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Topic: The Letter of Marque

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	Ed Kane's Water Taxi
		This is why we call our tickets the Letter of Marque; they are a modern-day replication of the license giving Privateers the right to plunder enemy ships for profit.
		Our Letters of Marque are your license to "raid" the merchants of Baltimore for your profit.
		The Letters of Marque are available only to adult Water Taxi ticket-holders and, if used, can more than cover the cost of the ticket.
	www.thewatertaxi.com /lom.html (165 words)

	Letters of Marque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One of the principle clauses of a letter of marque is that of specifically naming the country whose vessels can be legally captured.
		Letters of Marque did not completely safeguard a privateer from prosecution even when ships of certain countries were excluded from attacks.
		The use of Letters of Marque was discontinued by many countries who signed the Declaration of Paris in 1856.
	www.geocities.com /Tokyo/Garden/5213/marque.htm (422 words)

	Welcome to the home of the Florida Pirate Festivals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Letters of Marque are official documents that grant permission from a national government or a King, authorizing a pirate to find and seize the property of an enemy nation.
		The Letter of marque was used to go beyond the boundry or border of the issueing government.
		Many Privateers who were issued letters of marque turned to piracy and over stepped thier boundries (usually to cover there costs) by taking ships or property of which they were not authoried to or exceeded the Letter of Marque.
	www.piratefair.com /links.htm (228 words)

	Letter of marque - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A private ship and its captain and crew operating under a letter of marque and reprisal was called a privateer.
		Letters of Marque and Reprisal are grants of authority from Congress to private citizens, not the President.
		The difference between a privateer and a pirate was a subtle (often invisible) one, and the issuance of letters of marque and reprisal to private parties was banned for the signatories of the Declaration of Paris in 1856.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Letter_of_marque (424 words)

	Is the Constitution Antiquated?: Newsroom: The Independent Institute
		A letter of marque—or letter of reprisal—is the means by which a government authorizes a civilian to arm a private ship in order to attack and plunder the merchant ships of an enemy nation during war.
		Letters of marque assumed importance in American history as a response to the Prohibitory Act passed by Great Britain in 1775.
		It was not until the Hague Conferences at the dawn of the twentieth century, however, that the United States officially renounced the use of letters of marque and reprisal.
	www.independent.org /tii/news/991100McElroy.html (1370 words)

	Texas Navy - Privateers - Texas State Library
		Letters of marque and reprisal have been issued since the thirteenth century.
		The word "marque" comes from the French word for border, giving the holder permission to cross the border; "reprisal" is used in the original sense of "taking prizes." The purpose of the letters was to augment a nation's navy, creating a force which could pillage the enemy at no cost to public funds.
		The power to grant letters of marque was given to the federal government in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 8.
	www.tsl.state.tx.us /exhibits/navy/privateers.html (700 words)

	The Liberty Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		No. Traditionally, a letter of marque and reprisal authorizes the use of armed force to deprive a nation's enemy of economic and other material resources that enables the enemy to wage war against that nation, or that nation's citizens, when outside the nation's protective umbrella.
		Obviously, to carry out such authority, the holder of a letter of marque and reprisal may use armed force against persons who resist the execution of the letter and in the process may kill those persons in self-defense.
		No. Letters of marque and reprisal enable a nation to make a surgical, armed strike against an enemy, providing diplomatic cover both to herself and her allies and to nations that wish to remain neutral.
	www.thelibertycommittee.org /lomarqa.htm (1766 words)

	Pirate
		A privateer was similar in method, but had a commission or a letter of marque from a government or king to capture merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation.
		The letter of marque was recognized by international law and meant that a privateer could not be charged with piracy, although this was often not enough to save them.
		The letter of marque was banned under international law in 1854.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pi/Pirate.html (402 words)

	American Maritime Documents, 1776-1860
		Letters of Marque were licenses granted by a monarch or government to privately-owned vessels, enabling them under certain conditions to war against the shipping of an enemy nation.
		By 1812, Letters of Marque and Privateer Commissions were essentially the same document, and it is certainly not grossly incorrect to refer to all such vessels as privateers.
		Letters of Marque were abolished by the Congress of Paris in 1856, and the practice of privateering was considered obsolete by the end of the nineteenth century.
	www.mysticseaport.org /library/initiative/ImText.cfm?BibID=6405&ChapterId=23 (542 words)

	Military Trivia
		A letter of marque from a government authorized a private vessel to capture ships of a SPECIFIC enemy country for the duration of hostilities and sometimes oulined stiff penalties for attacking ships of other nations.
		A letter of marque gave the crew the legal right to plunder enemy ships and each member of the crew got a "cut" of the profits.
		Such annoyances would often lead some regular naval officers refuse to recognize letters of marque and one of the occupational hazards of a privateer was to be hanged as a pirate.
	www.angelfire.com /tx4/bustersbattery/militrivia/MILITRIVIA63.html (558 words)

	FSC - Free Spirited Captains
		Such naval commissions or authorizations are called "Letters of Marque".
		Letters of Marque were an authority formerly given to private persons to fit out an armed ship and use it to attack, capture, and plunder of enemy merchant ships in time of war.
		The original function of the Letters of Marque (or Letters of Reprisal) was to right a private wrong.
	members.tripod.com /fsc_sl/history.htm (781 words)

	-yourDictionary.com - Word of the Day
		Holders of such a letter were called "privateers" or "corsairs." On land, a letter of marque was permission for reprisals after a border incursion (see "Etymology").
		Usage: Originally, the letter of marque and reprisal was intended as an instrument of last resort when a hostile nation or one of its nationals failed to pay for goods obtained by whatever means.
		Etymology: From Old French marque "mark, seizure, reprisal" from Latin marca "border, boundary." Akin to Germanic markja- "mark, border" as in Old Norse merki "a mark." The PIE root of all these words is merg-/morg- "boundary, border." A marquis was originally a nobleman appointed by his king to prevent border incursions.
	www.yourdictionary.com /wotd/wotd.pl?date=2001-10-13 (423 words)

	Pirates, Real buccaneers and black flags Authentic Pirate Treasure Gold Coins and History
		A privateer or corsair used similar methods to a pirate, but acted while in possession of a commission or letter of marque from a government or king authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation.
		The letter of marque was recognized by convention—for example, the United States Constitution of 1787 specifically authorizes Congress to issue letters of marque and reprisal—and meant that a privateer could not technically be charged with piracy.
		This nicety of law did not always save the individuals concerned, however, as whether one was considered a pirate or a legally operating privateer often depended on whose custody the individual found himself in—that of the country that had issued the commission, or that of the object of attack.
	www.realtreasures.com /the_pirates.htm (783 words)

	Letter of Marque - Bhakail's Pirate Bransle & Investiture Party - October 2003
		The text is a letter of marque, based on a license given to John Wellys and Philip Taillour by King Henry IV in 1405.
		The illumination was inspired by a folio from the Grandes Heures de Jean de Berry from 1409 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms.
		The Letter of Marque was won by Don Philip of the Golden Hind with 9 kills.
	dolphin.upenn.edu /~cbogs/scriptorium/marque.html (482 words)

	New Page 1
		A Letter of Marque is a special license that was given to some ship captains which allowed them to commit piracy on an offending country without fear of being booked with piracy.
		This was usually a deal made between a country and a ship's captain that required that the captain share all prizes captured with the country that gave him the Letter of Marque.
		Most countries gave a Letter of Marque to a captain in order to get payment for goods stolen by another country during acts of piracy.
	library.thinkquest.org /J0110360/letofm.htm (89 words)

	Madison's Life: War of 1812: The American Privateer: Letter of Marque
		Letter of Marque carried by Captain Millin of the American privateer Prince of Neufchâtel during the War of 1812.
		GIVEN under my hand and seal of the United States of America, at the City of Washington, the twelfth day of December in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and fourteen and of the independence of the said states the thirty ninth.
		This is the Letter of Marque issued to the second captain of the Prince of Neufchâtel.
	www.jmu.edu /madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/life/war1812/privateer/marque.htm (128 words)

	Letters of Marque and Reprisal
		Article I, Section 8, paragraph 11 of the U.S. Constitution authorizes Congress to "grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water." A "reprisal" means an action taken in return for some injury.
		So a Letter of Marque and Reprisal would authorize a private person, not in the U.S. armed forces, to conduct reprisal operations outside the borders of the U.S.A. Such Letters are grantable not just by the U.S. Constitution, but also by international law, which is why it was able to be included in the Constitution.
		The Letters are grantable whenever the citizens or subjects of one country are injured by those in another country and justice is denied by the government of that country, as happened with the attack by persons who were in Afghanistan.
	www.progress.org /archive/fold232.htm (649 words)

	Books : Balance of Power: A Novel
		The author has some interesting dialogues between the two opposing sides of the Letter of Marque issue but the reader should be aware that although the issue is a thoughtful one and worthy of debate, it is used the author to proselytize his right wing point of view.
		Historically, letters of marque were official licenses issued on behalf of the head of government in time of war to private citizens which gave them limited legal protection to act as privateers.
		For example, the marque and reprisal clause in the constitution was written as part of a framework to consolidated national sovereignty into a then newly centralized government, and make sure that the nations war making power was divided fairly among the three branches of government.
	www.cosyreading.info /0688159176/Balance_of_Power_A_Novel.shtml (2178 words)

	Confederate Naval Strategy: Letters of Marque
		The privateer operating under the letter of marque was the romantic bastion of this strategy.
		The second goal of the letters of marque was a more traditional one, the procurement of supplies and war material.
		Although the United States had utilized the letter of marque as a weapon during the Revolution and the War of 1812 and had refused to ratify the Declaration of Paris of 1856 which had outlawed privateering, Northern merchants were unanimously united that the practice was "piracy" and a barbarous method of war.
	ehistory.osu.edu /uscw/features/articles/0005/privateers.cfm (3385 words)

	Privateer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The letter of reprisal was the precursor to the letter of marque.
		However, Letters of Marque did not completely safeguard a privateer from prosecution even when ships of certain countries were excluded from attacks.
		Typically a privateer would issue the letters with instructions for all other privateers to allow this ship to pass safely to its intended destiination because people were being held ransom and the ransom could not be paid by dead men.
	privateer.omena.org /Privateer.html (1618 words)

	marque - definition by dict.die.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		[F. marque, in lettre de marque letter of marque, a commission with which the commandant of every armed vessel was obliged to be provided, under penalty of being considered a pirate or corsair; marque here prob.
		Letters of marque, Letters of marque and reprisal, a license or extraordinary commission granted by a government to a private person to fit out a privateer or armed ship to cruise at sea and make prize of the enemy's ships and merchandise.
		The ship so commissioned is sometimes called a letter of marque.
	dict.die.net /marque (149 words)

	Privateers an Introduction
		Sailing from this port under letters of marque from France or America, over sixty privateers captured hundreds of prizes in the Irish Sea and English Channel.
		Since that number was insufficient to mount a war against a more powerful enemy, the fledgling nation issued letters of marque to more than four hundred privateers whose attacks on British shipping crippled that country’s trade.
		Although Laffite sailed with letters of marque from Cartagena, which was fighting for its independence from Spain, many considered him a pirate.
	www.cindyvallar.com /privateers.html (1758 words)

	Ship Modeling FAQ, Research Note Privateer--- Revised: February 18, 2002
		Both were required to obtain a Letter of Marque to proceed legally.
		There may well be a difference of application of the term between countries, Wayne, and even between eras, of course, and I most certainly can not claim to be an expert on Marcher Law; it's a complicated and pretty esoteric subject, and I cannot vouch for US practice in 1812-14.
		In Scotland, moreover, a letter of reprisal was heritable property which might remain in force for generations: in 1561 Captain Patrick Blackader was taking Portuguese prizes by virtue of a letter originally granted in 1476.
	home.att.net /~ShipModelFAQ/ResearchNotes/smf-RN-Privateer.html (576 words)

	Madison's Life: War of 1812: The American Privateer: Overview
		What distinguished American privateers from pirates was the state of war between the U.S. and England and a Letter of Marque signed by the President.
		The Letter of Marque was issued for a specified captain of a specified ship (see Letter of Marque).
		She was built in New York City in 1812-1813 and received a Letter of Marque in October 1813 for her first captain, John Ordronaux, who had previously captained the French privateer Marengo.
	www.jmu.edu /madison/center/main_pages/madison_archives/life/war1812/privateer/overview.htm (1036 words)

	Rambles: Patrick O'Brian, The Letter of Marque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Instead, he owes his remaining status to his close and wealthy friend Stephen Maturin (also his ship's surgeon and a British intelligence agent), who purchased the decommissioned ship and obtained for Aubrey a letter of marque -- basically, a license for piracy against Britain's foes.
		Various subplots continue to unfold; foremost among them here is Maturin's opium addiction (and his unwitting weaning from the drug) and his reconcilliation with his estranged (and outraged) wife.
		After the preceding novel, which was spent almost entirely ashore, The Letter of Marque is an exuberant return to sea for Patrick O'Brian's popular hero.
	www.rambles.net /obrian_marque88.html (322 words)

	USS Trumbull
		Watt twice set the frigate afire; Trumbull's shot caused fires on board the letter of marque that proved impossible to extinguish until the Briton had cut away much of her rigging.
		Holed below the waterline, the letter of marque took on water at an alarming rate, and her danger was compounded by the fact that the American guns had left her with only one operable pump.
		Both badly battered, the frigate and letter of marque broke off action and retired from the scene of battle.
	members.cox.net /shipkiller/data/frigate/trumbell_frigate.html (2697 words)

	English Privateers: an Introduction
		Henry III of England granted the first Letter of Reprisal in 1243.
		The precursor of the Letter of Marque, these letters licensed a ship to attack enemy ships without fear of punishment.
		In theory privateers attacked only enemy ships and did so in accordance with the restrictions delineated in their letters of marque.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/pirates/96568 (450 words)

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