
	Where results make sense

Topic: Letters of marque and reprisal

Related Topics

Territorial waters

Covert operation

Pirate

Hetch Hetchy Reservoir

James Hanson

Municipality of Monroeville, Pennsylvania

Francis Drake

Deltahedron

Battle of Hondshoote (1793)

Giovanni Lonfernini

Forever Delayed

FS Arromanches

Ludwig I of Bavaria

	marque,reprisal
		Letters of Marque and Reprisal are the licenses (also called commissions) to operate from the CS government.
		Bard for the issuance of letters of marque and reprisal for bark Matilda.
		Moore for a letter of marque for schooner Dixie.
	www.csnavy.org /marque,reprisal.htm (2554 words)

	Air Piracy Reprisal and Capture Act of 2001
		The September 11 Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001 provides Congressional authorization for the President to issue letters of marque and reprisal to appropriate parties to seize the person and property of Osama bin Laden and any other individual responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11.
		Letters of marque and reprisal resolve one of the most vexing problems facing the country: how do we obtain retribution against the perpetrators of the attacks without inflicting massive damage on the Middle East which could drive moderate Arabs into an allegiance with bin Laden and other terrorists.
		This is because using letters of marque and reprisal shows the people of the region that we are serious when we say our quarrel is not with them but with Osama bin Laden and all others who would dare commit terrorist acts against the United States.
	www.house.gov /paul/congrec/congrec2001/cr101001.htm (882 words)

	Lobel
		Letters of marque and reprisal were one way of referring to what were known as imperfect wars, special wars, limited wars -- all of which constituted something less than full-scale warfare.
		The framers and early leaders of the nation thus viewed letters of marque and reprisal as falling within the notion of imperfect war, incomplete hostilities, or limited warfare.
		Joseph Story, citing Blackstone, noted that the power to issue letters of marque and reprisal was "plainly derived from that of making war," being "an incomplete state of hostilities," often ultimately leading to a formal declaration of war.
	lawofwar.org /lobel.htm (160 words)

	Advisory Board of Directors: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Reprisals are made in two ways either by embargo, in which case the act is that of the state; or, by letters of marque and reprisals, in which case the act is that of the citizen, authorized by the government.
		Reprisals are divided into negative, when a nation refuses to fulfil a perfect obligation, which it has contracted, or to permit another state to enjoy a right which it justly claims; or positive, when they consist in seizing the persons and effects belonging to the other nation, in order to obtain satisfaction.
		Specia reprisals are such as are granted in times of peace, to particular individuals who have suffered an injury from the citizens or subjects of the other nation.
	www.balticbankinggroup.com /bbgdicionary/Reprisals.htm (272 words)

	Letters of Marque and Reprisal
		A reprisal could be a seizing of property or guilty persons in retaliation for an attack and injury.
		So a Letter of Marque and Reprisal would authorize a private person, not in the U.S. armed forces, to conduct reprisal operations outside the borders of the U.S.A. Such Letters are grantable not just by the U.S. Constitution, but also by international law, which is why it was able to be included in the Constitution.
		The Letters are grantable whenever the citizens or subjects of one country are injured by those in another country and justice is denied by the government of that country, as happened with the attack by persons who were in Afghanistan.
	www.progress.org /archive/fold232.htm (649 words)

	Letters of Marque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One of the principle clauses of a letter of marque is that of specifically naming the country whose vessels can be legally captured.
		Letters of Marque did not completely safeguard a privateer from prosecution even when ships of certain countries were excluded from attacks.
		The use of Letters of Marque was discontinued by many countries who signed the Declaration of Paris in 1856.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Garden/5213/marque.htm (422 words)

	Is the Constitution Antiquated?: Newsroom: The Independent Institute
		A letter of marque—or letter of reprisal—is the means by which a government authorizes a civilian to arm a private ship in order to attack and plunder the merchant ships of an enemy nation during war.
		Letters of marque assumed importance in American history as a response to the Prohibitory Act passed by Great Britain in 1775.
		The intention of the Act was to “suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize and confiscate the property of rebels.” But the term of confiscation was specified to be for the life span of the offender, with his children carrying no taint of blood and thus able to inherit.
	www.independent.org /tii/news/991100McElroy.html (1320 words)

	Texas Navy - Privateers - Texas State Library
		Letters of marque and reprisal have been issued since the thirteenth century.
		The word "marque" comes from the French word for border, giving the holder permission to cross the border; "reprisal" is used in the original sense of "taking prizes." The purpose of the letters was to augment a nation's navy, creating a force which could pillage the enemy at no cost to public funds.
		The power to grant letters of marque was given to the federal government in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 8.
	www.tsl.state.tx.us /exhibits/navy/privateers.html (700 words)

	A Modest Proposal for Citizen's War - Sierra Times.com
		Letters of marque and reprisal may be obtained in order to seize the bodies or goods of the subjects of an offending state, until satisfaction shall be made.
		Letters of marque and reprisal, a commission granted by the supreme authority of a state to a subject, empowering him to pass the frontiers [marque,] that is, enter an enemy's territories and capture the goods and persons of the enemy, in return for goods or persons taken by him.
		The purpose of a Letter of Marque and Reprisal is to create a financial incentive for private-sector military professionals -- trained mercenaries with an ability to travel individually or in small groups without detection -- to bring justice to those "stateless terrorists" identified as enemies of the citizenry.
	www.sierratimes.com /archive/files/sep/17/edsf091701.htm (1213 words)

	British Privateers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Letter of Marquee: Another name for a privateer or corsair vessel, but apparently distinct in that its crew received regular wages "as any merchant marine sailor", in addition to shares from captures, while privateersmen served for booty alone.
		The "letter of marquee" is the equivalent of the French "lettres de marque".
		Letters of marque gave them legal standing to share in the value of the prize in cases where they defended themselves successfully and captured their attackers.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/gb-priv.html (1579 words)

	Letters Of Marque - Pirate Life - The Way Of The Pirates
		Letters of Marque and Reprisal documents are written permissions, which gave their owners authority to capture or destroy property belonging to a certain group or nation.
		Letters of Marque were used mostly by privateers.
		T he first Letter of Marque was issued in 1243 from Henry III of England.
	www.thewayofthepirates.com /pirate-life/letters-of-marque.php (209 words)

	RKBA and Nuclear Weapons
		The Constitution authorizes Congress to grant "Letters of Marque and Reprisal" - basically Congress may give permission to private citizens to go attack foreign ships and countries (presumably for retaking stolen property, retribution, etc.).
		[F. marque, in lettre de marque letter of marque, a commission with which the commandant of every armed vessel was obliged to be provided, under penalty of being considered a pirate or corsair; marque here prob.
		Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a license or extraordinary commission granted by a government to a private person to fit out a privateer or armed ship to cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy's ships and merchandise.
	www.donath.org /Rants/RKBAandNukes (440 words)

	-yourDictionary.com - Word of the Day
		Holders of such a letter were called "privateers" or "corsairs." On land, a letter of marque was permission for reprisals after a border incursion (see "Etymology").
		Usage: Originally, the letter of marque and reprisal was intended as an instrument of last resort when a hostile nation or one of its nationals failed to pay for goods obtained by whatever means.
		Etymology: From Old French marque "mark, seizure, reprisal" from Latin marca "border, boundary." Akin to Germanic markja- "mark, border" as in Old Norse merki "a mark." The PIE root of all these words is merg-/morg- "boundary, border." A marquis was originally a nobleman appointed by his king to prevent border incursions.
	www.yourdictionary.com /wotd/wotd.pl?word=marque (439 words)

	TERRORIZE THE TERRORISTS: ISSUE LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Serious shortcomings in our efforts, from the institutionalized limits on our intelligence gathering, to the ability of terrorists to hide within indigenous populations or in population centers around the world, are redressed by the issuance of letters of marque and reprisal.
		It goes back to the days of the privateers, who were legalized pirates doing the bidding of their governments, with Letters of Marque and Reprisal being their official authorization for their activities.
		Letters of Marque and Reprisal are authorizations to seize the ships of enemy nations.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/753987/posts (973 words)

	PRESS RELEASE: Paul Offers President New Tool in the War on Terrorism
		Washington, DC: Congressman Ron Paul today presented Congress with the "Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001," legislation designed to give President Bush an additional tool in the fight against terrorism.
		The Constitution gives Congress the power to issue letters of marque and reprisal when a precise declaration of war is impossible due to the vagueness of the enemy.
		"Once letters of marque and reprisal are issued, every terrorist is essentially a marked man," Paul concluded.
	www.house.gov /paul/press/press2001/pr101101.htm (267 words)

	Pirate Documents Alphabetical List
		This Letter of Reprisal was for Captain John Couper whose ship was captured by the Spanish, so he went and captured one of theirs and his compensation was £2,000.
		This is his original Letter of Marque issued to him from Jamaica authorizing him to invade Cuba and anywhere else the Spanish might be.
		To arm the William of London is the purpose of this Letter of Reprisal against France for the loss of the Mercury.
	www.piratedocuments.com /Pages/alphabetical_list.htm (1761 words)

	Confederate Naval Strategy: Letters of Marque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The legal course normally followed by a national government is to issue a "letter of marque or reprisal" to the would-be privateer legitimizing what would normally be considered piracy.
		The privateer operating under the letter of marque was the romantic bastion of this strategy.
		Although the United States had utilized the letter of marque as a weapon during the Revolution and the War of 1812 and had refused to ratify the Declaration of Paris of 1856 which had outlawed privateering, Northern merchants were unanimously united that the practice was "piracy" and a barbarous method of war.
	ehistory.osu.edu /uscw/features/articles/0005/privateers.cfm (3385 words)

	Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs: Letters of Marque and Reprisal
		I did some further research with Google and turned up this article that explains what a letter of marque and reprisal is and how it could be used against terrorists.
		Basically, the letter of marque and reprisal is a way to take action against a non-governmental foreign group while still abiding by the Constitution.
		In October 2001, Ron Paul, U.S. representative from Texas, introduced bills H.R. 3074, Air Piracy Reprisal and Capture Act of 2001, and H.R. 3076, September 11 Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001, to authorize the U.S. State Department to issue such Letters.
	www.muhajabah.com /islamicblog/archives/the_clipboard/001806.php (1667 words)

	Drumwaster's Rants!: Not a bad idea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Movie fans of the infamous James Bond character know full well that the double zero in his identity refers to the fact that he is "licensed to kill".
		Historically, most letters were repaid primarily with booty and pillage.
		Oh, the historical -- Letters of Marquis were what you gave to pirates to make the legitimate and have them work for you.
	www.drumwaster.com /archives/001101.html (443 words)

	Privateer Licenses and other Forgeries
		Captain Kidd was hung as a pirate because he couldn't find Letters of Marque from ships he had captured.
		Warrant to the Wardens of the Cinque Ports which were the influential Naval ports located in the south of England, to issue Letters of Reprisal.
		Recognisance of £1,000 for good behavior of the Elizabeth, for which Letters of Reprisal had been issued.
	www.piratedocuments.com /Pages/category_list.htm (1500 words)

	Joseph Story: Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States: Book 3 Chapter 21
		But the express power "to grant letters of marque and reprisal" may not have been thought wholly unnecessary, because it is often a measure of peace, to prevent the necessity of a resort to war.
		Thus, individuals of a nation sometimes suffer from the depredations of foreign potentates; and yet it may not be deemed either expedient or necessary to redress such grievances by a general declaration of war.
		This power of reprisal seems indeed to be a dictate almost of nature itself, and is nearly related to, and plainly derived from that of making war.
	www.constitution.org /js/js_321.htm (5512 words)

	The Avalon Project : HR 3076 September 11 Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001 (Introduced in the House); October 10, 2001
		To authorize the President of the United States to issue letters of marque and reprisal with respect to certain acts of air piracy upon the United States on September 11, 2001, and other similar acts of war planned for the future.
		This Act may be cited as the `September 11 Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001'.
		(c) No letter of marque and reprisal shall be issued by the President without requiring the posting of a security bond in such amount as the President shall determine is sufficient to ensure that the letter be executed according to the terms and conditions thereof.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/sept_11/hr3076_ih.htm (402 words)

	Ship Modeling FAQ, Research Note Privateer--- Revised: February 18, 2002
		Both were required to obtain a Letter of Marque to proceed legally.
		There may well be a difference of application of the term between countries, Wayne, and even between eras, of course, and I most certainly can not claim to be an expert on Marcher Law; it's a complicated and pretty esoteric subject, and I cannot vouch for US practice in 1812-14.
		In Scotland, moreover, a letter of reprisal was heritable property which might remain in force for generations: in 1561 Captain Patrick Blackader was taking Portuguese prizes by virtue of a letter originally granted in 1476.
	home.att.net /~ShipModelFAQ/ResearchNotes/smf-RN-Privateer.html (576 words)

	The Quickest Route to Defense Privatization by William Buppert
		The problems of piracy and inadequate naval power plagued the young Republic and letters of marque were an ingenious early adoption of outsourcing.
		From its birth to the 1850’s, letters of marque remained in effect.
		Couple letters of marque with the power of the market and the chances are much better of capture dead or alive.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig4/buppert4.html (1234 words)

	A Letter for Stethem - January 12, 2006 - The New York Sun
		By issuing a letter of marque and reprisal, Congress could authorize any individual citizen to hunt down Hamadi and secure him, dead or alive.
		It is true that letters of marque and reprisal haven't been used in recent years.
		One virtue of reviving the use of such a letter could be to lift Robert Dean Stethem's case above the fiercely swirling currents of Mideast politics.
	www.nysun.com /article/25720 (546 words)

	OxBlog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pirates with letters of marque and reprisal were operating within the colour of law, and were hence privateers.
		This is why the principle behind "marque and reprisal" must be given serious consideration.' (yes, he really did praise bringing back pirates as a 'cautious, deliberate' solution to September 11.
		THE WAR LETTER: Along with Kos and Dan Froomkin, Tim Noah over at Slate is trumpeting this letter as definitive evidence that Bush stated unambiguously that there was a working realtionship between Saddam and Al Qaeda.
	oxblog.blogspot.com /2004_06_20_oxblog_archive.html (7042 words)

	The Liberty Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Liberty Committee calls upon every U.S. citizen to support H.R. 3076 -- September 11 Marque and Reprisal Act of 2001 and H.R. 3074 -- Air Piracy Reprisal and Capture Act of 2001 introduced by Congressman Ron Paul (R-TX) on October 10, 2001.
		Article I, Section 8, Clauses 10 and 11 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the power to define offenses against the law of nations and to authorize the use of nongovernmental persons or entities to capture those who commit those offenses.
		H.R. 3076 would grant President Bush the authority to issue letters of marque and reprisal for the capture of those who are responsible for the September 11 attacks upon the United States.
	www.thelibertycommittee.org /pressrelease10.11.01.htm (276 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)