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		The Spartan Army was defeated by the Armed Forces of Thebes at Leuctra in 371 B.C. Once, the very sight and sound of an advancing line of Spartan soldiers had been enough to break the nerve of opponents.
		Leuctra was not just a setback--it marked the end of Spartan power and influence.
		Leuctra was Sparta's fate because those habits led the Spartans to surround themselves by enemies abroad, while simultaneously feeding the angry hunger of those restive internal subjects who would happily have eaten the few remaining Similars.
	www.chessworld.50megs.com /spart.html (4289 words)

	Encyclopedia: 371 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Battle of Leuctra, which ends the Spartan hegemony and initiates the beginning of the Theban hegemony
		This article covers the history of Sparta from its founding to the present, concentrating primarily on the Spartan state during the height of its power in the sixth to fourth centuries B.C.E. // Prehistoric period Tradition relates that Sparta was founded by Lacedaemon, son of Zeus and Taygete, who...
		Cleombrotus I, king of Sparta (died in the battle of Leuctra)
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/371-BC (1108 words)

	Battle of Leuctra
		Leuctra was a village of Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae, chiefly noticeable for the battle fought in its neighborhood in 371 BC between the Thebans and the Spartans and their allies.
		A Peloponnesian army, about 10,000 strong, which had invaded Boeotia from Phocis, was here confronted by a Boeotian levy of perhaps 6000 soldiers under Epaminondas.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ba/Battle_of_Leuctra.html (314 words)

	Assignment One (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Topography is relatively unimportant to the study of this battle (the plain of Leuctra is more or less unencumbered), so our evaluation of the battle depends more or less entirely on the literary sources.
		He was an Athenian soldier, with strong interests in military matters: among his numerous writings are several treatises on military theory and practice, as well as historical accounts of much of the military activity during his lifetime.
		Also relevant to his account of Leuctra is the fact that he was very much pro-Spartan, and had spent much of his life at Sparta (in exile from Athens), and moved in influential circles there.
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~warfare/Guides/ag01.html (598 words)

	Sparta Thebes Battle of Leuctra Jason of Pherae
		The road to Thebes ran through a place called Leuctra and it was at Leuctra that the Theban army chose to make its stand.
		Leuctra, they signalled, would prove to be a minor setback in a campaign to conquer Thebes.
		Whatever interpretation the Spartans placed on Leuctra, the defeat served as a signal to her enemies that she was weak.
	www.periclespress.com /Sparta.html (2128 words)

	Adrianople
		Rather than take the expected, easy route into Boeotia through the usual defile, the Spartans marched over the hills via Thisbae and took the fortress of Creusis (along with twelve Theban warships) before the Thebans were aware of their presence.
		Xenophon, in his account of the battle, suggests that this was because the Spartan allies were actually pleased to see their Lacedaemonian masters beaten by the upstart Thebans.
		Leuctra is an interesting to re-fight as the weaker side won the original battle through the use of innovative tactics.
	www.visbellica.com /Scenarios/Leuctra/sc_leuctra.htm (1027 words)

	Leuctridae Catalogue
		Leuctra higashiyamae Kohno, 1964, p.33 -- Kohno, 1965, p.
		Ravizza, C. and Ravizza-Dematteris, E. Leuctra canavensis, a short winged new species of stonefly (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from the Graian Alpes (Italy).
		Vinçon, G. and Pardo, I. Contribution to the knowledge of Pyrenean stoneflies: Leuctra joani sp.
	homepage.mac.com /kawagera/plec/catalogue/leuctrid.htm (377 words)

	Ancient History Sourcebook: Xenophon: The Battle of Leuctra, 371 BCE
		In 371 B.C. at Leuctra, in Boeotia, on the road from Plataea to Thespiae, the Thebans met and defeated the Spartans.
		The point of ingress which he adopted was not that which the Thebans expected from Phocis, and where they were keeping a guard at a defile, but marching through Thisbae, by a hilly and unsuspected route, he arrived before Creusis, taking that fortress and twelve Theban war ships to boot.
		After this, he advanced from the seaboard, and encamped in Leuctra in Thespian territory.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/371leuctra.html (1259 words)

	Pelopidas - The Freedom Fighter
		He dreamed that he saw some girls crying near an old tomb and cursing the Spartans, and he heard their father say that if the Thebans wanted victory, it would be necessary to sacrifice a virgin with chestnut hair.
		This story of the dream and the sacrifice spread throughout the Theban camp and inspired the soldiers with the assurance of divine assistance.
		He reminded the Thebans that all of their victories came from everyone working together, and that it was in fact against the law to build monuments inscribed with the names of individuals.
	www.e-classics.com /PELOPIDAS.htm (5177 words)

	Fall of an Evil Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The decisive defeat of the Spartan hoplite army by the armed forces of Thebes at the battle of Leuctra in 371
		Leuctra must have seemed to many observers of the contemporary scene like rain from a clear blue sky.
		By the time they met the Thebans there, Sparta had long been in serious trouble; it was only a matter of time before someone found a way to exploit Sparta's profound inner weaknesses.
	historynet.com /mhq/blsparta (1341 words)

	Ancient Greece Greek History - What Caused The Downfall of Sparta?
		The only way Sparta could have benefited from the inclusion of helots in their forces would have been if the helots were trained as soldiers like the Spartans, but this would have meant that there was no-one to farm for the soldiers.
		Even if the helots were able to win the Battle of Leuctra for the Spartans, there was still much corruption in Sparta, which had ruined the simple Spartan way of life.
		Even if the Battle of Leuctra had been lost, but the 'Spartan way of life' was still intact and the Spartiates were still obedient to the state and all its laws, I think that Sparta would have picked itself up again and continued as it had done.
	www.123helpme.com /view.asp?id=22669 (2174 words)

	GBoH Epaminondas Module
		It seems that all sides since Leuctra had decided that deeper formations were superior to their traditional 8 man depth formations.
		So although Mantinea was a bigger battle than Leuctra the respective widths of the battlelines were narrower than the numbers would suggest.
		It would appear that the first seeds of the Persian empire's destruction began on the fields of Leuctra and Epaminondas was its architect.
	patriot.net /~townsend/GBoH/Modules/gboh-epaminondas-module.html (2110 words)

	Volume 6, abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the brooks the emergence of stoneflies had two clear maxima: one in spring and another in late autumn.
		Dominant species in the autumnal cathes were Leuctra fusca and Leuctra digitata.
		In the outlet streams the succession of emergence was somewhat different owing to the weak emergency and due to the cold summer with strong floods in 1987.
	www.entomologicafennica.org /Volume06/abstracts6_99.htm (212 words)

	Battle of Leuctra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A Peloponnesian army, about 10,000-11,000 strong, which had invaded Boeotia from Phocis, was here confronted by a Boeotian levy of perhaps 6000-7,000 soldiers under Epaminondas.
		Its political effects were equally far-reaching: The loss in material strength and prestige which the Spartans here sustained went part of the way in depriving them forever of their supremacy in Greece.
		Leuctra de:Schlacht bei Leuktra ja:&12524;&12454;&12463;&12488;&12521;&12398;&25126;&12356; pl:Bitwa pod Leuktrami
	battle-of-leuctra.area51.ipupdater.com (392 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		Sparta had lost about 500 men during the battle, while another 500 were killed during the retreat to their camp.
		With the destruction of the Spartan power at the battle of Leuctra the decade of Theban hegemony had begun.
		Leuctra was a defeat for Sparta, but it was not this military defeat which resulted in the end of Sparta.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/leuctra.html (1301 words)

	Bollettino della Soc. Entomol. Ital., Genova, 132 (3), 2000
		Vinçon G. & Ravizza C. - New micropterous micro-endemic Leuctra species and subspecies from the Spanish Cordillera Cantabrica (Plecoptera Leuctridae): pp.
		Abstract - Leuctra microstyla a new micropterous species from the Spanish Cordillera Cantabrica is described.
		New illustrations and biogeographic information are given for two other micro-endemic Leuctra living in the same region: L.
	www.socentomit.it /english/boll_mem/boll09.html (811 words)

	The Internet Classics Archive \| Agesilaus by Plutarch
		But that this war was undertaken more upon passion than judgment the event may prove; for the treaty was finished but the fourteenth of Scirophorion, and the Lacedaemonians received their great overthrow at Leuctra on the fifth of Hecatombaeon, within twenty days.
		There fell at that time a thousand Spartans, and Cleombrotus their king, and around him the bravest men of the nation; particularly the beautiful youth, Cleonymus, the son of Sphodrias, who was thrice struck down at the feet of the king, and as often rose, but was slain at the last.
		It happened that the Spartans were celebrating a solemn feast, at which many strangers were present from other countries, and the town full of them, when this news of the overthrow came.
	classics.mit.edu /Plutarch/agesilus.html (8479 words)

	Why Sparta fell ~ at runboard.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At Leuctra, 54 years later, during a major campaign, the Spartiates present numbered only around 700, approximately 400 of whom were killed (Xenophon Hellenica 6.4.15).
		This decline in the population reflects the great weakness of the Spartan state: the unwillingness of the ruling class to breed outside of itself, coupled with its unwillingness to co-opt outsiders into its ranks.
		Up to Leuctra, you should concentrate on the declining population and make special mention of Sphacteria as evidence of the changing Spartan attitude.
	com1.runboard.com /bhistoria.fgeneraldiscussion.t6 (775 words)

	Thebes in the Age of Pelopidas and Epaminondas: Some Questions Considered. - Civilization Fanatics' Forums
		He was not in command at Leuctra and not present at Mantinea.
		So, if the tactics of Epaminondas suddenly appearing at Leuctra and then Mantinea were part of a gradual development, then we would not know it.
		When Sparta was deprived of most of her allies after Leuctra, she was defenceless against Epaminondas’ invasion of Laconia.
	forums.civfanatics.com /showthread.php?t=61666 (1408 words)

	HELLAS:NET - Warfare
		The power of Sparta, the traditional competitor of Athens for hegemony of Hellas, might have been broken and its forces were no longer invincible, but the result of the battle was a very strong Thebes.
		The Thebans used the same strategy as during the battle of Leuctra, and the Spartans had obviously learned nothing of this last battle.
		The Theban cavalry and peltasts moved forwards at both sides of the phalanx and attacked the cavalry and peltasts of the Coalition.
	monolith.dnsalias.org /~marsares/warfare/battle/mantinea.html (1216 words)

	Leuctra
		Date "Leuctra" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1851.
		"Leuctra" is a common misspelling or typo for: Electra, Lecture, Lecturer, Plectra.
		English words defined with "Leuctra": battle of Leuctra.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Le/Leuctra.html (537 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 555 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		371, after the battle of Leuctra, the Thebans sent intelligence of it to Jason, as their ally,, requesting his aid.
		Accordingly, he manned some triremes, as if he meant to go to the help of the Thebans by sea ; and having thus thrown the Phocians off their guard, marched repidly through their country, and arrived safely at Leuctra.
		Here the Thebans were anxious that he should join them in pressing their victory over the enemy ; but Jason (who had no wish to see Thebes any more than Sparta in a commanding position) dissuaded them, by setting forth the danger of driving the Lacedaemonians to despair.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1663.html (915 words)

	Battle Reports March 2004
		Refought Leuctra as per the scenario on the website with all the Spartans and allies starting on hold orders except the cavalry.
		Jon was Cleombrotus and of course rolled a six to start which meant he managed to get some of the allies rolling forward immediately as the Theban cavalry closed menacingly with the Spartan cavalry.
		The Spartans stayed the same but the Thebans lost one of their Veteran cavalry bases but gained three units of allied Boetian cavalry.
	www.visbellica.com /BatRep/battle_reports_march_2004.htm (2315 words)

	Greece Polis in Decline 400 to 335 B.C, battle of leuctra, decline of Sparta, fall of sparta, octavius, peloponnesian ...
		Greece Polis in Decline 400 to 335 B.C, battle of leuctra, decline of Sparta, fall of sparta, octavius, peloponnesian war, helen of troy, Sparta's barbarian invasions
		Thebes, for example, crushed the Spartan army at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 B.C., dominated the peninsula for ten years, then declined rapidly.
		During this conflict, the kings of Persia contributed large amounts of money to whichever side would provide the best advantage to Persian interests.
	greece.russiansabroad.com /country_page.aspx?page=23 (194 words)

	DIALOG Dissertation Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The life history and dispersal of Leuctra ferruginea and patterns of emergence of L. tenella were studied in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH, USA.
		These stoneflies have complex life cycles, developing in streams as larvae and becoming reproductively mature in the terrestrial environment.
		The life history and dispersal patterns of these acid-tolerant stoneflies may enable larvae to persist in anthropogenically acidified headwater streams; and adult dispersal potentially linked populations within and across watersheds, effectively setting population boundaries across watersheds rather than along single stream channels.
	aslo.org /phd/dialog/200304-13.html (376 words)

	IngentaConnect Emergence of Leuctra nigra (Plecoptera) from a southern English s... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		IngentaConnect Emergence of Leuctra nigra (Plecoptera) from a southern English s...
		The emergence of the stonefly Leuctra nigra into pyramidal traps was related to the supply of emergent substratum locally available in a small, stony stream.
		Hence, in a manipulative experiment, the mean catch of adults per trap increased with the total length of the interface between water and protruding substratum (i.e.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/schweiz/afh/2003/00000158/00000002/art00003 (219 words)

	Bollettino della Soc. entomol. ital., Genova, 135(1), 2003
		Ravizza C. & Vinçon G. Leuctra queyrassiana ssp.
		The results suggest a change in food preference between different instars, with smaller stages detritivorous and larger ones carnivorous, feeding on a broad range of aquatic insects.
		orsiera, a new subspecies of Leuctra from the Cottian Alps, Italy
	www.socentomit.it /english/boll_mem/boll16.html (571 words)

	Hellenica - Chapter V
		B.C. Archidamus, after the relief of the army defeated at Leuctra, had led back the united forces.
		And, indeed, the Boeotians one and all were resolute in their military manouvres and devotion to arms,[23] exulting in the victory of Leuctra.
		In the wake of Thebes followed the Phocians, who were now their subjects, Euboeans from all the townships of the island, both sections of the Locrians, the Acarnanians,[24] and the men of Heraclea and of Melis; while their force was further swelled by Thessalian cavalry and light infantry.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/lit/historical/Hellenica/chap34.html (4900 words)

	Games Depot
		Medieval Total War - Hellenic TW MOD - Leuctra 371 BC You MUST download the Hellenic TW MOD for MTW and VI (Viking Expansion) to be able to play this scenario.
		The Theban army formed outside the city of Leuctra and waited for the Spartans.
		The larger Spartan force, under King Kleombrotos, established an entrenched camp and settled in expecting the Thebans to negotiate or even withdraw.
	www.wargamer.com /gamesdepot/details.asp?sid=3563 (266 words)

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