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	Levirate - LoveToKnow 1911
		The abandonment of a woman and her children in the nomadic stage of civilization would be equivalent to death for them; hence with some peoples the levirate became a duty rather than a right.
		McLennan, however, would assume the levirate to be a relic of polyandry, and in his argument lays much stress on the fact that it is the dead man's brother who inherits the widow.
		In Polynesia the levirate has the force of law, and it is common throughout America and Asia.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Levirate (850 words)

	Yibbum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most famous case of a Levirate type marriage in the Hebrew Bible is the unusual union of the Hebrew patriarch Judah and his daughter in law Tamar as recorded in the Book of Genesis chapter 38 [2].
		Levirate marriage is marriage with a brother's widow.
		The case of Ruth is not one of levirate marriage, being connected rather with the institution of the Go'el; but the relations of Tamar with her successive husbands are an instance (Gen. xxxviii.).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yibbum (1004 words)

	Levirate marriage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Levirate marriage is the practice of a woman marrying one of her husband's brothers after her husband's death, if there were no children, in order to continue his line.
		Levirate marriage has been practiced by societies with a strong clan structure in which exogamous marriage outside the clan was forbidden.
		Groups that have practiced levirate marriage include the Punjabis and Jats, Israelites, the Xiongnu, the Mongols, and the Tibetans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Levirate (153 words)

	Levirate marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The arrangement of marriages to promote exchanges and alliances among lineages evident in cross cousin marriage is further illustrated by the institution of the levirate.
		Levirate marriage is mentioned in the Bible as a standard marriage regulation among the ancient Hebrews.
		Any children of a levirate marriage were considered to be the descendents of the woman’s original husband, who was usually an older brother of her current partner.
	www.umanitoba.ca /anthropology/tutor/marriage/levirate.html (307 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - RUTH, BOOK OF: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		According to this classification, the form of levirate in the Book of Ruth is the oldest of all, but here is encountered the difficulty that the described form of purchase of the estate of Naomi does not at all accord with any form of levirate, but with the law of Lev.
		Bewer therefore concludes that the levirate idea is not an original part of the Book of Ruth, but that the work was first composed on the basis of Lev.
		His view is that some friend of Ezra added the levirate interpolations in order to make it appear that the foreign marriage of Boaz was not a precedent for ordinary people, as the levirate compelled him to act thus.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=483&letter=R&search=Ruth (1227 words)

	Naomi Steinberg - Romancing the Widow
		The law of the levirate is designed to provide a male child who will serve the social and economic interests of the dead man by functioning as the heir who perpetuates the name, the property, and the inheritance of the kinship unit to which the deceased belonged.
		Thus, the levirate law is an expedient means to have property continue down the vertical patrilineage, viz., between generations rather than within a single generation, although as expressed in Deut 25:5-10, it does not cover each and every possible situation that might arise in fulfilling the kinship obligation to not alienate dead man's land.
		The levirate law is a means to preserve the bloodline through the males, who inherit the name and the property attached to this name--including the widow of the deceased.
	fontes.lstc.edu /~rklein/Documents/naomi.htm (4473 words)

	Inheritance and Dominion - Deuteronomy - by Gary North
		One of the responsibilities of the kinsman redeemer was to serve as the levir.
		From an economic standpoint, performing the duty of the levir imposed a double economic burden on the children of the first wife: first, the dilution of their legacy, which they would then share with the new wife's children later-born; second, the future forfeiture of the levir's portion of his deceased brother's land.
		The levirate marriage law was a Mosaic seed law that increased the likelihood of the eschatological survival of all family lines within a tribe.
	freebooks.entrewave.com /freebooks/docs/html/gnde/Chapter62.htm (6106 words)

	Levirate marriage; Other laws; Must later destroy the Amalekites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Obviously, then, this could have put certain economic strain on the levir, particularly if he already had a family, as he had to provide for a wife and for the raising of a child until that child was old enough and independent enough to carry on the name of his "father" on his own.
		In the case of Ruth in the biblical book bearing her name, her deceased husband's closest relative refused to marry her, so that Boaz, the next in line on the kinship list, was free to do so (Ruth 3:13; 4:1-9).
		One reason is that a literal application of it would often require a converted brother-in-law to marry an unconverted sister-in-law, or vice versa, which would be contrary to 1Corinthians 7:39 and 2Corinthians 6:14.
	www.ucgstp.org /bible/brp/deu25.htm (301 words)

	MyJewishLearning.com - Lifecycle: Halitzah--the Ceremonial Release from Levirate Marriage
		Halitzah is the ritual that releases a childless widow from levirate marriage, wherein her brother-in-law must marry her to give her a child in his brother's name.
		There is evidence that sectarians in early rabbinic times understood literally the reference to the widow spitting in the levir's face but, according to the rabbis, the word befanav has to be translated not as "in his face" but "to his face," and the widow simply spits on the floor in front of the levir.
		She and the levir appear before the court and she recites in Hebrew the words in the Deuteronomic passage, and he recites the declaration that he does not wish to marry her.
	www.myjewishlearning.com /lifecycle/Divorce/Issues/Agunot/Chalitzah.htm (1065 words)

	Gender and land compendium of country studies
		Levirate is practiced both to protect access a woman has acquired to land through her deceased husband, and to protect her deceased husband's lineage lands from the possible inheritance claims of stepchildren born outside his bloodline.
		Although the system of levirate remains - guaranteeing land access for widows, land security for deceased husband's families, and inheritance for sons - negative assessments of levirate, like those of polygamy, are becoming increasingly prevalent among younger women.
		Recent phenomena such as that of land-grabbing, the decline of levirate marriage, the massive number of AIDS orphans and the rise in government-granted letters of administration to prevent widows from controlling property, require further investigation within the specific context of HIV/AIDS' impact.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/a0297e/a0297e05.htm (6830 words)

	JewishEncyclopedia.com - LEVIRATE MARRIAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The case of Ruth is not one of levirate marriage, being connected rather with the institution of the Go'el; but the relations of Tamar with her successive husbands and with Judah are an instance (Gen. xxxviii.).
		By Talmudic times the practise of levirate marriage was deemed objectionable (Bek.
		The Karaites appear to have followed the same practise, and Benjamin Nahawendi, as well as Elijah Bashyaẓi, favored it Adderet Eliyahu, Nashim," p.
	www.jewishencyclopedia.com /view.jsp?artid=293&letter=L (558 words)

	An Exegetical Glimpse of Genesis 38: The Story of Judah and Tamar
		Levirate "marriage" is the custom whereby, if childless, the brother (or other male relative) of a deceased man is required to marry or father a child with the deceased's wife.
		Women not in the category of daughter, wife, or mother are without patriarchal protection and "in a sense are misfits in the social structure." Through levirate duty, the male relative helps society to avoid one sociological misfit, the young childless widow.
		While the commentators sometimes speak of the levirate custom as "law", it should be noted that this time period was long before the formal giving of the law at Sinai.
	www.theropps.com /papers/Winter1997/Genesis38exegesis.htm (2626 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: levirate marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		A Hebrew ordinance, by which the brother of a man who died without male issue was obliged to marry the widow.
		The object of the law was to keep the inheritance in the same family, and prevent the extinction of heads of families.
		The son begotten of the levirate marriage inherited the name of the deceased man and his possessions.
	www.catholic-forum.com /SAINTS/ncd04752.htm (196 words)

	LT11 - New Light on the Genealogies of Jesus
		Thus, he says, according to the Law of the Levirate, a man was to marry his brother's widow to raise up 'seed,' that is, posterity, for his brother, not for himself.
		Patrizzi maintains that both genealogies are those of Joseph by levirate marriage; yet they both reflect the ancestry of Mary and the biological descent of Jesus from King David because of the blood-relationship between Mary and Joseph.
		Both the theory of levirate marriage and the theory of special adoption have tended to include the factor of consanguinity between Mary and Joseph.
	www.rtforum.org /lt/lt11.html (7484 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.03.02
		Whether the accession of a given individual was engineered or merely confirmed by the army, the court or an élite group of megistoi, it was vital for the new ruler to establish his legitimacy through various means.
		Levirate marriage stands in curious contrast to the problems of polygamy, since new rulers often attempt to establish legitimacy by marrying the wife of the deceased king.
		The term 'levirate' normally refers to the marriage of the widow to one of the king's brothers--which is, of course, prohibited in Judeo-Christian societies (at least, if the first marriage was consummated)
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2001/2001-03-02.html (1829 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Genealogy of Christ
		According to the latter, Estha married Mathan, a descendant of David through Solomon, and became the mother of Jacob; after Mathan's death she took for her second husband Mathat, a descendent of David through Nathan, and by him became the mother of Heli.
		Heli married, but died without offspring; his widow, therefore, became the levirate wife of Jacob, and gave birth to Joseph, who was the carnal son of Jacob, but the legal son of Heli, thus combining in his person two lineages of David's descendants.
		Jechonias may then have contracted a levirate marriage with the widow of the childless Neri, and begotten Salathiel, who was therefore the leviratical son of Neri.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06410a.htm (1850 words)

	Hebrews: Marriage
		While ancient Israelites were faced with a formidable body of incest taboos in their choice of marriage partners, they also had to contend with a set of rules that specified who they wre supposed to marry, including two important institutions: the levirate and parallel cousin marriage.
		The levirate is a widespread institution, which requires that a man becomes the husband of a deceased brother's widow.
		In the biblical text this imposition is seemingly restricted to a situation in which both brothers reside in the same household and where the deceased has no son to succeed him.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/case_studies/hebrews/marriage.html (1176 words)

	Beliefnet.com
		We do a ritual that repudiates the requirement of levrite marraige - this is done by the childless widow and her deceased husbands brother.
		Tlennhoff: We do a ritual that repudiates the requirement of levirate marriage--this is done by the childless widow and her deceased husbands brother.
		Levirate marriage is called chalitzah or the ritual of repudiating it is called chalitzah?
	www.beliefnet.com /boards/message_list.asp?boardID=407&discussionID=500592 (185 words)

	Polygamy and Christianity
		Levirate duty is the obligation of a man to marry the widow of a brother (or possibly of another close male relative) that has died without a son to be his heir.
		[Missionary] Regarding levirate duty, it is not clear to me whether the surviving brother was actually to take his deceased brother's widow to wife, that is, to marry her, or if he was simply to have intercourse with her until she produced a male heir to his brother.
		Regarding the last two references in parentheses, levirate marriage has been used as a way of explaining part of the divergency in the genealogies of Jesus, so that Joseph, the father of Jesus, was the biological son of Jacob (Matthew 1:16) but the legal son of Jacob's half-brother Eli (Luke 3:23), by Eli's widow.
	home.comcast.net /~walkswithastick/polygamy.html (18099 words)

	Ruth: romance and redemption
		Naomi’s comment here refers to the biblical custom of Levirate marriage, by which a dead man’s unmarried brother was obligated to care for his widow (Deuteronomy 25:5-10).
		If a married man died without any children to carry on his name and inheritance, it was his unmarried brother’s responsibility to marry the widow so that: "The first son she bears shall carry on the name of the dead brother so that his name will not be blotted out from Israel" (Deuteronomy 25:6).
		This seems to be an extension of levirate marriage as discussed in Deuteronomy, but many details concerning the transaction remain unknown.
	www.wcg.org /lit/bible/hist/ruth2.htm (2017 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The right to inherit the widow soon became a duty to marry her if the deceased had left no sons, and in case there was no brother-in-law, the duty of marriage devolved on the father-in-law or the agnate who inherited, whoever this might be.
		The first son of the Levirate marriage was regarded as the son of the deceased.
		While the law limited the matrimonial duty to the brother and permitted him to decline to marry the widow, such a course was attended by public disgrace (Dt 25:5 ff).
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=1722 (344 words)

	H014: Sexuality, Unchastity and Fertility: Economy of Production and Reproduction in Colonial Haryana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		On the other hand, it severely restricted a widow's right as to whom she could marry by enforcing upon her a levirate alliance and, on the other, it showed a rare flexible liberal sexual attitude which was willing to accommodate even her unchastity in it fold.
		As a rule, remarriage of a widow had been and continues to be primarily a levirate marriage or karewa in which the widow was accepted as wife by one of the younger brothers of the deceased husband; failing him the husband's elder brother; failing him his agnatic first cousin, and so on.
		The levirate union with the dewar, the younger brother-in-law, is amply reflected in the folklore; the jocularity cited amongst women of all ages and their younger brother-in-law in a way anticipates a levirate alliance.
	www.hsph.harvard.edu /Organizations/healthnet/SAsia/suchana/0500/h014.html (11077 words)

	Bent Over Double
		One of his "explanations" was an attempt to show that Perez, a direct ancestor of both David and the sons of Aaron, was the offspring of a lawful levirate marriage, and so he was not a bastard.
		Under levirate law, Tamar was entitled to be impregnated by Judah's third son Shelah, but Judah had withheld him from Tamar.
		In other words, Judah was saying that his violation of the levirate law in withholding his son from Tamar was worse than what she had done.
	www.infidels.org /library/magazines/tsr/1995/5/5bent95.html (4824 words)

	Add new comment \| The Shalom Center
		And this tale itself is one of an assertive woman who seeks through unconventional means to accomplish the levirate marriage that is her due.
		Indeed, she goes so far as to decide it is Boaz who should be that redeemer and to spend the night sleeping at his feet on the threshing floor in order to assert her claim or her desire.
		Three women who are not Israelites; three women who in seeking the "redeemer" of levirate marriage themselves become redeemers — redeeming into righteousness what would otherwise be the starkest violations of the legal code; three women who act with utter vigor and determination to decide their own futures and their family's destiny.
	www.shalomctr.org /comment/reply/726 (1827 words)

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