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	glbtq >> social sciences >> Lesbian Feminism
		Lesbian feminism offered a trenchant critique of patriarchy and the institutionalization of heterosexuality, and claimed that its political impact resided in resistance to male domination.
		Its authors claimed that lesbians and lesbianism are of central, rather than peripheral, importance to the feminist movement.
		Lesbian feminists were able to draw upon the wider feminist movement's efforts to politicize private activities such as domestic labor, child care, and birth control.
	www.glbtq.com /social-sciences/lesbian_feminism.html (650 words)

	Pink Ink: The Written Word
		Lesbian and gay readers and scholars have spent untold efforts to discover if a particular favorite writer was homosexual, or to see if perhaps homosexuality has been "coded" into a story.
		Although many "women's" presses were founded or staffed by lesbians and, especially after Stonewall, feminist publications increasingly featured lesbian points of view, it was not until the 1970s and the rise of lesbian feminism that strictly "lesbian" publishing began.
		Because lesbians are almost always born into families outside of the gay subculture, the written word has been one of the most important means of transmitting and preserving the gay and lesbian experience.
	hometown.aol.com /queerqrone/myhomepage/gaylesbian.html (933 words)

	On Lesbian Poetry
		Lesbian is also the essential outsider, woman alone and integral, who is oppressed and despised by traditional society, yet thereby free to use her position, to reform and remember.
		In her 1993 study of the political uses and institutionalization of lesbian poetry, Sagri Dhairyam elaborates on the poets' participatory role in the creation of communal lesbian identity: "[The lesbian] poet is not only the person who creates a literary text, but overlaps with the person who reads, who participates in a ritual for identity.
		Rich argues that it is the "lesbian" in every woman that is the creative force, opposing this figurative creative "lesbian" to the "hack" writer who is "the dutiful daughter of the fathers," the character whom all women are socialized to become (Rich, 1976, 201).
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/g_l/grahn/lesbianpoesy.htm (3347 words)

	Lesbian feminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lesbian feminism is a cultural movement and critical perspective, most popular in the 1970s and early 1980s (primarily in North America and Western Europe) that questions the position of women and homosexuals in society.
		Whilst historically lesbianism has perhaps always enjoyed an intricate relationship with feminism and feminist projects, going back at least to the 1890s, "lesbian feminism" is best contextualised as a branch movement, coming together, out of dissatisfaction with (second wave) feminist and gay liberation movements respectively, in the early 1970s.
		Lesbian feminism is sometimes associated with opposition to sex reassignment surgery; some lesbian feminist analyses see SRS as a form of violence akin to SandM.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lesbian_feminism (1434 words)

	Feminism and Women's Studies: Lesbian Bodies in the Age of (Post)Mechanical Reproduction
		That lesbians are not women because women are defined by their straight class relations--a statement Monique Wittig has popularized--doesn't mean we know exactly what a lesbian is. The "lesbian," especially the lesbian who resists or slips the always potential sedimentarity in that term, marks a default of identity both twice-removed and exponentially factored.
		Lesbians in postmodernity are subjects-in-the-making whose body of signs and bodies as sign are up for reappropriation and revision, answering as they do the party line of technology and identity.
		Lesbian bodies are a current site of contention in the women's movement, particularly over the issue of S/M practices and porn, because of their greater affinities with gay males than with straight women.
	eserver.org /feminism/lesbian-bodies.txt (2457 words)

	Introduction to Lesbian Feminism
		Perhaps the conflict between lesbianism as a political challenge to 'patriarchy' and lesbianism as just another sexual preference had already been resolved in favour of the latter, and the anger was a product of frustration at the fact that I was refusing to acknowledge that.
		Although feminism had declared the personal political, and cogently criticised the public/private distinction, there was a strong sense around that what women did in bed wasn't going to influence the structures of power.
		Lesbianism became nothing but a sexual preference, a personality characteristic of certain individuals where politics had no place, either for (lesbian feminism) or against (right-wing moralising).
	www.spin.net.au /~deniset/alesfem/aintrolesfem.htm (2634 words)

	Lesbian feminists and gay/lesbian studies Off Our Backs - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		At the workshop on lesbian feminists in lesbian/gay studies, Bonnie Zimmerman of San Diego State University said she felt as if she was a boring Rip Van Winkle in gay and lesbian studies.
		She does not mean that the answer is simply "men." We cannot just return to the lesbian feminism of the '70s, she said, but she deplored the silencing of lesbian feminism in lesbian studies programs and the appropriation of our ideas without any recognition.
		She wonders why gay and lesbian studies has picked up on the sexology of the 19th century rather than the lesbian feminism of the 1970s and 80s.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199408/ai_n8719321 (880 words)

	Lesbian Subculture and Popular Cinema - Chapter Eight : Re-Figuring Feminism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In this way, lesbian desire can be refigured not as an appropriation of "the phallus" but as a refusal of (hetero)sexuality by which gender is articulated as a (differentiating) relation to the (same) phallus.
		This lesbian subject comes into being as she foregrounds the fictional nature of the heterosexual role-models which she incorporates to a "performance" which is re-referred to a lesbian context.
		Thus, whether "the lesbian" speaks as "butch" or "femme," she speaks from an undifferentiated subject position - that of "the lesbian." In this way, Case articulated a modality of lesbian desire without fixed poles of gendered identification.
	www.women-cult-media.org.uk /book/lespop11.htm (6654 words)

	Lesbian Feminism: No Man's Land
		Ultimately, two features distinguish lesbian feminism from all other branches: These are their strong separatist tendancies and their focus on gay and lesbian rights.
		For though lesbianism appears to have had a surge of acceptance during the last ten years, it has really just been sexualized and demeaned by men as a pleasant diversion for themselves, as opposed to a radical stance for women (no surprise there).
		Lesbian feminists fight for spousal benefits, the right to marry, and acceptance as legal and legitimate parents; they fight against prejudice, religious attacks and misrepresentation of homosexuals in nearly every available medium.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/13914/75593 (438 words)

	soc.feminism Terminologies
		Amazon Feminism Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in fiction and in fact, as it is expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values and practices.
		Amazon feminism is concerned about physical equality and is opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against women based on assumptions that women are supposed to be, look or behave as if they are passive, weak and physically helpless.
		Lesbianism and feminism, for all their common points and joint interests, are two very different groups.
	www.faqs.org /faqs/feminism/terms (4773 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> Mystery Fiction: Lesbian
		In the lesbian and feminist crime novel, the terms often become inverted so that the state is identified as the corrupt enemy, and the lesbian sleuth, normally the feared and hated Other, is the victor.
		Early lesbian feminist crime novels of the 1980s tended to be inflected by the specific countercultural discourses of that time, structuring men as the enemy and making lesbian feminism a heroic principle.
		By the mid- and late-1980s, however, the prerogative of identity politics had seemingly superseded the earlier lesbian feminism, and consequently, a complex critique of diverse social forces began to emerge.
	www.glbtq.com /literature/myst_fic_lesbian.html (767 words)

	Separatist feminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Separatist feminism is a form of feminism that does not support heterosexual relationships due to a belief that sexual disparities between men and women are unresolvable.
		Lesbian separatism is a form of separatist feminism that may incorporate queer nationalism and political lesbianism.
		Lesbian separatism has inspired various works of lesbian science fiction, depicting, in the future, what separatist feminists would see as "utopias" in which all men have died out and advances in reproductive technology have eliminated the need to have men for human reproduction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Separatist_feminism (741 words)

	Excerpt from “Notes of a Radical Lesbian,” by Martha Shelly, 1969
		Martha Shelly, former president of the New York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis, an older conservative lesbian organization, found herself radicalized in the late 60s with the resurgence of feminism and the beginnings of gay liberation.
		Lesbianism is one road to freedom – freedom from oppression by men.
		To see Lesbianism in this context – as a mode of living neither better nor worse than others, as one which offers its own opportunities – one must abandon the notion that deviance from the norm arises from personal illnesses.
	www-personal.umd.umich.edu /~ppennock/doc-LesbianFeminism.htm (1359 words)

	Lesbian Subculture and Popular Cinema - Chapter One : Urban Amazons
		Lesbian feminism has tended to figure crossdressing as an identificatory practice, the significance of which remains fixed in a static (a-historically figured) structure of power-relations.
		Lesbians such as Radclyffe Hall, who adopted and publicised a crossdressed, "mannish," persona, were thus often interpreted by 1980s radical lesbian feminism as colluding with anti-feminist attempts to frighten and pressure women out of "male" professions and back into "feminine" passivity (Faderman, 1981 : 316-326), or with a will to appropriate male dominance to themselves.
		Penelope also noted that the gradation of lesbian behaviours in the 1950s bar-scene, of which "ki-ki" was the median term, disappeared in the process of the feminist transformation of lesbian culture; reflecting, perhaps, the paradoxical extremity of feminist re-polarisation of gendered identity.
	www.women-cult-media.org.uk /book/lespop04.htm (10584 words)

	[No title]
		Her claim is that gender feminism was too polarized, and that as a result of its dominance in feminist theory, it was difficult to understand how lesbian and gay male desire and sexuality could be compared and contrasted with each other.
		For some lesbian feminists, talk of censorship connected with sexuality and sexual practice was a worry — example of man who could not attain access to the London Lesbian and Gay center because he was wearing a half a handcuff on his wrist (SM clothing and whatnot was denied at the time).
		For lesbians, it was a rejection of the ways men have talked about women, and as a result, a rejection of essentialism.
	www.calpoly.edu /~rfern/Posted_Notes/Queer_Theory_X450.doc (707 words)

	www.theory.org.uk Resources: Judith Butler interview
		But the emergence of gay and lesbian studies as a discrete disciplinary phenomenon has problematised the relationship of some of this work to feminism.
		When the woman in the audience at my talk said "I survived lesbian feminism and still desire women", I thought that was a really great line, because one of the problems has been the normative requirement that has emerged within some lesbian-feminist communities to come up with a radically specific lesbian sexuality.
		Lesbians make themselves into a more frail political community by insisting on the radical irreducibility of their desire.
	www.theory.org.uk /but-int1.htm (3579 words)

	Radical Feminism: The Bad Girls: Re: misconceptions of Radical feminism
		It is their separatist history and lesbian tendencies that turn off many potential supporters.
		And although not all radical feminists are separatist or lesbian, they are unable to remove the stigma, remaining outcast, ridiculed and crucified.
		But the truth is during the 1970s the lines between Lesbian and Radical Feminism became blurred, especially in the eyes of the public.
	www.suite101.com /discussion.cfm/feminism_revisited/64254/973501 (228 words)

	OUT Lesbians, Books, Music, Movies, Celebration of Life. - Frida Kahlo Out & Proud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This web site Celebrates and Honors the existence of Lesbians who are OUT bravely and boldly challenging the meaning of "freedom and justice for all", through their expression of individualism in persuit of life's passions.
		The eagerness on the part of lesbians to know the truth about the sexual orientation of public figures has little to do with prurience, but rather with a desire for honesty and a need for self-validation.
		However, Kahlo's queer significance is greater than her few lesbian liaisons suggest or even her representations of women, some of which are homoerotic.
	www.outlesbian.com /wst_page7.php (845 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 00040073
		Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet seeks to firmly place sexual orientation politics within feminist theory and define the central political issues confronting lesbian and gay men.
		the differences between lesbian and heterosexual women in order to bring the study of lesbian life from the margins to the center of feminist theory.
		and lesbians from both the public sphere of visible citizenship and the private sphere of romance, marriage, and family.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/enhancements/fy0637/00040073-d.html (261 words)

	Jill Johnston
		These essays play with notions of pop iconography in "Lois Lane is a Lesbian", new family structures in "Lesbian Mothers Ltd.," and undoing male artistic privilege in "Zelda, Zelda, Zelda." "The Wedding" includes a description of the lesbian marriage of contemporary classical composer Pauline Oliveros.
		This book included essays with titles like "The Making of a Lesbian Chauvinist," "Dyke Nationalism and Heterosexuality," and my personal favorite, "Lois Lane is a Lesbian." Recently, Johnston has said this about her writing from the 1970s: "My whole mission...
		But while Stein had done so in the 1930s and 1940s without making public statements about her lesbianism, Johnston very publicly tied the innovations of her writing style to her identity as a lesbian...
	www.queertheory.com /histories/j/johnston_jill.htm (521 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		"Lesbian and Gay Theory: The Question of Identity Politcs." in her Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature, and Difference.
		"Return to Gender: Postmodernism and Lesbian and Gay Theory." in her The Lesbian Heresey.: A Feminist Perspective on the Lesbian Sexual Revolution.
		Identity Politics: Lesbian Feminism and the Limits of Community.
	www.mith2.umd.edu /WomensStudies/Bibliographies/lesbian-feminism (269 words)

	The Data Lounge Network ARCHIVES\ABOUT
		A Gay Bibliography: Eight Bibliographies on Lesbian and Male Homosexuality.
		Lesbian Sources: A Bibliography of Periodical Articles 1970-1990.
		A Chronicle from 1969-1972 reflecting the evolution of the Lesbian movement.
	www.lesbianherstoryarchives.org /pblActivism.htm (625 words)

	Lesbian Choices; ; Claudia Card
		"This exploration of the ethical and political dilemmas that challenge lesbians in a hostile society is wide-ranging and evenhanded.
		She also devotes a chapter to lesbianism as a 'choice'and its implications for lesbians as a salient determiner of self-discovery.
		"Card explores what being a lesbian means, drawing out lesbian meanings from the choices and values that define lesbian lives....Having found her own voice, an integration of her years of thought, teaching, activism and visibility, she speaks with authenticity about lesbian positions in the world and the ways we construe ourselves.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/cup/catalog/data/023108/0231080093.HTM (467 words)

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