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Topic: Levodopa

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	New study in NEJM suggests levodopa may slow progression of Parkinson's disease
		Levodopa is the most powerful drug available to treat the symptoms of Parkinson disease, and almost all patients with the disease will eventually need to take it.
		Levodopa is commonly sold in combination with carbidopa under the brand name "Sinemet" or its generic equivalent.
		If levodopa accelerated disease progression, then those treated with levodopa would be expected to have more severe impairment than the placebo-treated group after the symptomatic benefit of levodopa had been eliminated through the 2-week washout phase.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-12/cuco-nsi120804.php (964 words)

	Levodopa; Carbidopa (Sinemet) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Levodopa diffuses into the central nervous system where it is converted to dopamine.
		Carbidopa is a noncompetitive decarboxylase inhibitor that, when administered with levodopa, inhibits the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine, thereby increasing the CNS bioavailability of dopamine.
		Approximately 95% of a dose of levodopa is metabolized to dopamine by L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in the stomach, intestines, and liver.
	www.rockford.uic.edu /jc/levodopa.htm (344 words)

	Clinical Trial: Intravenous Levodopa for the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
		Intravenous Levodopa for the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease
		A positive response to levodopa is now considered a condition sine qua non for the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease.
		Levodopa pharmacokinetic mechanisms and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /show/NCT00001928 (399 words)

	PharmGKB: levodopa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Levodopa is indicated to alleviate symptoms and allow more normal body movements with improved muscle control in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, postencephalitic parkinsonism, or symptomatic parkinsonism that may follow injury to the nervous system by carbon monoxide intoxication or manganese intoxication.
		Levodopa also may be methoxylated by the hepatic catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme system to 3- O -methyldopa (3-OMD), which cannot be converted to central dopamine.
		The effects of levodopa in the brain are affected by the rate and extent of cerebral conversion to dopamine, the rate of movement of the synthesized dopamine to the striatal receptors, and the rate of inactivation of newly synthesized dopamine.
	www.pharmgkb.org /do/serve?objId=369&objCls=DrugProperties (2259 words)

	Levodopa (PIM 305)
		Levodopa is contraindicated for melanoma and glaucoma in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.
		Levodopa should be administered cautiously to patients with severe cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, asthma, renal, hepatic or endocrine disease.
		The rate of absorption of levodopa is greatly dependent upon the rate of gastric emptying, the pH of gastric juice and the length of time the drug is exposed to the degradative enzymes of the gastric mucosa and intestinal flora.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/pharm/levedopa.htm (2833 words)

	Levodopa
		Levodopa is the precursor required by the brain to produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger in the nervous system).
		Levodopa is used to increase dopamine in the brain, which reduces the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
		To avoid this, levodopa is used with carbidopa, a drug that protects levodopa from breakdown.
	www.gianteagle.com /healthnotes/Drug/Levodopa.htm (529 words)

	Levodopa medicines for Parkinson's disease - [Medication]
		Levodopa is a medicine that the brain converts to dopamine.
		Levodopa is a medicine used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease.
		Levodopa can be taken after meals at first to reduce nausea, but as your body adjusts to the medicine and nausea stops, it is most effective when it is taken 30 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals (on an empty stomach).
	www.everettclinic.com /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw91023/detail.htm (899 words)

	Brainboost - how does levodopa work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Levodopa works by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain and Comtan works by making the effect of levodopa last longer.
		Levodopa works by replacing dopamine in the brain but it gradually produces side - effects such as confusion, hallucinations, and fluctuations in the ability to move.
		Levodopa works by crossing the blood - brain barrier, the elaborate meshwork of fine blood vessels and cells that filter blood reaching the brain, where it is converted into dopamine.
	www.brainboost.com /search.asp?Q=how+does+levodopa+work&lfmq=1 (112 words)

	Carilion - Levodopa medications for Parkinson's disease - [Medication]
		Levodopa is a medication that the brain converts to dopamine.
		Levodopa is a medication used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease.
		Levodopa can be taken after meals at first to reduce nausea, but as your body adjusts to the medication and nausea stops, it is most effective when it is taken 30 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals (on an empty stomach).
	www.carilion.com /kbase/htm/hw91/023/hw91023.htm (944 words)

	levodopa
		Levodopa is administered with dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (DDI) to prevent its peripheral degradation.
		This increases conversion of levodopa to 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD) by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).
		Five of 9 siblings were affected, the average age of onset was 45 years, and the initial symptoms were variable, including resting tremor, bradykinesia, and gait disturbance, as previously described in families with the same point mutation.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /Literature/PD2001/levodopa.htm (5293 words)

	Levodopa medications for Parkinson's disease
		Levodopa is a medication that the brain converts to dopamine.
		Levodopa is a medication used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease.
		Levodopa can be taken after meals at first to reduce nausea, but as your body adjusts to the medication and nausea stops, it is most effective when it is taken 30 minutes before meals or 2 hours after meals (on an empty stomach).
	www.webmd.com /parkinsons-disease/Levodopa-medications-for-Parkinsons-disease (1007 words)

	Carbidopa, Entacapone and Levodopa (Systemic)
		Carbidopa, entacapone and levodopa (kar-bi-DOE-pa, en-TA-ka-pone and lee-voe-DOE-pa) is used to treat Parkinson's disease, sometimes referred to as shaking palsy.
		Levodopa (a component of this medicine) enters the brain and helps replace the missing dopamine, which allows people to function better.
		Increased availability of levodopa may lead to smoother and steadier levels of dopamine in the brain, which may provide better symptom control for longer periods each day.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/c/carbidopa-entacaponelevodopa-systemic.shtml (1634 words)

	Levodopa and Carbidopa
		Parkinson's symptoms are due to a lack of striatal dopamine; levodopa circulates in the plasma to the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), where it crosses, to be converted by striatal enzymes to dopamine; carbidopa inhibits the peripheral plasma breakdown of levodopa by inhibiting its decarboxylation, and thereby increases available levodopa at the BBB
		Levodopa peak serum concentrations may be decreased if taken with food.
		50-100 mg/day of carbidopa is needed to block the peripheral conversion of levodopa to dopamine.
	www.umm.edu /altmed/drugs/levodopa-carbidopa-075750.htm (1927 words)

	Levodopa (L-dopa)
		Levodopa has been shown to be very effective in controlling bradykinesia and rigidity and -to a lesser extent- tremor.
		Levodopa should not be interrupted ("drug holidays" are dangerous) and should be avoided in open-angle glaucoma.
		Levodopa combined with a decarboxylase inhibitor is the most efficient drug for symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.
	www.themedicaldirectory.org /drugs/levodopa.shtml (161 words)

	Carbidopa, Entacapone and Levodopa(Systemic) - [Medication] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Carbidopa, entacapone and levodopa kar-bi-DOE-pa, en-TA-ka-pone and lee-voe-DOE-pa is used to treat Parkinson's disease, sometimes referred to as shaking palsy.
		Levodopa (a component of this medicine) enters the brain and helps replace the missing dopamine, which allows people to function better.
		Increased availability of levodopa may lead to smoother and steadier levels of dopamine in the brain, which may provide better symptom control for longer periods each day.
	www.luhs.org /health/kbase/htm/mdx-/drde/5005/27/mdx-drde500527.htm (1625 words)

	Levodopa Parkinson's Disease - HolisticOnLine - Your gateway to alternative medicine, complementary medicine, herbs, ...
		Levodopa is used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease.
		Levodopa is also used to treat these same muscular conditions when they are caused by drugs such as chlorpromazine (Thorazine), fluphenazine (Prolixin), perphenazine (Trilafon), and others.
		The nausea and vomiting caused by levodopa are greatly reduced by the combination of levodopa and carbidopa, which enhances the effectiveness of a lower dose.
	www.holistic-online.com /Remedies/Parkinson/pd_levodopa.htm (1269 words)

	Parkinson's Disease - Levodopa and Medicinal Beans
		Levodopa is not usually the first medication prescribed for PD. Dopamine agonists make message receptors more sensitive to chemical messengers, with the result that a smaller amount of dopamine is sufficient to transmit the message.
		Levodopa which gets converted to dopamine in the peripheral bloodstream (that is, outside the brain) is of no use to the brain.
		Levodopa is heat sensitive, so cooking with the powder is not recommended (when mucuna is being used as a food by regular folk, they cook the beans at some length to get rid of the levodopa).
	home.cogeco.ca /~allan/beans.html (4174 words)

	Managing Parkinson's 'Wearing-Off' Symptoms - Part I --- HealthandAge
		Levodopa is a short-acting drug, which means that each dose only provides additional dopamine for a few hours.
		The effect of each dose of levodopa lasts for progressively shorter periods of time, and symptoms of PD reappear.
		Levodopa in Parkinson's disease: mechanisms of action and pathophysiology of late failure.
	www.healthandage.com /public/health-center/18/article/2897/Managing-Parkinson-Wearing-Off-Symptoms-Part-I.html (854 words)

	Levodopa - Drugs & Vitamins - Drug Library - DrugDigest
		It is best to take levodopa on an empty stomach, either 30 minutes before you eat or 1 hour after you eat.
		If you are diabetic, levodopa may interfere with the accuracy of some tests for sugar or ketones in the urine (does not interfere with blood tests).
		Levodopa may discolor the urine or sweat, making it look darker or red in color; this is of no cause for concern.
	www.drugdigest.org /DD/DVH/Uses/0,3915,379\|Levodopa,00.html (869 words)

	Article - Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease and Common Side Effects of Parkinson’s Medications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		At present, levodopa, which helps restore levels of dopamine in the brain, is one of the most commonly administered drugs used to treat Parkinson’s.
		Another limitation of levodopa is the development of dyskinesias, a debilitating side effect of the medicine that affects about 80 percent of people with Parkinson’s.
		While the dose of levodopa can be reduced in order to lessen these drug-induced movements, this may lead to the reappearance of tremor, slowness, and stiffness.
	www.michaeljfox.org /news/article.php?id=287 (652 words)

	Levodopa medications for Parkinson's disease - [Medication] - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Levodopa is a medication used to control symptoms of Parkinson's disease and may be used at all stages of the disease.
		Although in the past levodopa was often the first drug used to treat people who were newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, more experts are recommending that initial treatment begin with a dopamine agonist.
		Although dopamine agonists are less effective than levodopa, they often control symptoms of early Parkinson's disease adequately, delaying the need for levodopa and the development of levodopa-related motor fluctuations.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/topic/detail/drug/hw91023/detail.htm (945 words)

	levodopa-carbidopa - Medications: prescription drugs and over the counter drugs on MedicineNet.com
		When levodopa is taken orally, it crosses through the "blood- brain barrier." Once it crosses, it is converted to dopamine.
		Carbidopa is added to the levodopa to prevent the breakdown of levodopa before it crosses into the brain.
		Therefore, in prescribing levodopa- carbidopa for a pregnant woman, the physician must weigh the potential risks to the fetus against the potential benefits to the mother.
	www.medicinenet.com /levodopa-carbidopa/article.htm (718 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Levodopa
		Levodopa is no longer available in the U.S. If you are currently taking levodopa, you should call your doctor to discuss switching to another treatment.
		Levodopa is used to treat the symptoms of Parkinson's disease including tremors (shaking), stiffness, and slowness of movement.
		Levodopa is also used occasionally to treat herpes zoster (shingles) and restless legs syndrome.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682394.html (945 words)

	Carbidopa, Entacapone and Levodopa (Systemic) - MayoClinic.com
		Carbidopa, entacapone and levodopa (kar-bi-DOE-pa, en-TA-ka-pone and lee-voe-DOE-pa) is used to treat Parkinson's disease, sometimes referred to as shaking palsy.
		Levodopa (a component of this medicine) enters the brain and helps replace the missing dopamine, which allows people to function better.
		Increased availability of levodopa may lead to smoother and steadier levels of dopamine in the brain, which may provide better symptom control for longer periods each day.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/drug-information/DR500527 (1686 words)

	L DOPA - Levodopa : by Ray Sahelian, M.D. increase L dopa naturally
		These problems and experimental data in cell cultures indicating a neurotoxic effect of levodopa have led to the idea of delaying the introduction of levodopa treatment for as long as possible to avoid the side effects of L dopa.
		Levodopa is toxic to cultured dopamine neurons, and this may be a problem in PD where there is evidence of oxidative stress in the nigra.
		Levodopa can be used alone, but adding carbidopa lowers the amount of levodopa that is required and may reduce some of the levodopa side effects such as nausea and vomiting.
	www.raysahelian.com /l-dopa-levodopa.html (1252 words)

	Carbidopa/Levodopa
		Levodopa is required by the brain to produce dopamine, an important neurotransmitter.
		Levodopa is given to increase production of dopamine, which in turn reduces the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
		Sinemet® combines levodopa with carbidopa, a drug that prevents the breakdown, allowing levodopa to reach the brain to increase dopamine levels.
	www.gianteagle.com /healthnotes/Drug/Carbidopa_Levodopa.htm (716 words)

	carbidopa, entacapone, and levodopa - [Medication]
		Carbidopa and entacapone are used with levodopa to prevent the breakdown (metabolism) of levodopa in the body.
		Carbidopa, entacapone, and levodopa are used together to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control associated with Parkinson's disease.
		Carbidopa, entacapone, and levodopa is in the FDA pregnancy category C. This means that it is not known whether carbidopa, entacapone, and levodopa will be harmful to an unborn baby.
	www.peacehealth.org /kbase/multum/d04877a1.htm (1481 words)

	Levodopa
		Levodopa is the precursor required by the brain to produce dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger in the nervous system).
		Levodopa is used to increase dopamine in the brain, which reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
		To avoid this, levodopa is used with carbidopa, a drug that protects levodopa from breakdown.
	www.ghc.org /kbase/entireTopic.jhtml?docId=hn-1418007 (467 words)

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