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Topic: Leptin

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	Genomics\|HuGENet\|Reviews\|Leptin and obesity\|PubMed ID: 15972940
		Leptin is an important regulator of the mass of adipose tissue and of body weight; it operates by inhibiting food intake and stimulating energy expenditure.
		Leptin is also known to play a role in different parts of the body, such as the male and female reproductive organs, the mammary gland, bone mineral density, the immune system, the gut, the kidney, and the lung (1).
		The inability of such elevated leptin levels to alter the obese state of these persons may be related to "leptin resistance," an inability of leptin to enter the cerebral spinal fluid to reach the hypothalamus regions that regulate appetite, or it may simply reflect the large amount of fat tissue in these persons (4).
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/reviews/leptin.htm (4811 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Polarized Light Gallery - Leptin
		A protein hormone, leptin is manufactured in adipose tissue (fat cells) and acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain.
		The level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body and leptin helps maintain the homeostatic control of food intake.
		Leptin also acts directly on the cells of the liver and skeletal muscle by stimulating the oxidation of fatty acids found in the mitochondria.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/polarized/leptin.html (378 words)

	Leptin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The effects of leptin were observed by studying mutant obese mice that arose at random within a mouse colony at the Jackson Laboratory in 1950.
		Leptin itself was discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and team at the Rockefeller University through the study of those mutant mice.
		It is unknown whether leptin must cross the blood-brain barrier to access receptor neurons, because the blood-brain barrier is somewhat absent in the area of the median eminence, close to where the NPY neurons of the arcuate nucleus are.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leptin (1144 words)

	MORE NEWS ON LEPTIN
		In humans, the amount of leptin in blood highly correlated to a person's percent of body fat and his or her body mass index.
		Leptin levels in fatty (fa) mutant rats were 50 times greater than that of non-mutant litter mates.
		In db mice, leptin levels did not drop after 15 days of restricted food, but after 28 days of dieting, the mice had no detectable levels of leptin in their blood, and tests revealed reduced ob gene activity.
	www.accessexcellence.org /WN/SUA06/morefat.html (851 words)

	Leptin
		If leptin levels were responsible for feeding patterns and metabolic rates, then one might assume that the logical conclusion would be that overweight individuals have low or absent levels of leptin.
		A mutant form of leptin, called R128Q, has been identified, and although able to dock with the leptin receptor in the brain, for some unknown reason it fails to initiate the normal response that leptin provokes.
		Leptin’s duration of action should also ideally also be lengthened and the search for long-lasting or slow-releasing leptin has begun.
	www.mnilifestyle.co.za /Leptin.htm (755 words)

	Leptin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin was originally considered to act as a satiety factor in a feedback loop that putatively affects the appetite and satiety centers of the brain [36].
		Leptin conveys information about the body's fat reserves and energy state to the hypothalamus, the key regulatory centres in the brain, and this leads to altered food intake and energy expenditure to maintain a constant body weight [26].
		The leptin receptor is a membrane protein of about 1200 amino acids with at least five isoforms resembling a cytokine receptor [40].
	home.comcast.net /~bkrentzman/obesity/leptin.html (911 words)

	Leptin (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin is expressed predominantly by adipocytes, which fits with the idea that body weight is sensed as the total mass of fat in the body.
		Leptin receptors are highly expressed in areas of the hypothalamus known to be important in regulating body weight, as well as in T lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells.
		Genetically obese mice with inactivating mutations in the ob gene or the gene encoding the leptin receptor (db gene) have been known for many years and were instrumental in the initial cloning of the ob gene.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/bodyweight/leptin.html (1046 words)

	Leapin' leptin
		The leptin protein is postulated to be an “adiposity signal” affecting long-term regulation of body fat by the brain.
		Leptin is also strongly associated with insulin concentration—insulin-resistant patients have higher leptin concentrations than insulin-sensitive individuals.
		Leptin is also positively associated with systolic blood pressure and with C-reactive protein (a marker of low-grade chronic infection and a risk predictor for coronary heart disease).
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/mdd/v05/i04/html/04news3.html (360 words)

	Duke Weight Loss Surgery Center: The Leptin Story
		Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a circulating hormone produced by white adipose tissue that has potent effects on feeding behavior, thermogenesis and neuroendocrine responses.
		Leptin’s role in obesity appears to be that of a lipostat.
		Leptin resistance might also be due to blockage of its entry into the brain or interference with signaling by the leptin receptor.
	dukehealth1.org /obesity/leptin_story.asp (1026 words)

	Leptin ELISA (human, mouse & rat) > Leptin Assay Kit > Assay Designs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The obesity gene that encodes for Leptin was originally identified in 1994 by Freidman´s group at Rockefeller University.
		Leptin is a 16,000 molecular weight protein produced by the ob gene.
		Leptin interacts and perhaps controls the levels of a potent 36 amino acid appetite stimulating neurotransmitter, neuropeptide Y (NPY).
	www.assaydesigns.com /products/catalog/immuno_assay/product_leptin.htm (232 words)

	Leptin
		Leptin is essential for survival, guiding the proper response to starvation.
		Leptin is designed to replenish the body’s store of fat after a period of deprivation.
		Leptin plays a primary role in these problems and is frequently the main cause of them.
	www.masteringleptin.com /Leptin.htm (1411 words)

	USATODAY.com - Hormone leptin may treat infertility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		One function of leptin, which was discovered in 1994, is to regulate appetite.
		It was originally thought that increasing leptin might suppress the appetites of obese people.
		Rexford Ahima, at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine's Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, said the study suggested that leptin is the signal that links fat tissue to the brain and instructs it to control menstruation.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2004-10-06-leptin_x.htm (749 words)

	Human side of leptin
		There are three reasons to suspect that leptin may work in people somewhat as it does in rodents.
		Although many patients in the highest leptin dosage dropped out of the study, Andrew Greenberg, an expert in obesity from Tufts University, and one of the study authors, says he'd expect many people who lost weight would want to continue taking the drug, even though it must be injected.
		The version of leptin that Greenberg and colleagues used has already been supplanted by a newer version, so Food and Drug Administration approval is probably several years away.
	whyfiles.org /103fat2/3.html (402 words)

	HHMI News: Chipping Away at Leptin's Effects
		Leptin is produced by fat tissue and secreted into the bloodstream, where it travels to the brain and other tissues, causing fat loss and decreased appetite.
		After administering leptin to or restricting food intake in the two groups of mice, the researchers analyzed gene expression in the mice by extracting messenger RNA from their fat cells.
		Although researchers know that leptin is produced by fat cells and suppresses appetite by affecting the hypothalamus, the hormone may also trigger metabolic changes in fat and other tissues.
	www.hhmi.org /news/friedman.html (929 words)

	Leptin
		Leptin acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the where it: The theory is that as you get fatter you also get less sensitive to the affects of Leptin.
		Leptin also acts directly on the cells of the liver and skeletal muscles where it stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria.
		Leptin is a four-helix bundle with one very short strand segment and two relatively long interconnected loops.
	www.3dchem.com /molecules.asp?ID=154 (589 words)

	[No title]
		High leptin levels are very pro-inflammatory, and leptin also helps to mediate the manufacture of other very potent inflammatory chemicals from fat cells that also play a significant role in the progression of heart disease and diabetes.
		Leptin plays a far more important role in your health than, for instance, cholesterol, however few doctors are taught to pay attention to it, or even know much about it.
		Leptin's critical importance is largely unknown to the medical community because there are no known drugs that regulate its activities and therefore there is no incentive to spend money to educate doctors about leptin's crucial role in health and disease.
	www.mercola.com /2005/apr/2/leptin_diabetes.htm (1154 words)

	LEPTIN, A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROTEIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		These studies suggest that leptin gene therapy may be used both for the control of body weight and in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
		The effect of leptin does not seem to be confined to the regulation of body fat or insulin.
		Gainsford et al, found that both the mRNAs encoding long and short forms of the human leptin receptor were expressed in a diverse group of cells in the hemopoietic organs in both human and mouse.
	www.bioscience.org /news/scientis/leptin.htm (489 words)

	Leptin
		At the initiation of puberty, there is a divergence in circulating leptin between boys and girls.
		Leptin, used in concert with hGH, affects the total fat mass by significantly reducing subcutaneous fat deposits.
		When used without the benefit of hGH injections, leptin given alone to a group of people with a common variety of obesity was relatively ineffective in most of them.
	www.theantiagingdoctor.com /leptin.htm (375 words)

	LEPTIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin is indeed made in human fat tissue, and appears to play a role in caloric intake and expenditure.
		Leptin resistance, which may be related to metabolism, slows down adrenaline production by the nervous system, causing sluggish behavior and lack of motivation.
		Leptin has elucidated the brain’s basic role in obesity regulation and is helping medical science track down the root causes—and, therefore, the cures—of many of the common problems that afflict people, such as infertility and diabetes.
	www.i-55.com /drdiet.com/articles/028.htm (520 words)

	[No title]
		Leptin was found to play an important natural role in suppressing appetite and burning more calories.
		"Leptin is a very vital hormone in the control of obesity, and when Leptin does not work, you'll become obese,” said University of Florida pharmacologist Philip Scarpace.
		When Leptin works as it should, there is less appetite and the fat gradually disappears.
	www.cbn.com /cbnnews/news/060111a.asp (328 words)

	Mastering Leptin by Byron J. Richards, CCN \| The Leptin Diet: Solving Obesity \| Wellness Resources Books \| Official ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin is a powerful hormone produced in fat cells, in control of ALL other hormones in the body.
		Leptin problems are now fully proven to be the primary cause of heart disease, including high cholesterol, high blood pressure, circulatory inflammation, and hardening of the arteries.
		Conversely, proper leptin function is highly protective of all factors relating to cardiovascular health.
	www.wellnessresources.com.cob-web.org:8888 /masteringleptin.htm (539 words)

	Body's Appetite Suppressant Leptin Linked to High Blood Pressure in African Americans (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin, a hormone made by the body's fat cells, increases as stored fat increases in an effort to shut down appetite.
		When the blood levels of leptin were related to the other factors, it was found that leptin levels were most highly correlated with the BMI and then heart rate.
		Leptin levels, heart rate and BMI were highly correlated between sibling pairs, suggesting an important genetic link to these factors.
	healthlink.mcw.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /article/938533869.html (691 words)

	Leptin in functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea -- Andrico et al. 17 (8): 2043 -- Human Reproduction
		Leptin decrease is significantly correlated with a reduction
		Caro, J.F., Sinha, M.K., Kolaczynski, J.W., Zhang, P.L. and Considine, R.V. (1996) Leptin: the tale of an obesity gene.
		Heiman, M.L., Ahima, R.S., Craff, L.S., Schoner, B., Stephens, T.W. and Flier, J.S. (1997) Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress.
	humrep.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/17/8/2043 (2966 words)

	Leptin & Refeeding Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Leptin levels are determined primarily by bodyfat percentage (with other effects from distribution, i.e.
		This is also associated with a gradual shift in many mechanisms (both centrally and peripherally) that induce what is known as the dreaded plateau: decrease in SNS activity, slow down of the metabolism, suppression of the immune system, etc. Ideally, you want to prevent that downward spiral before the plateau establishes.
		The leaner you are, the less fat mass you have, the less leptin you secrete and the more difficult it is to keep leptin levels within an operative threshold.
	www.theministryoffitness.com /mof/library/articles/article18.htm (1914 words)

	Leptin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Leptin was originally thought to be a signal to lose weight but it may, instead, be a signal to the brain that there is fat on the body.
		It appears that, if one cannot make leptin, the brain thinks there is no fat and spurs the person on to eat more and more in a futile effort to get the leptin signal that fat is present.
		There was little effect of leptin except at the highest dose tested, when 2 of 8 patients lost about 35 pounds in 24 weeks.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10875 (365 words)

	Fish-rich tribal diet linked with low leptin levels
		Leptin is secreted by fat tissue. In humans, leptin is a satiety factor, which in normal-weight people tells their bodies when they have consumed enough food. High leptin levels have been associated with obesity and increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
		Somers says leptin levels among the women were particularly noteworthy. Women usually have higher leptin levels than men, but in this study, women who ate the fish-rich diet had lower leptin levels than both men and women on the vegetarian diet.
		For those on the fish diet, men had average leptin levels of 2.5 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL), and women had an average of 5.0 ng/mL. Among the tribe eating primarily vegetables, men had average leptin levels of 11.2 ng/mL, and women had average levels of 11.8 ng/mL.
	www.americanheart.org /presenter.jhtml?identifier=3003556 (479 words)

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