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Topic: Lepidopteran diversity

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Charles Saatchi

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Butterflies and Moths
		Lepidopterans that pass the winter in cold regions enter a state of reduced metabolism called diapause, in which their body systems all but close down.
		Many lepidopteran pests are species that have been introduced to a new area by humans and grow into large populations because they lack natural enemies in their new home.
		Lepidopteran eggs and caterpillars can often be found on the food plants eaten by each species—for example, red admiral caterpillars are found on nettles and fl swallowtails on fennel.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761578331__1/Butterflies_and_Moths.html (5465 words)

	EstimateS: Biodiversity Estimation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Diversity of mammals in the tropical-temperate Neotropics: hotspots on a regional scale.
		Sorensen, L. Composition and diversity of the spider fauna in the canopy of a montane forest in Tanzania.
		Diversity of coleoptera of the bracket fungus Fomitopsis pinicola in a Norwegian spruce forest.
	viceroy.eeb.uconn.edu /EstimateS7Pages/PubsThatCiteEstS.htm (4335 words)

	A Survey of Lepidopterans at the University of the Philippines — Diliman Campus
		The distinguishing characteristics often used in lepidopteran classification are the venation and shape of the wings (see picture).
		Lepidopterans develop through a four-stage metamorphosis: embryonic (egg), the nutritive stage (larva), the transition stage (pupa or chrysalis), and the reproductive and dispersive stage (adult or imago) (see picture).
		Lepidopteran migration also signals the arrival of their traditional predators and an impending scarcity on food supplies.
	uplepidoptera.tripod.com /rrl.html (894 words)

	ESA 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The necessity to understand the dynamics of lepidopteran defoliators and their naturally occurring parasitoids in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica is essential to a more complete understanding of banana agroecosystem function in the neotropics.
		To gauge parasitism and its relationship to chemical inputs three previous outbreak species of lepidopteran were collected from 6 banana plantations under different pesticide regimes (3 high-input and 3 low-input).
		Percent parasitism as well as hymenopteran and dipteran parasitoid diversity differed significantly according to the pesticide input-level of the farms.
	abstracts.co.allenpress.com /pweb/esa2002/document?ID=6419 (159 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		Lepidopteran chromosomes are holocentric, with many microtubule attachment points, in contrast to those of most Metazoa, which are monocentric.
		Diversity of trypsin genes in the Mediterranean Corn Borer Sesamia nonagrioides
		Diversity and divergence of different elements implicated in odor detection (elements described here in addition to odorant binding proteins), could have combinatory roles and thus participate to the specificity of odor recognition.
	www.insectscience.org /3.36 (12518 words)

	Revista de Biología Tropical-International Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Recently, many ecologists have embraced a view that patterns of diversity are caused by a variety of ecological and evolutionary processes, historical events, and geographical circumstances (Schluter and Ricklefs 1993).
		Our main goal was to estimate the abundance and richness of lepidopteran larvae within each plant species and to relate them to the morphological traits and abundance of the plants.
		The richness of Byrsonima's lepidopteran fauna was similar for the three plant species despite their regional and local abundance.
	rbt.ots.ac.cr /revistas/47-4/andrader.htm (2182 words)

	MSN Encarta - Butterflies and Moths
		Lepidopterans probably arose between 200 million and 300 million years ago from insects similar to present-day caddisflies, night-flying insects that live near water.
		More than 6,000 species of butterflies make their home in Peru, a largely tropical nation in South America with a variety of habitats from rain forest to mountain summits, while only 6 types of butterflies live in Greenland’s high arctic environment.
		The egg hatches into a larva called a caterpillar, which has a cylindrical body and mouthparts designed for chewing.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761578331/Butterflies_and_Moths.html (2410 words)

	Biotech Basics - USDA Environmental Assessment of Bollgard® Cotton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lepidopteran insect resistant cotton lines are defined as those cotton lines that express cryIA(c) gene coding for cryIA(c) toxin protein from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var.
		For example, it may be possible to control resistant lepidopteran insect populations by the use of alternative cultural control practices and alternate insecticides, particularly those to which lepidopteran insects have not yet been exposed.
		Should resistant lepidopteran insect populations evolve, it may be possible to limit the persistence and spread of resistant populations.
	www.biotechknowledge.com /biotech/bbasics.nsf/product_information_bollgard_cotton_env.html?OpenPage (5850 words)

	Khao Chong Insect Ecology Research
		Although several hypotheses for the generation and maintenance of tropical diversity predict that herbivores and pathogens will disproportionately attack aggregated or common tree species/taxa, few studies have examined patterns of herbivory in relation to the spatial distribution of trees in a mature forest [12-14].
		Lepidopteran larvae, pupae, and adults are photographed at every stage, and a database comprising these photographs and all records of plant-caterpillar-parasitoid associations will be made available on this website to provide almost immediate access to the widest possible audience.
		Lepidopteran herbivores are the most abundant herbivores in tropical plant communities [3], and are therefore likely to be a crucial biotic factor affecting tree dynamics in tropical ecosystems.
	www.oeb.harvard.edu /faculty/pierce/rainforest/research.html (1957 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lepidopteran diversity
		Author: Boisduval, 1828 Type species: Sesia apiformis (Hornet moth) Diversity: 123 genera 1,123 species Subfamilies Sesiinae Tinthiinae Genera Sesia Synanthedon and many others The Sesiidae or Clearwing moths are a family of the Lepidoptera in which the wings have hardly any of the normal lepidopteran scales, leaving them transparent.
		Author: Leach, 1815 Type species: Alucita hexadactyla Diversity: 9 genera 130 species Genera Alinguata Alucita Hebdomactis Hexeretmis Microschismus Paelia Prymnotomis Pterotopteryx Triscaedecia The Alucitidae or many-plumed moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings.
		Author: Zeller, 1841 Type species: Pterophorus pentadactyla Diversity: 73 genera 986 species Subfamilies Agdistinae Deuterocopinae Macropiratinae Ochyroticinae Pterophorinae Genera Pterophorus and some 90 others The Pterophoridae or plume-moths are a family of Lepidoptera with unusually modified wings.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lepidopteran-diversity (1002 words)

	Great Lakes Ecosystem: 1993 Midwest Oak Savanna Conferences [Shuey]
		The Karner Blue and other lepidopteran species are rapidly becoming symbols for restoring and conserving the savanna ecosystems which occur on well drained sands in the Great Lakes Region and New England.
		The maintenance of this ecosystem is vital for the preservation of lepidopteran biodiversity as well as for other lesser known plants and animals in Ohio.
		The decline of oak barrens/savanna lepidopteran communities can be attributed to several factors, but habitat loss, the disruption of ecosystem level processes and patch dynamics, as well as the collapse of metapopulation dynamics of many species are the primary contributors.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/ecopage/upland/oak/oak93/shuey.htm (3529 words)

	SMALL GROUP FIELD PROJECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Species richness is a component measure of species diversity and a function of the number of species found in any defined geographic area.
		Species diversity is a function of both the number of species in an area and also the number of individuals sighted within each species.
		Coffee is not pollinated by birds or lepidopterans, but primarily self pollinated (94%) and the remaining by wind and hymenopterans, and coffee fruit is not a preferred food for either taxa.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/esi/2000/cr2000/Group_3/Research_Projects/Birds.htm (1004 words)

	Great Lakes Ecosystem: 1994 Proceedings of the Midwest Oak Savanna Conferences [Shuey]
		The Karner Blue and other lepidopteran species are rapidly becoming popular symbols for restoring and conserving the savanna ecosystems which occur on well drained sand deposits.
		The maintenance of this ecosystem is obviously vital for the preservation of lepidopteran biodiversity as well as for other lesser known plants and animals.
		The decline of oak barrens/savanna lepidopteran communities can be attributed to several factors, but habitat loss, the disruption of ecosystem level processes and patch dynamics, and the collapse of metapopulation dynamics of many species are generally the primary contributors.
	www.epa.gov /glnpo/ecopage/upland/oak/oak94/Proceedings/Shuey.html (1877 words)

	Summary BiolJLinnSoc88 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The diversity, composition and abundance of pollinators varied markedly between years.
		Lepidopteran taxa prevailed numerically in one year, hymenopterans in four years, and both groups had similar abundance in the remaining year.
		Hymenopterans dominated numerically at the water-distant sites, whereas lepidopterans prevailed in populations growing in the vicinity of streams.
	ebd06.ebd.csic.es /Resumenes/BiolJLinnSoc88.html (273 words)

	[No title]
		Spatial patterns of lepidopteran biodiversity in eastern deciduous forests and implications for conservation.
		The diversity of moths in Tallgrass prairies of Iowa: a preliminary assessment.
		The effects of habitat edge on the diversity of beetles (Coleoptera) and moths (Lepidoptera) in a beech-maple forest in southwest Ohio.
	www.drake.edu /artsci/ENV/keith/KS_CV.doc (1837 words)

	NRDC: End of the Road - Chapter 3
		Key Finding: Old-growth and roadless areas, with their greater diversity of composition, structure, and predators, are predicted to be less vulnerable to pest outbreaks than forests simplified through management.
		They state that pest success increases with forest simplification as the diversity of habitats decreases, resulting in declines of important pest predators, such as spiders and birds.
		Arthropod species diversity and functional diversity were much higher in canopies of old-growth trees compared to young trees.
	www.nrdc.org /land/forests/roads/chap3.asp (2125 words)

	News and Notes
		Staphylinid beetle diversity in mature and regenerating coniferous forests in Alberta.
		Diversity of arthropods associated with nests of passerine birds.
		Chloropidae (Diptera) of the Yukon: unknown diversity and unresolved patterns.
	www.biology.ualberta.ca /bsc/news18_1/news.htm (617 words)

	International Lepidopteran Genome Project
		We encourage the pursuit of diverse genomic projects on lepidopteran species, and the definition of a set of common goals for the scientific community.
		Although lepidopteran pests of agriculture, forestry and food storage are found in diverse families (Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Arctiidae, Sphingidae, Tortricidae, Lymantridae, Yponomeutidae) they all belong to the same suborder, Ditrysia, and are not very divergent phylogenetically.
		Several of the most important lepidopteran pests are particularly troublesome because of their ability to adapt rapidly to insecticides by evolving resistance.
	papilio.ab.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp /lep-genome/new_lepgenome.htm (3542 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In field tests conducted from 1995 to 1996 in 17 States and territories of the United States, no differences were observed between CBH-351 corn and the nontransgenic counterpart or a non-transgenic standard line for several plant traits or performance measures which might increase the plant's ability to compete or persist as a weed.
		The introduced genetic constructs and new traits, lepidopteran insect resistance and tolerance to glufosinate herbicides, are not expected to cause CBH-351 corn to become a weed.
		APHIS concludes that, with the exception of resistance to certain lepidopteran insects and tolerance to GA herbicides, CBH-351 corn has agronomic traits similar to those of traditionally bred corn, and it does not exhibit traits that would cause increased weediness.
	www.nbiap.vt.edu /biomon/petea/9726501p.eaa (5625 words)

	Modified Bacillus thuringiensis gene for lepidopteran control in plants - US Patent 6166302 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It is thought to be beneficial to introduce some diversity in codon composition by using second (or third) choice codons, as long as the natural usage of the codon in maize genes seems to accommodate the choice.
		To demonstrate that a functional protein of correct size, antigenicity, and toxicity to Lepidopteran insects was encoded by the synthesized nucleotide sequence, expression studies were carried out in E. coli prior to the initiation of plant transformation experiments.
		Upon ingestion by Lepidopteran insects, the protoxin is solubilized and activated by proteolytic cleavage.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6166302.html (14674 words)

	[No title]
		The tremendous species diversity in the Hymenoptera and Diptera, the small number of researchers, and the relatively limited extent of contemporary studies hamper the ability to classify taxa as rare, endemic and relict.
		The territories with the greatest faunistic diversity are found in this valley: the Kresna defile gorge, the Sandanski-Petrich valley, and the Kozhuch volcanic hill.
		There are several other regions with extremely interesting communities: lakes (wherein the high degree of faunal diversity is due to the ecotone effect), the Dobrudzha Black Sea coast between the towns of Balchik and Shabla (steppe and Mediterranean communities), and the southern Black Sea coast between the towns of Achtopol and Rezovo.
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/publications/europe/bulgaria/bulgaria7.html (5594 words)

	Biological Sciences Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In addition to being among the most beautiful members of the ecosystem, these insects are important pollinators and food sources for predators, and because of their great diversity and ecological specialization they are key indicators of environmental health.
		The Goldsmith lab is primarily involved in constructing molecular linkage maps for the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, the major laboratory model for lepidopteran genetics and genomics.
		Chromosomal FISH, while not yet routine in lepidopteran species, is a potentially powerful tool for integrating genetic and physical maps, making possible map-based (positional) cloning of genes, and for studying the comparative evolution of genome structure and organization in lepidopteran species where genetic studies are not practical.
	www.uri.edu /artsci/bio/bio_goldsmith.html (653 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Genome of Culex Nigripalpus Baculovirus
		This is the first complete genome sequence and analysis of a baculovirus infecting mosquitoes and provides novel information on genome composition, basic replicative functions and host range functions which may lead to the development of novel mosquito control strategies.
		The Baculoviridae is a large and diverse family of occluded viruses with double stranded DNA genomes that are pathogenic for insects particularly of the lepidopteran, hymenopteran and dipteran orders.
		Because a number of dipteran (mosquito) species are important vectors for variety of human and veterinary diseases, extensive investigations to identify pathogens of these insects have been undertaken and in the last 20 years NPVs were isolated from at least ten mosquito species of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Psorophora, Uranotenia and Wyeomia.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=123395 (530 words)

	University of Arkansas Arthropod Museum
		For many of these children, UAAM will be their only local exposure to insect diversity and taxonomic research.
		The musuem, located in the Ozark Plateau within a short distance of the Ouachita Highlands, is (with one possible exception of the University of Missouri - Columbia collection - see link) the largest existing collection of the insect faunas of these two unique areas.
		Several projects by museum students and staff have been focusing on parasitiod wasp and host lepidopteran faunas in the Ozarks, Ouachitas and in Mississippi bottom land forests.
	www.uark.edu /depts/entomolo/museum/overview.html (299 words)

	Internet programs for drawing moth pheromone analogs and searching literature database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Various evolutionary and biosynthetic aspects are discussed in regard to the diversity of moth sex pheromone components.
		Due to this large interest in lepidopteran pheromones, it was desirable to make a web page that draws and names most moth pheromone components and analogs by simply selecting checkboxes or buttons controlled by JavaScript code.
		The final objective was to discuss the diversity of double bond positions of moth sex pheromone components (Pherolist) and analogs (program drawn) in regard to evolutionary and biosynthetic aspects.
	www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov /cec/papers/jce02.htm (3746 words)

	Searching Dataset GLOBAL
		Species composition, similarity and diversity in three successional stages of a seasonally dry tropical forest.
		Diversity and movement patterns of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in a heterogeneous tropical landscape: implications for redressing the integrated pest management paradigm.
		The effect of forest fragmentation on genetic diversity, mating systems and effective population sizes of forest trees in Guanacaste, Costa Rica.
	www.ots.ac.cr /rdmcnfs/datasets/exsrch.phtml?ds=global&qbe=4783 (3586 words)

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