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Topic: Levee

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	Modern History Sourcebook: The Levée en Masse, Augt 23, 1793
		In response to the dangers of foreign war, the Committee of public safety established a mass conscription (Levée en Masse) and succeeded in training an army of about 800,000 soldiers in less than a year.
		In addition to bringing out the creativity of the Committee of Public Safety, the Levée en Masse represents a turning point in the history of warfare.
		From now on, war was to become "total" involving all elements of the population, and all the reserves of the state.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1793levee.html (497 words)

	Levee Fixes Falling Short, Experts Warn
		Levee armoring significantly lowers the risk that a levee will collapse when it is overtopped by floodwaters.
		Corps officials acknowledge that many surviving levees may have been weakened by the storm, but testing of the entire 350-mile system is not expected for a least another year.
		Where the levee was to be rebuilt, the soil was white sand the consistency of powdered sugar, intermingled with a copious amount of tiny seashells.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/03/05/AR2006030500976_pf.html (1487 words)

	levee. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Levees are the oldest and the most extensively used method of flood control.
		Levee surfaces are commonly protected from erosion by vegetation, notably Bermuda grass.
		Levee systems require careful planning, with sections set back from the river to form a wider channel and with flood valley basins divided by cross levees to prevent inundation of large areas by a single break.
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/levee.html (279 words)

	Mission 2010: Team 4: Levees and Flood Protection Systems - Levee Board
		The Levee Governance Board would be in charge of overseeing the rebuilding of the levees to and their maintenance at the specifications and standards we set up earlier.
		The Levee Governance Board would be responsible for the safety and upkeep of the levee system and would have to report to the governor on it activities and budget.
		National Levee Safety Program Act of 2006 is a bill in Congress that sets up standards and protocol for the inspection and inventory of the levees, an interagency committee on levee safety with a National Levee Safety Advisory Board, and a National levee safety program.
	web.mit.edu /12.000/www/m2010/teams/neworleans4/leveeboard.html (952 words)

	NOLA RISES - Rebuilding New Orleans With Information - Blanco And Boasso Release Levee Consolidation Plan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Require its regions and levee districts to construct and maintain drainage works of all types as they relate to tidewater flooding, hurricane protection, and saltwater intrusion, either in cooperation with one or more parishes, municipalities, drainage districts, or other special districts within its territorial jurisdiction, or upon its own undertaking.
		For each levee district within authority, care and inspection of levees is a responsibility of commissioners assisted by inspectors and watchmen.
		Employees of a former levee board may, insofar as practicable, continue as an employee of their respective district at the pleasure of the authority; however, no employees will be classified under civil service.
	www.nolarises.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1246 (1687 words)

	Chapter 4 Part D. Delta Levee System Integrity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Levees may be built to various standards, depending on the level of flood protection desired.
		Once a levee is built to a desired standard for flood protection, it is imperative that it be maintained to resist the many forces that work to undermine its integrity.
		Levee inspections evaluate the condition of the levee crown road, the condition and inspectability of the land and water sides of the levee, the presence of levee encroachments, and evidence of animal-burrowing damage.
	calwater.ca.gov /Programs/Science/cmarp/ch4d.html (2527 words)

	Howstuffworks "What is a levee?"
		Most of the levees along the Mississippi are 10 to 20 feet (3 to 7 meters) tall.
		For example, along the Mississippi river, the levees are dry until the river floods in the spring.
		Levees along the Mississippi river in the New Orleans area have been under construction since the early 1700s.
	science.howstuffworks.com /levee.htm (563 words)

	Permit to Construct a Dike or Levee
		A levee, may however, be placed into Class IV, as determined by the Chief, which would exempt the structure from a permit.
		For levees in Class I, the minimum elevations of the top of the levee shall be three feet higher than the maximum adjacent water surface elevation during passage of the design flood.
		For levees in Class II and Class III, the minimum elevations of the top of the levee shall be two feet higher than the maximum adjacent water surface elevations during passage of the design flood.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /water/dsafety/prmitdik.htm (530 words)

	Atchafalaya Basin Levee District Police
		The term "Levee District" does not mean the levees, but a geographical area that is defined by state law and includes all of the land and water area
		The Levee District Police are a state law enforcement service division whose duties aid and support all law enforcement agencies efforts.
		Levee District Police are notified by the proper authorities of any activity, which has been officially permitted within a district.
	www.hometown.aol.com /abpolice/index.html (903 words)

	Colorado River Front Work and Levee System
		Channel alinement rectification, control structures, levees, revetment, and flood control levees are used to confine the river to the designed channel during variations of discharge.
		This change reestablished the levee closer to the active channel of the river and left a fairly large area of land between the 1905 alinement of the levee and the relocated levee.
		The Yuma Valley south of Yuma is protected by a levee on the south and east side of the river from Prison Hill to the Southerly International Boundary.
	www.usbr.gov /dataweb/html/fwls.html (7091 words)

	Collapse of levee no surprise, expert says
		Five years before the worst single disaster of the flood of 1997 - a Jan. 2 levee collapse that flooded 15 square miles of the Central Valley near Marysville - a flood-control expert pinpointed the levee as a "hot spot" where a failure was likely, court records show.
		Meehan said the doomed levee was "generally similar" to two nearby levees that failed in previous disasters - the Christmas Eve 1955 levee break on Shanghai Bend south of Yuba City that killed 38 people, and a break near the Yuba County town of Linda in 1986 that produced $500 million in damage claims.
		Both of those levees failed, Meehan contended, because flood water had saturated a subsurface layer of gravel, then flowed underground far to the landward side of the levees and erupted, geyser-like, undermining the structures and causing their collapse.
	www.stanford.edu /~meehan/flood/sfexam.html (1315 words)

	Making the Mississippi Over Again (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Levee officials could, for example, order plantations along the river to turn over their slaves for use in shoring up levees during a flood or other emergency.
		Levees in Mississippi were constructed entirely by local boards from 1865 to 1882.
		A program based only on levees was abandoned in favor of contained floodways with a series of dams and reservoirs on every major tributary of the Mississippi.
	mshistory.k12.ms.us /features/feature25/msriver.html (1936 words)

	City of Evansville - Levee Authority (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The project consists of 79,183 feet of earth levee, 8,175 feet of concrete wall, 1,761 feet of combined wall and highway, 3,160 feet of roadway levee, 20 pumping stations, 24 movable closures, and 15 sandbag closures.
		This levee system helps protect the residents of the City of Evansville and Vanderburgh County from future devastating floods.
		The Evansville-Vanderburgh Levee Authority District is a separate body of the City of Evansville and Vanderburgh County governments and is governed by a three-member board.
	www.vanderburghgov.org /home/index.asp?page=56 (595 words)

	Wetland Input Levee
		Levee faces, as for waterways, are important since the faces set the preferential flow path.
		In this case, the levee constitutes a barrier to flow.
		After the model cells are represented with the levee faces, the figure on the right becomes input.
	www.sfwmd.gov /org/pld/hsm/modflow/wtl_input_levee.htm (184 words)

	Missouri Drainage & Levee District Legals
		Howard Couty Levee District number Two was at that time appealing a ruling which stated that once the term of life of a corporation expired it was in fact dead and could not be reorganized.
		Not withstanding the fact that a drainage or levee district could not legally be formed within the city limits of Kansas City, Missouri on a petition by landowners.
		As a consequence, the holding of meetings of property owners within the district, the election of officers, the levying and collection of levee district taxes and the expenditure of monies derived therefrom were without legal authority.
	journals.aol.com /amintertrust/MissouriDrainageLeveeDistrictLeg (2471 words)

	Wetland Features: Levee
		In addition, levees also occur naturally as banks of sand and silt along stream bank built by deposition in small increments during successive floods, in this case they can be regarded as ridges.
		In southern Florida, levees were constructed with the same materials excavated from the area, the rocks and soils removed for the construction of canals were pilled up and compacted, a the levee is build as a small dam.
		The function of the levees in flood control and surface flow interception is evident in the back swamp formation, all the surface water impounded by the levee accumulates as a low-lying flood plain behind a levee.
	www.sfwmd.gov /org/pld/hsm/modflow/wtl_sys_levee.htm (184 words)

	Voters merge levee boards
		The amendment to the state Constitution, which also strips levee boards of responsibilities and assets unrelated to flood control, was one of 11 amendments on a list of 13 that appeared poised to win voter approval, with 97 percent of precincts counted.
		The two levee districts will be overseen by separate boards -- composed of 11 members on the east bank and seven on the west bank -- to be appointed by the governor for staggered terms ranging from one to four years.
		The Orleans Levee District, which owns more property than any of its sister agencies, will be most affected, with Lakefront Airport, its two marinas and swaths of valuable waterfront real estate shifting to the control of the state Division of Administration while local and state officials decide what to do with them.
	www.nola.com /news/t-p/frontpage/index2.ssf?/base/news-6/1159687953161120.xml&coll=1 (1416 words)

	Institute for Business & Home Safety
		When a levee system fails or is overtopped, the results can be more damaging in the local area than if the levee were not there, due to increased elevation differences and water velocity.
		The term levee is defined as an embankment whose primary purpose is to furnish flood protection from seasonal high water and which is therefore subject to water loading for periods of only a few days or weeks a year.
		Levees are broadly classified according to the area they protect as either urban or agricultural levees because of different requirements for each.
	www.ibhs.org /publications/view.asp?id=495 (989 words)

	Levee Group
		Levee's unique approach enables organisations to attain a real, significant increase in performance within a short period of time.
		The Levee approach helps organisations identify the limitations that prevent them reaching a higher level of performance.
		Using our innovative solutions we assist organisations in applying them to eliminate their current and future limitations, whilst setting them on a cycle of focused ongoing improvement.
	www.levee-group.com (121 words)

	New York State Department of Environmental Conservation - Patrolling and Treating Flood Control Projects (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When flood waters are on the levee, a condition may occur where muddy water is oozing or bubbling out of the ground near the levee toe.
		If the seepage saturates a levee or if longitudinal cracks begin to occur on levee slopes or the levee crown a slough, a slump or slide of the levee embankment or turf layer, may be imminent.
		Some levees may be damaged and have their structural integrity compromised when animals burrow into them.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dow/patrolling/index.html (1769 words)

	Safe Levee Proposal Menu Page
		Our levee system should be considered part of the California water project and it should be re-engineered and re-constructed to the same quality standards of the rest of the California Water Project.
		The Linda Levees included in the project are from Island Avenue on theFeather River, north to the Yuba River and east to a point just past Griffith Avenue, a distance of approximately five miles of levees.
		The restoration and enhancement of the Linda levees will be done in two phases Phase 2A, the first phase which will be completed this year, will consist of building approximately two and half miles of Slurry Walls.
	www.escalera.com /safelevee (2825 words)

	Howard Bend 500 Year Levee Improvement (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Following the flood of 1993, Horner and Shifrin developed plans for improving the levee from its status as an agricultural levee to that of a major urban levee.
		The project is being coordinated with the Corps of Engineers, the Missouri Department of Transportation, the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District, the St. Louis County Water Company, the City of Maryland Heights and the City of St. Louis.
		The Phase I construction plans and specifications included 1.3 miles of levee and a closure gate structure, through which run the tracks of the St. Louis Southwestern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Southern Pacific Railroad.
	www.hornershifrin.com /ProjectDesc/HBLDLevee.shtml (332 words)

	CNN.com - Sierra Club sues to block Missouri River levee - Nov. 23, 2003
		The Sierra Club is suing to stop the Army Corps of Engineers from building a huge levee along the Missouri River at Jefferson City, arguing that it would eliminate wildlife habitat and encourage construction in what is now undeveloped flood plain.
		The suit also says the proposed levee would worsen flooding downstream in the St. Louis area and at other points along the 735 miles of the lower Missouri River.
		The levee is designed to withstand a 1,000-year flood -- the highest that might be expected in a 1,000-year period.
	cnn.com /2003/LAW/11/23/missouri.river.ap/index.html (381 words)

	NPR : Residents Say Levee Leaked Months Before Katrina
		She was told the water was coming from the levee behind her house.
		State and federal investigators say that a leak may have been an early warning sign that the soil beneath the levee was unstable and help explain why it collapsed.
		Investigators say if authorities had found that soil beneath the levee was unstable, they could have taken a number of measures to prevent its collapse.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=5022074 (893 words)

	Why Levee Breaches In New Orleans Were Late-Breaking News - WSJ.com
		Even as the storm veered off and many observers felt a sense of relief, the Industrial Canal levee in eastern New Orleans was giving way, and a rush of water swiftly submerged much of the Lower Ninth Ward and areas nearby, trapping thousands of people on rooftops and in attics.
		Smith was referring to levees near his "physical location," which was Bourbon Street in the French Quarter -- that is, levees on the Mississippi.
		But if flooding was only the result of water sloshing over the top of a levee, combined with 12 inches of rainfall and possible storm surges, then the situation could have been far less serious.
	online.wsj.com /public/article/0,,SB112649152397237699-bZXwW_GdI2sWn3dc2Czyh2TnGw8_20060912,00.html?mod=blogs (1250 words)

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