to colonize the "Dark Continent".
		In 1876 Leopold II employed Stanley to acquire as much land in the Congo Basin as he possibly could.
		In 1908 Belgium took the lands for itself as the Belgian Congo.
	www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us /~bsilva/projects/scramble/leopold.htm (411 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Leopold II of Belgium
		Outside of Belgium, he is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private project undertaken by the King to extract rubber and ivory, which relied on slavery and was responsible for the deaths of millions of Africans.
		Leopold II is still a controversial figure in the Democratic Republic of Congo; in 2005 his statue was taken down just hours after it was re-erected in the capital, Kinshasa.
		Leopold II is perceived by many Belgians as the "King-Builder" ("le Roi-Bâtisseur" in French, "Koning-Bouwer" in Dutch) because he commissioned a great number of buildings and urbanistic projects in Belgium (mainly in Brussels, Ostend and Antwerp).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Leopold-II-of-Belgium (4419 words)

	Leopold I (of Belgium) - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Leopold I (of Belgium) (1790-1865), king of the Belgians (1831-1865).
		Leopold II (of Belgium) (1835-1909), king of the Belgians (1865-1909).
		Leopold III (1901-1983), king of the Belgians (1934-1951), son of King Albert I, and great-nephew of Leopold II, born November 3, 1901, in Brussels....
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Leopold_I_(of_Belgium).html (183 words)

	Biography - Leopold Ii Of Belgium
		Outside of Belgium, however, he is chiefly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a secret private enterprise scheme to extract rubber and ivory which was responsible for the death of an estimated 5-21 million Africans.
		Leopold was born in Brussels to Leopold I and Princesse Louise-Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle dOrléans.
		Leopold Ferdinand Elie Victor Albert Marie, Count of Hainaut (as eldest son of the heir apparent), Duke of Brabant (as heir apparent), born at Laeken on June 12, 1859 and died at Laeken on January 22, 1869 from pneumonia, after falling into a pond.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Abell9583/leopold-ii-of-belgium-biography.html (508 words)

	Leopold II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		LEOPOLD II [Leopold II] 1747-92, Holy Roman emperor (1790-92), king of Bohemia and Hungary (1790-92), as Leopold I grand duke of Tuscany (1765-90), third son of Maria Theresa.
		Although he hoped to avoid war with revolutionary France, Leopold instigated (1791) the Declaration of Pillnitz, by which the emperor and the king of Prussia stated that if all other European powers would join them, they were prepared to restore Louis XVI to his lawful powers by force.
		Leopold II is generally considered a ruler of outstanding diplomatic and administrative abilities.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-leopo2h1r1e1.html (466 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium - Picture - MSN Encarta
		Leopold II succeeded his father as king of Belgium in 1865.
		In 1876 he established a private company for the exploration and colonization of the Congo River in Africa.
		The cruelty and exploitation that the region suffered under Leopold’s rule caused international outrage, and the Congo was formally annexed by the Belgian government in 1908.
	encarta.msn.com /media_121634053/Leopold_II_of_Belgium.html (85 words)

	Leopold II - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		LEOPOLD II [Leopold II] 1835-1909, king of the Belgians (1865-1909), son and successor of Leopold I.
		Leopold's private life was as scandalous and dissolute as his public conduct.
		The Ghost of Leopold II: The Belgian Royal Museum of Central Africa and its dusty colonialist exhibition.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-leopo2b1el.html (339 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty--Belgium: Leopold II
		Leopold II (1835-1909) was considered by many to have been the most monstrous European monarch of the 19th century because of his bloody reign in the Congo.
		Leopold II did continued to exploit the Congo's resources weith a brutality that is difficult to fully understand.
		Leopold II was the son of Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg who was born in 1790.
	histclo.com /royal/bel/royal-bell2.htm (2096 words)

	Untitled Document
		Leopold’s intention at that time was somehow to find a way for Belgium to take control of the AIA but it rapidly became obvious to him that Belgium was unfit to receive his creation.
		Leopold rushed around negotiating numerous bilateral agreements but had surprisingly little trouble in acquiring the million or so square miles of central Africa which he sought as well as the port of Matadi and the land on which to build his railway past the rapids.
		Leopold realised that he was beaten in terms of actual ‘ownership’ of the Congo but he still had more than half a pack of cards to play in concealing the multiplicity of companies in which he had shares or owned outright.
	www.bouncing-balls.com /timeline/people/nr_leopoldmorel.htm (7797 words)

	King Leopold I of Belgium - Timeline Index
		Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, was the first king of Belgium, or more correct of the Belgians, according to the constitution of that country, since July 21, 1831.
		With the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482 a period of foreign domination began by the Netherlands, Austria and Spain, for the period from 1477 to 1794.
		Leopold Louis-Philippe Marie Victor of Saxe-Coburg, succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 as Leopold II, King of the Belgians and rema...
	www.timelineindex.com /content/view/1604 (237 words)

	Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa: A review of King Leopold's Ghost
		Adam Hochschild's study of King Leopold II of Belgium's creation of the Congo Free State goes to the essence of the economic and political systems established in colonial Africa.
		Leopold developed a military dictatorship over a country 76 times the size of Belgium, with only a small number of white officials.
		Leopold attempted to destroy the evidence: for eight days in 1908 furnaces in Leopold's Brussels headquarters were at full blast, as Congo State archives were tuned to ash.
	www.wsws.org /articles/1999/sep1999/king-s06.shtml (2322 words)

	Mass crimes against humanity and genocidein the Congo Free State
		Under Léopold II's administration, the Congo Free State was subject to a terror regime, including atrocities such as mass killings and maimings which were used to subjugate the indigenous tribes of the Congo region and to procure slave labor.
		For two years Belgium debated the question and held fresh elections on the issue; meanwhile Léopold opportunistically enlarged the Domaine de la Couronne so as to milk the last possible ounce of personal profit while he could.
		In Belgium: Léopold II is perceived by many Belgians as the "King-Builder" ("le Roi-Bâtisseur" in French, "Koning-Bouwer" in Dutch) because he commissioned a great number of buildings and urban projects in Antwerp, Brussels, Ostend and elsewhere in Belgium.
	www.religioustolerance.org /genocong.htm (2482 words)

	Josiah Ramsay Johnston » King Leopold and the Congo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-11)
		Leopold invited Stanley to Belgium and persuaded the now famous explorer to return to the Congo acting as the king’s personal agent.
		Leopold and the concessions gave bonuses to their agents for paying native workers little for the ivory and rubber.
		Leopold’s agents held the wives and children of these men as hostages until they returned with their quota of rubber.
	friends-world.org /ramsay/?page_id=126 (1854 words)

	Belgium exhumes its colonial demons
		More than a century after King Leopold II of Belgium claimed Congo as his personal colony, an unprecedented investigation into Belgium's murky colonial past and long-ignored allegations of genocide is to be held.
		When it was published in Belgium in 1999 it outraged the country's historians but failed to bring about a genuine period of reflection.
		An imposing palace near Brussels built by Leopold with money he made in Congo to showcase a place he never visited, it is crammed with millions of objects brought back in dubious circumstances.
	www.west.asu.edu /koptiuch/ASB311_web/BelgiumExhumesDemons.html (825 words)

	King Léopold II of Belgium killer file
		As the influence of the Europeans steadily moves inland, the Congo River basin is raised in the imagination of the West, with the exploits of 19th Century explorers such as David Livingstone receiving wide publicity.
		Among the Congolese the CFS comes to be known as 'Bula Matadi' ('He who breaks rocks' in the language of the Kongo people), a reference to the brutality of Léopold' regime.
		The Belgium Parliament will hold no formal commission of inquiry into the human rights abuses that occurred in the CFS, and no officials will be held to account.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/leopold.html (4506 words)

	Bruce Bueno de Mesquita on the logic of political survival and the two faces of King Leopold II of Belgium \| ...
		King Leopold II of Belgium is a particularly revealing example.
		In Africa, King Leopold was a classic African despot, plundering his territory shamelessly for personal gain, murdering millions, and suitably rewarding the unsavory and relatively small gang of thugs and thieves who ran this ghastly system.
		Leopold II, pursuer of ultimate and permanent power whenever and wherever he could find it, was able to let rip in Africa, but not in Belgium.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/2006/08/bruce_bueno_de.html (1813 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium
		King Leopold II Leopold II, King of the Belgians ('''''Louis Philippe Marie Victor''''') (April 9, 1835 - December 17, 1909), succeeded his father, Leopold I of Belgium, to the Belgian throne in 1865 and remained king until his death.
		Reports of outrageous exploitation and widespread human rights abuses (including enslavement and mutilation) of the native population, especially as it applied to the rubber industry, led to an international protest movement in the early 1900s.
		(Belgien) fr:Léopold II de Belgique nl:Leopold II van België no:Leopold II av Belgia sv:Leopold II av Belgien Category:Belgian monarchs Leopold II of Belgium Leopold II of Belgium Category:Dukes of Brabant Category:Knights of the Garter Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
	leopold-ii-of-belgium.kiwiki.homeip.net (1333 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium, 20/07/05, The Militant Wing of Pacifism
		Leopold II of Belgium, 20/07/05, The Militant Wing of Pacifism
		Leopold was far worse even than Bush, to have killed so many 10s of millions.
		Belgium should become a republic, to atone for a man who killed more than Stalin, and Lenin, and Pol Pot put together.
	blogs.warwick.ac.uk /fangz/entry/leopold_ii_of (1121 words)

	Buy Belgian 20 franc Leopold Gold Coins - images
		Leopold II ruled Belgium from 1869 until his death in 1909.
		Leopold believed that establishing overseas colonies was the key to a country's success, and he worked tirelessly to acquire colonial territory on the behalf of Belgium.
		In 1879, Leopold hired the famous explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish a colony in the Congo region of Africa.
	www.usagold.com /gold/coins/BelgLeo.html (290 words)

	Talk:Leopold II of Belgium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Like all colonial powers at the time, the fortunes of Belgium and its king, Leopold II, and those of the multinational concessionary companies under his auspices, were mainly made on the proceeds of Congolese rubber, which had historically never been mass-produced in surplus quantities.
		While King Leopold II was the defacto sovereign of the Belgian controlled Congo Free State, between 1880 and 1920 the population of Congo nearly halved.
		Leopold's actual achievements in Congo is not to be found in their collective memory anyway.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Leopold_II_of_Belgium (4037 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Africa \| King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence
		Of the Europeans who scrambled for control of Africa at the end of the 19th century, Belgium's King Leopold II left arguably the largest and most horrid legacy of all.
		He has an actor play the bearded, heavily-set Leopold, fidgeting nervously as damning testimonies are read out, compiled by the foreign correspondents of the day, the missionaries.
		The campaign to reveal the truth behind Leopold's "secret society of murderers," led by diplomat Roger Casement, and a former shipping clerk ED Morel, became the first mass human rights movement.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/africa/3516965.stm (740 words)

	King Leopold's Ghost - Adam Hochschild
		King Leopold's Ghost tells the story of King Leopold II of Belgium and his (mis)rule of a colony that he essentially owned, known variously as the Congo, the Belgian Congo, and Zaire.
		King Leopold II, who never set foot in his fiefdom, managed (with the help of many willing underlings) to ruin a country.
		Even Hochschild acknowledges that he knew little about Leopold's misrule (and the campaign against it), and near the end of the book he describes a Belgian diplomat who was also unfamiliar with these events.
	www.complete-review.com /reviews/hochscha/kingleo.htm (902 words)

	Leopold II of Belgium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Estimates of the death toll range from 5 to 15 million (for further detail, see Congo Free State ([1]) and many historians consider the atrocities to have constituted a genocide.
		But just hours after the six-metre (20 foot) statue was erected in the middle of a roundabout near Kinshasa's central station, it was taken down again, without explanation.
		Another example is to be found on the sea walk of Blankenberge, a popular coastal resort, where a monument shows a colonialist with a fl child at his feet (supposedly bringing "civilisation") without any comment, further illustrating this "Great Forgetting".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium (1498 words)

	Reader's Guide for King Leopold's Ghost published by Houghton Mifflin Company
		Adam Hochschild’s awardwinning, hearthaunting account of the brutal plunder of the Congo by Leopold II of Belgium presents a megalomaniac of monstrous proportions, a royal figure as cunning, charming, and cruel as any of Shakespeare’s great villains.
		It is also the deeply moving portrait of those who fought Leopold: a brave, committed handful of idealists, missionaries, travelers, diplomats, and African villagers who found themselves witnesses to and, in too many instances, victims of a holocaust.
		The death toll in King Leopold’s Congo was on a scale comparable to the Holocaust and Stalin’s purges.
	www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com /readers_guides/hochschild_king_leo.shtml (5691 words)

	Belgian Gold Coins of Leopold II
		Leopold II of Belgium reigned from 1865 to 1909.
		Interestingly on the last issue, 1865, of Leopold I, the engraver managed to mis-spell his own name as L. Winner instead of L. Wiener, perhaps this is why it was decided that he would shorten this to his initial only.
		The first type was issued from 1867 to 1870 inclusive, and the second type from 1870 to 1882 inclusive.
	www.taxfreegold.co.uk /belgium1865to1909leopoldii.html (474 words)

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