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	Levitated Dipole Experiment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is a project devoted to researching a nuclear fusion configuration which utilizes a floating superconducting torus to provide an axisymmetric magnetic field which is used to contain plasma.
		It is a collaboration between Columbia University's Department of Applied Physics and the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and is funded by the Department of Energy's Office of Fusion Energy.
		Unlike other types of magnetically confined fusion, the Levitated Dipole is designed to be robust to external fluctuations in electric/magnetic fields.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Levitated_Dipole_Experiment (205 words)

	Science -- Riordon 285 (5429): 821 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is a 5-year study of a plasma confinement scheme inspired by observations of ionized gases trapped in the magnetic fields of planets like Jupiter and Earth.
		The fuel most frequently touted for a levitated dipole reactor is a mixture of deuterium and He, a helium isotope containing two protons and one neutron.
		Levitating a half-ton magnet may seem like an impressive feat of engineering sleight of hand, but it's a small trick compared to bottling the fusion genie that powers the sun and stars--the ultimate goal of plasma physicists like Kesner, Mauel, and their LDX colleagues.
	www.eecs.umich.edu /~dpu/lev-dipole-science.html (1319 words)

	Dipole antenna (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Larger dipoles are sometimes hung in a V shape with the center near the radio equipment on the ground.
		Dipoles have a toroidal radiation pattern where the axis of the toroid centers about he dipole.
		Antenna Gain is commonly measured as "X db above a dipole", which means that the antenna in question is being compared to a dipole, and has X db more gain (is more efficient) than the dipole tuned to the same operating frequency.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Dipole_antenna.html (375 words)

	2 Response to FEAC panel questions
		In the afterglow plasma the density is observed to decay quiescently.
		Levitated ring experiments such as the spherator [17] and levitron [18] have some resemblance to a dipole configuration.
		These simulations are consistent with the CTX results and illustrate the fundamental principles of the dipole concept: fluctuations drive particle distributions towards ``stationary'' profiles that maintain a significant pressure gradient in laboratory coordinates while having a zero gradient in the distribution function in flux-coordinates.
	aries.ucsd.edu /SCICOM/REC-DOCS/W-PAPERS/dipole-la/node2.html (2103 words)

	Levitated Dipole Reactor Study
		"Helium Catalyzed D-D Fusion in a Levitated Dipole"
		We have explored the application of a levitated dipole as a D-D power source and found that a dipole may have the unique capability of producing excellent energy confinement accompanied by low particle confinement.
		Additionally a levitated dipole device would be intrinsically steady state and extract power as surface heating, permitting a thin walled vacuum vessel and eliminating the need for a massive neutron shield.
	psfcwww2.psfc.mit.edu /ldx/ldr.html (333 words)

	[cdn-nucl-l] interesting fusion-type experiment
		The use of a dipole magnetic field generated by a levitated ring to confine a hotp lasma for fusion power generation was first considered by Akira Hasegawa after participating in the Voyager 2 encounter with Uranus [1].
		By levitating the dipole magnet end losses can be eliminated and conceptual reactor studies supported the possibility of a dipole based fusion [5, 6] power source that utilizes advanced fuels.
		For a dipole there is a critical pressure gradient that can be supported and for a sufficiently gentle pressure gradient the dipole plasma resides in an absolute energy well and is stable up to local beta values in excess of unity.
	mailman.mcmaster.ca /mailman/private/cdn-nucl-l/0412/msg00029.html (3129 words)

	ICC 2004 - Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop 2004
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), a joint effort of between Columbia University and MIT, is a world-class superconducting experiment designed to investigate the physics of dipole confinement.
		LDX, which is nearing first operations, consists of a 0.7 ton, 1.2 MA, 4 T magnet levitated within a 5 m diameter vacuum vessel.
		Floating coil motion will be diagnosed with a 8 laser optical system and levitation will be continuously feedback stabilized by a digital control computer over the several hour long run day.
	plasma.physics.wisc.edu /icc2004/html/abstractdetails.php?id=87 (310 words)

	Nuclear Science and Engineering Department @ MIT
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment, also called LDX, is a new concept exploration experiment headed by Dr. Jay Kesner of MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center and funded by the DOE as a joint project with Columbia University.
		The levitated dipole approach was inspired by observations of high-pressure plasmas confined by planetary dipole fields.
		Compared with the traditional fusion approaches, the levitated dipole may permit the confinement of higher pressure plasmas with reduced cross-field transport.
	web.mit.edu /nse/research/fusion/fusion.html (2028 words)

	Levitated Dipole Experiment's floating magnet passes first test - MIT News Office
		The high-field superconducting ring, which will be magnetically levitated for several hours in a large vacuum vessel, was successfully tested to a total ring current of 1.57 million amperes.
		Once levitated, the superconducting ring will confine an ionized hydrogen gas, or plasma, at an (electron) temperatures as high as one billion degrees.
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is a joint research project of Columbia University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2000/floatingcoil.html (304 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Plasma confined by a magnetic dipole is stabilized, at low beta, by magnetic compressibility.
		The ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) requirements for stability against interchange and high-n ballooning modes are derived at arbitrary beta for a fusion grade laboratory plasma confined by a levitated dipole.
		A high beta MHD equilibrium is found numerically with a pressure profile near marginal stability for interchange modes, a peak local beta of{beta}{approximately}10, and volume averaged beta of{bar{beta}}{approximately}0.5.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=362680 (211 words)

	Overview of the Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is designed to study high-\beta plasmas confined by a magnetic dipole with near classical energy confinement.
		The primary goal of the initial phase of LDX operation is the study of plasma behavior near marginal stability for interchange modes at high-\beta.
		In the first experimental runs, the dipole ring will be mechanically supported and hot-electron plasmas will be produced by multiple frequency electron cyclotron heating and experiments will focus on plasma formation, density control, and pressure profile control.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR00/DPP00/abs/S960094.html (175 words)

	APS - 2005 47th Annual Meeting of the Division of Plasma Physics - Event - Production and Study of High-Beta Plasma ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The \urllink{Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX)}{http://psfcwww2.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/} is a new research facility that is exploring the confinement and stability of plasma created within the dipole field produced by a strong superconducting magnet.
		Unlike other configurations in which stability depends on curvature and magnetic shear, MHD stability of a dipole derives from plasma compressibility.
		Theoretically, the dipole magnetic geometry can stabilize a centrally-peaked plasma pressure that exceeds the local magnetic pressure ($\beta > 1$), and the absence of magnetic shear allows particle and energy confinement to decouple.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/DPP05/Event/36145 (339 words)

	US Policy article
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), sponsored by the Department of Energy Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, is the United States' newest approach to nuclear fusion.
		Fusion energy is advantageous because its hydrogen fuel is practically limitless and the resulting energy would be clean and, unlike fossil fuels, would not contribute to global warming.
		The term dipole refers to uneven distribution of magnetic or electrical characteristics in a substance so that it acts as though it has two equal but opposite poles or charges, separated by a small distance.
	www.uspolicy.be /Article.asp?ID=58915305-8C0C-47E3-BC4F-F085126CD3C9 (724 words)

	APS - 2005 APS April Meeting - Event - First Plasma Results from the Levitated Dipole Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		LDX was built at MIT's Plasma Science and Fusion Center as a joint research project of Columbia University and MIT.
		LDX is a first-of-its-kind experiment incorporating three superconducting magnets and exploring the physics of high-temperature plasma confined by dipole magnetic fields, similar to planetary magnetospheres.
		(Plasma $\beta$ is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure.) In initial experiments, 750 kA of current was induced in the dipole coil which was physically supported in the center of the 5 m diameter vacuum chamber.
	meetings.aps.org /Meeting/APR05/Event/29181 (275 words)

	LDX begins plasma experiments. \| Petroleum, Energy and Mining Industries
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is a first-of-its-kind experiment incorporating three superconducting magnets and exploring the physics of high-temperature plasma confined by magnetic fields that resemble those surrounding magnetized planets, like Earth and Jupiter.
		The goal of the experiment is to study the properties of the confined plasma and to determine whether larger dipole magnets could someday be used to create a source of fusion power.
		After disconnecting all cyrogenic and diagnostic services from the superconducting ring, it was twice lifted to the center of a large 16-foot diameter ultra-high vacuum chamber where it maintained a strong dipole magnetic field for over four hours of scientific experiments.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/225399-1.html (461 words)

	Technology Review: Emerging Technologies and their Impact
		Deep in the bowels of Building NW-21, a former Nabisco facility on the west side of the MIT campus, is a three-story-tall, five-meter-wide metal structure that resembles a flying saucer.
		This is the playground of the Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), a collaboration between MIT and Columbia University dedicated to developing a new approach to nuclear fusion.
		The LDX project, which began in 1998 with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, is a newcomer to the field of fusion.
	www.technologyreview.com /read_article.aspx?id=14320 (750 words)

	Levitated Dipole - WikiGadugi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Levitated Dipole gesvi tsudalehnai udotlvsv unadatlisanv reactor asinasvi gvdisgvi akaliwohi superconducting torus, magnetically levitated hawinaditlv hia reactor uniyvsdi.
		nahna tsunagilosdi, galoni 13, 2004 nanai 12:53 PM, hia Levitated Dipole agadvdi nusdv, collaboration ayeli Columbia dideloquasdi ale MIT, gatsanula energized superconducting torus gvdodi RF ale momentarily gotlvnvhi atsanvdo hawiniditlv hia magnetic tlogesi hia dipole.
		Magnetic confinement: Tokamak - Stellarator - Reversed field pinch - Field-Reversed Configuration - Levitated Dipole
	chrp.wikigadugi.org /wiki/Levitated_Dipole (130 words)

	ICC 2004 - Innovative Confinement Concepts Workshop 2004
		During the initial plasma experiments in the Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), the dipole field coil is to be supported within the vacuum chamber rather than levitated.
		In this configuration some of the magnetic field lines intersect the supports, which is expected to set the particle loss rate.
		Such plasmas provide benchmarks against which those formed with a levitated dipole field coil (i.e.
	plasma.physics.wisc.edu /icc2004/html/abstractdetails.php?id=88 (286 words)

	Helium catalysed D-D fusion
		Helium catalysed D–D fusion in a levitated dipole
		We explore an alternative D–D based fuel cycle and show that a levitated dipole may be uniquely suited for this application.
		We find that a dipole based D–D power source can potentially provide a substantially better utilization of magnetic field energy with a mass power density comparable with a D–T based tokamak power source.
	stacks.iop.org /0029-5515/44/193 (281 words)

	A review of magnets and magnetism
		This is an example of a magnetic dipole ("di" means two, thus two poles).
		where a frog is levitated at the top of a very strong electromagnet.
		Metals such as bismuth, copper, gold, silver and lead, as well as many nonmetals such as graphite, water and most organic compounds are diamagnetic.
	my.execpc.com /~rhoadley/magreview.htm (896 words)

	Levitated Dipole Experiment
		LDX is a novel experimental device designed to explore the physics of plasma confinement in a magnetic dipole field.
		LDX is a collaboration between Columbia University's Dept. of Applied Physics and the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center and is funded by the Department of Energy's Office of Fusion Energy.
		Explore a the workings of the Levitated Dipole Experiment through this presentation of the planned daily operation of the experiment.
	psfcwww2.psfc.mit.edu /ldx (251 words)

	Michael E. Mauel
		interchange instabilities in rotating plasma confined by a strong dipole magnet, and the co-supervision of the
		Professor Mauel was educated at MIT receiving his B.S. in 1978 and his Sc.D. in 1983.
		Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) is a newly-constructed high-temperature plasma experiment whose goal is to evaluate the properties of a strong, superconducting dipole magnet to confine high-temperature plasma.
	www.columbia.edu /~mem4 (343 words)

	MIT Center Successfully Tests LDX Superconducting Ring. \| Petroleum, Energy and Mining Industries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has achieved a major milestone on the world's first levitated dipole magnet experiment.
		On July 20, the high-field superconducting ring, which will be magnetically levitated for several hours in a large vacuum vessel, was tested to a total ring current of 1.57 million amperes.
		Once levitated, the superconducting ring will confine an ionized hydrogen gas, or plasma, at electron temperatures up to a billion degrees.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/652379-1.html (581 words)

	Overview of the Levitated Dipole Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Exhibit Hall B, Overview of the Levitated Dipole Experiment
		The Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX) [http://www.psfc.mit.edu/ldx/] will be the first experiment able to study high-beta plasma confined by a magnetic dipole with near classical energy confinement.
		In addition, we summarize (1) our procedure to cool, to inductively charge, and to levitate the 1.3 MA floating coil, (2) our initial diagnostic set, and (3) our experimental and physics plans that answer the key questions of high-beta stability and confinement in the dipole fusion concept.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/YR01/DPP01/abs/S1600053.html (155 words)

	Mauel: Selected Publlications
		A summary of three new results concerning fast-particle confinement in dipole magnetic fields in the context of our knowledge of the radiation belts that surround our planet Earth.
		Summary of interchange instability measurements in the CTX device and comparisons with nonlinear 2D gyrokinetic simulations.
		(XII Seminario Enzo Levi Sociedad Mexicana de Fisica, April 2005.) Introduction to the levitated dipole fusion concept, the physics of dipole magnetic confinement, and the first observations of stable, high-beta dipole confinement.
	www.apam.columbia.edu /mauel/selected_pubs.html (1292 words)

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