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Topic: Lesser Scaup

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	Lesser Scaup - David Blevins Nature Photography
		Lesser and Greater Scaup males are very difficult to distinguish in the field and females are almost impossible.
		The purple gloss and subtle crest of the lesser scaup are visible in teh above photograph.
		Lesser Scaup are common at the Sanctuary all year except in the summer when most have migrated inland to the interior of British Columbia, Alberta, or farther north to breed.
	www.blevinsphoto.com /lesserscaup.htm (412 words)

	Lesser Scaup
		A scaup seen on a prairie slough in summer is almost certain to be a Lesser, and this species is also by far the commoner migrant in the prairie and parkland regions.
		The Lesser Scaup is a much less common breeder in eastern Manitoba, but records extend east to Oak Hammock Marsh and the Lac du Bonnet region, and northward to Churchill; most nests in the south are initiated in June.
		Lesser Scaup also appear at staging areas in southeastern Manitoba around September 20, building to a peak in mid- to late October, when flocks numbering in the thousands are not unusual.
	www.manitobanature.ca /birdbook2/lesc-text.html (603 words)

	Lesser Scaup - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) is a small diving duck.
		They migrate in flocks and winter in lakes, rivers and sheltered coastal waters along the west coast of North America, the southern United States and northern South America.
		It has been reported that both the Lesser and the Greater Scaup have shifted their traditional migration routes to take advantage of the presence of zebra mussels in Lake Erie.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lesser_Scaup (234 words)

	Lesser Scaup -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) is a small (Any of various ducks of especially bays and estuaries that dive for their food) diving duck.
		They are smaller than the (Large scaup of North America having a greenish iridescence on the head of the male) Greater Scaup.
		Their breeding habitat is marsh ponds in (A state in northwestern North America; the 49th state admitted to the union) Alaska and western (A nation in northern North America; the French were the first Europeans to settle in mainland Canada) Canada.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/le/lesser_scaup.htm (273 words)

	Lesser Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lesser Scaup: Usually nine to twelve dark olive-buff eggs are laid in a down-lined cup of grass hidden in vegetation, often located some distance from the edge of the water.
		Lesser Scaup: Lesser Scaup dive to feed on the seeds of pondweeds, widgeon grass, wild rice, sedges, and bulrushes.
		Lesser Scaup: Similar to this bird is the Greater Scaup which is larger and has a white wing stripe that extends through the secondaries onto the primaries.
	www.percevia.com /explorer/db/birds_of_north_america_western/obj/93/target.aspx (680 words)

	All About Birds
		Two scaup species live in North America: the Greater Scaup prefers salt water and is found in America and Eurasia, while the Lesser Scaup prefers freshwater and is found only in North America.
		An adult Lesser Scaup may pretend to be dead (immobile with head extended, eyes open, and wings held close to body) when grasped by a red fox.
		Lesser Scaup chicks are capable of diving under water on their hatching day, but they are too buoyant to stay under for more than just a moment.
	birds.cornell.edu /programs/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Lesser_Scaup.html (242 words)

	EYE COLOR OF FEMALE LESSER SCAUP IN RELATION TO AGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the Lesser Scaup changes in eye color in both the male and fe- male probably are governed by androgens; a hypothesis yet to be veri- fied.
		For these reasons I suspect that eye color in female Lesser Scaups may be darker or more brownish in late summer, fall, and early winter, and lighter or more yellowish in late winter, spring, and early summer, particularly in females during their 1st or 2nd year.
		Indeed, spring and fall observations on scaup reared in captivity, killed by hunters, and trapped for banding subsequent to the field study indicate that this may be the case.
	elibrary.unm.edu /sora/Auk/v091n02/p0243-p0254.html (7174 words)

	Auk, The: NUTRIENT RESERVES OF LESSER SCAUP (AYTHYA AFFINIS) DURING SPRING MIGRATION IN THE MISSISSIPPI FLYWAY: A TEST ...
		The scaup decline is of particular concern in the Mississippi Flyway where, on average, 40% of the continental scaup population winters (Afton and Anderson 2001).
		Recruitment of Lesser Scaup in the Mississippi Flyway apparently declined from 1978 to 1997, and female survival rates declined relative to that of males (Afton and Anderson 2001).
		The spring condition hypothesis states that reproductive success of Lesser Scaup has declined because females are arriving on breeding areas in poorer body condition than in the past, because reduced food resources are preventing females from acquiring sufficient nutrient reserves on wintering, spring migration, or breeding areas (or on all three) (Afton and Anderson 2001).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200407/ai_n9456732 (1270 words)

	Utah Division of Wildlife Resources
		The lesser scaup or blue bill, Aythya affinis, is a diving duck that is rare in Utah as a breeder but common as a migrant.
		In fact, although lesser scaup are often extremely abundant in certain areas of the Great Salt Lake in the fall, only two known breeding records for lesser scaup exist in Utah, with both of those records being from Uintah County.
		Lesser scaup eat both plant and animal material, but the majority of their diet is composed of aquatic insects and other aquatic invertebrates.
	dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov /rsgis2/Search/Display.asp?FlNm=aythaffi (162 words)

	Lesser scaup: Nature Snapshots from Minnesota DNR: Minnesota DNR
		Lesser scaup mate in the spring and typically lay eggs (eight to 10 per nest) in late May or early June.
		In Minnesota, lesser scaup are found primarily in the northern half of the state and migrate late in the fall.
		In 1999, Minnesota hunters harvested 18,200 lesser scaup.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /snapshots/birds/lesserscaup.html (319 words)

	Flight of the bluebills -- Wisconsin Natural Resources magazine
		Scaup go by a number of different monikers in addition to "bluebill." Other common names include the mussel duck, flhead (as both species appear fl at a distance), fljack, broadbill (the blue bill is also rather flattened and broad for securing their underwater prey), and raft duck.
		Scaup are prime favorites with many sportsmen as they fly fast and decoy well to furnish quite a challenge.
		The scaup is an excellent swimmer and diver, diving usually with closed wings, using its immense padded feet to propel it through the water.
	www.wnrmag.com /stories/2001/feb01/scaup.htm (1510 words)

	Lesser Scaup--BIOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATE SPECIES RESIDING IN ESTUARIES
		Lesser scaup breed in western North America, Alaska and Canada to Arizona and Colorado, and winter in the southern and western U.S., the Great Lakes, the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and South America (Niering 1998; Kaufman 1996).
		Lesser scaup were the majority of 32 waterfowl found dead in open oil-sludge waste disposal pits in Texas between 1977-1979 (Flickinger 1981).
		One scaup, which was moribund and subsequently euthanized, had a hematocrit of 35%, total blood solids of 2.9 g/dL, and a blood creatine kinase level of 4000 IU/L. In the six other birds, hematocrit ranged from 41-55% before rehabilitation efforts, and from 40-48% prior to release back into the wild.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /bioeco/lscaup.htm (3165 words)

	December 2001 Mystery Bird
		Lesser Scaups have much narrower heads than Greaters and that difference is based on the actual skull, not the feathers.
		Using this formula, the upper birds are Lesser Scaup and the lower one is a Greater.
		On Lesser Scaup the nail spreads well beyond the narrow fl marking while on Greater the whole nail is colored fl.
	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us /~jmorlan/dec01.htm (965 words)

	VOLUME 1 (1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lesser Scaup usually occur on freshwater and Greaters are usually found on the sea or lower estuaries.
		Drake Lesser Scaup are epitomized by their dark velvety heads (giving a purple sheen, this can be difficult to see in some lights), vermiculated zebra mantle, bold white flanks and a dark rear end.
		Lesser Scaup shows much more grey, in fact all the primaries are cold steel, abruptly halting at the white secondaries.
	www.wildlifeweb.f9.co.uk /birdscot/docs/article2-3.htm (1800 words)

	Lesser Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lesser Scaup is the Oreo cookie of the Rocky Mountain duck clan: fl at both ends and white in the middle.
		Lesser Scaups, also known as Bluebills, leap up neatly before diving underwater, where they propel themselves with powerful strokes of their feet.
		'Scaup' may be a reference to this bird's preferred winter food-shellfish bed are called 'scalps' in Scotland-or it may be a phonetic imitation of one of its calls.
	www.birdguide.com /brdpgs/149.htm (254 words)

	Nearctica - Natural History - Birds of Eastern North America - Anatidae - Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis)
		The head of the male Greater Scaup is a dark metallic green, not purple, but the difference is difficult to see in some light conditions.
		Habitat: The Lesser Scaup is found on ponds and marshes during the breeding season.
		During the winter scaups found in inland waters are most likely to be Lesser Scaups.
	www.nearctica.com /birds/ducks/Aaffin.htm (484 words)

	Lesser Scaup - Discover The Outdoors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The lesser scaup is a diving duck and will feed on aquatic plants, such as wild celery, and invertebrates, such as clams or snails.
		Lesser scaup ducks are harvested using decoying, pass shooting and jump shooting.
		Lesser and greater scaup are popularly called “bluebills” because the drake’s bills are blue with a fl tip.
	www.dto.com /hunting/species/generalprofile.jsp?speciesid=143 (543 words)

	The BirdWeb - Species Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In winter, Lesser Scaups are often found in dense flocks of hundreds and even thousands, on lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and sheltered bays.
		Lesser Scaups are among the latest migrants moving north in the spring, still moving toward their breeding grounds in mid-May. In the fall, migration is equally late, with the last birds leaving the breeding grounds only when the water freezes.
		It is difficult to determine long-term population trends of Lesser Scaup due to the similarity between the two species of scaups, large yearly fluctuations, and the late migration and breeding season of the Lesser Scaup.
	www.birdweb.org /birdweb/Species.asp?id=80 (869 words)

	The Academy of Natural Sciences - Research - Visual Resources for Ornithology - VIREO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lesser scaup: In general, Lessers have a smaller, purplish head with taller crown peaked towards the rear of the crown.
		Greater scaup: The back and scapulars of adult males in both species are finely barred with fl and white zigzags, which blend to a pale gray when seen at a distance.
		Lesser scaup:The back and scapulars average heavier and coarser barring on adult males — the white barring is wider than the fl.
	www.acnatsci.org /~wechsler/lightbox/ID-Front/scaup.html (337 words)

	Lesser Scaup description
		The Lesser Scaup is almost indistinguishable from its larger relative, the Greater Scaup; both species bear a strong resemblance in all plumages and overlap in range.
		Distribution: In winter, Lesser Scaup occur in small, freshwater ponds and lakes from the western, southcentral and southeastern United States and southward to the West Indies and northern South America.
		Within the preserve, 2 Lesser Scaup were detected in the Yukon River Valley (YV) ecological unit during the Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve Bird Inventory, June 1999 and 2000.
	www.nps.gov /yuch/Expanded/key_resources/birds/species_descriptions/lesc_description.htm (618 words)

	Cooperative Scaup Research Project
		As the annual spring waterfowl migration begins this month, lesser scaup, often called bluebills, will once again be migrating through Iowa on their way to more northern breeding areas.
		Lesser scaup were once extremely abundant on Iowa wetlands during the spring and fall migrations.
		In addition, researchers will be looking at the wetlands that these scaup use during their northward migration to determine if they contain adequate amounts of high quality scaup foods (e.g., freshwater shrimp and other invertebrates).
	www.iowadnr.com /wildlife/files/waterfowl_scaupprj.html (474 words)

	ESPN.com - Lots less lesser scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The smaller lesser scaup primarily uses the Mississippi Flyway whereas the greater scaup uses both the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways.
		Because lesser scaup are sought widely by duck hunters in the Mississippi Flyway, and because it is the most abundant diving duck wintering in Mississippi and Louisiana, scientists from Mississippi State University (MSU) and Louisiana State University (LSU) initiated research in 1999 to help solve the mystery surrounding the bird's decline.
		This research suggests that the fall and winter periods of the lesser scaup's annual cycle in the Mississippi Flyway may not include the major factors affecting scaup populations.
	sports.espn.go.com /espn/print?id=1804185&type=story (605 words)

	Lesser Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Lesser scaup Aythya affinis can be found in most of North America.
		The Lesser scaup feeds on plants, seeds, insects and aquatic invertebrates.
		The female Lesser scaup has broods of 4 to 15 chicks in the spring.
	www.cat1234.com /id69.htm (57 words)

	Dastardly Duos 1--Tucson Audubon Society
		The Lesser Scaup’s crown has an angular look with the highest point at the rear, while the Greater Scaup has a rounded head with the highest point more centrally located.
		On the Lesser Scaup this stripe is confined to the secondaries.
		On the Greater Scaup it extends to the inner six primaries, giving it a bright look for most of the length of the wing; on the Lesser Scaup it appears to be just on the inner half.
	www.tucsonaudubon.org /birding/duos1.htm (315 words)

	BISON Species Account 040342 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		NEW MEXICO Lesser scaups are irregular in summer in Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation and at Bosque del Apache NWR and Bitter Lake NWR and are considered rare to uncommon.
		Lesser scaups are occasional migrants at the White Sands National Monument, in Dona Ana and Otero counties 43.
		Lesser Scaup were generally seen resting or foraging in areas of open water, which on occasion were extensive (i.e., several hectares).
	www.fw.vt.edu /fishex/nmex_main/species/040342.htm (1891 words)

	Aythya affinis - Petit Fuligule (Petit Morillon) - Lesser Scaup (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Like the female Greater Scaup, the female Lesser Scaup is brown with a distinct white face mask near the bill.
		The Lesser Scaup can most often be spotted on lakes and ponds that are no deeper than three metres, in open or partially wooded countryside.
		The Lesser Scaup mainly feeds on the seeds of aquatic plants, plants and invertebrates, including mollusks and aquatic insects.
	www.virtualmuseum.ca /Exhibitions/Birds/MSS/Anglais/pfuligul.htm (301 words)

	Curt Francis
		Lesser Scaup numbers have been declining by approximately 150,000 birds per year since the late 1970's.
		Factors directly contributing to the decline of the lesser scaup are unknown.
		By understanding factors that are contributing to a declining lesser scaup population, wildlife managers may be able to implement more efficient strategies that will help stabilize or increase the lesser scaup population.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/biosciences/students/cfrancis (260 words)

	National Wildlife Federation: Montana\|Hunting\|Fishing\|Migratory Birds\|Lesser Scaup
		Similar to the greater scaup, but crown is higher and forehead steeper, giving the head a more angular appearance.
		Both the lesser and greater scaup are popularly called "Bluebills." Confined to the New World, this scaup is thought to be descended from an earlier invasion of North America by the ancestor of both modern species of scaup.
		In the northern states, where the greater scaup is more common in winter, the lesser is often found in small parties on fresh water, while in the south it is seen in large flocks on lakes and salt water.
	www.huntingandfishingjournal.org /migratory_lesser_scaup.php (262 words)

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