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	Glenn Research Center (GRC)
		Previously called the Lewis Research Center, NASA’s leading center for research and development of aerospace propulsion systems in all flight regimes from subsonic to hypersonic.
		Originally known as the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, the facility was renamed the Lewis Research Center upon becoming part of NASA when the Agency was founded in 1958.
		It was renamed again the John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in March 1999.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/GRC.html (290 words)

	CEA HISTORY
		The Lewis chemical equilibrium code with rocket performance and Chapman-Jouguet detonations for the IBM 704 and 7090 was documented in 1962 (Zeleznik and Gordon, 1962c).
		Bonnie J. McBride started at the NACA Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in 1957 and initially worked on the generation of thermodynamic data needed in the Lewis code for the calculation of chemical equilibrium composition and rocket performance (McBride and Gordon, 1961).
		The NACA Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory became the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958, and was renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in 1999.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/CEAWeb/ceaHistory.htm (1488 words)

	Pilots E-3342: Neil A. Armstrong
		Neil A. Armstrong joined the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1955.
		At the High-Speed Flight Station (which later became the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center) Armstrong served as project pilot on the North American F-100A and -C aircraft, McDonnell F-101, and the Lockheed F-104A.
		He made a total of seven flights in the rocket plane reaching an altitude of 207,500 feet in the X-15-3 and a Mach number of 5.74 (3,989 mph) in the X-15-1.
	www.dfrc.nasa.gov /gallery/photo/Pilots/HTML/E-3342.html (501 words)

	Notes on the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
		It was the lack of a government laboratory devoted to the science of flight that prompted the creation of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, or NACA.
		In June 1920, the first laboratory, the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in Hampton, Virginia, was dedicated; aerodynamics became the major research effort and wind-tunnels the chief tool.
		A third facility, which was later named the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory was built in Cleveland in 1940 to perform basic research, develop and test aircraft engines, and study fuels.
	history.msfc.nasa.gov /earlyra/naca_notes.html (536 words)

	Armstrong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		He completed the first flight in the aircraft equipped with a new flow-direction sensor (ball nose) and the initial flight in an X-15 equipped with a self-adaptive flight control system.
		With this flight, the US finally took the manned spaceflight endurance record from Russia, while demonstrating that the crew could survive in zero gravity for the length of time required for a lunar mission.
		Although the flight was cut short by the incident, one of the primary objectives - rendezvous and docking (the first rendezvous of two spacecraft in orbital flight) - was accomplished.
	www.friends-partners.org /oldfriends/mwade/astros/armtrong.htm (3692 words)

	ch14-1.htm
		The first four of these became under NASA the Langley, Ames, Lewis, and Flight Research Centers, the research orientation of which Deputy Administrator Hugh Dryden was so desirous of protecting.
		The Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Marshall were transferred to NASA from the Army; the others were created by NASA.
		The principal space science centers were the Goddard Space Flight Center and the jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL being operated by California Institute of Technology under contract to NASA).
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4211/ch14-1.htm (915 words)

	"From Gas Turbines to Tornadoes," ME Online Web Exclusive, April 3, 2003
		Research at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Lewis (now NASA Lewis) Flight Propulsion Laboratory on air flow behavior in gas turbines coupled with cyclone flow research performed at the Iowa State University provides insight in flow behavior that may lead to a better understanding of how tornadoes are formed.
		Some years earlier in the 1950s, gas turbine research in part at the NASA Lewis Propulsion Laboratory in Cleveland was devoted to determining the effects of secondary flow in centrifugal impeller passages, turning elbows, and cascades of axial flow compressor passages.
		The research at Lewis Laboratory was concerned with effects of friction that occurs between the air and the plane walls for flow being forced to turn in an elbow or cascade of blades.
	www.memagazine.org /contents/current/webonly/webex403.html (1367 words)

	NASA - Lewis Field
		Groundbreaking ceremonies (George Lewis is holding the pickaxe) for the new Lab were held at the site in Cleveland on January 23, 1941, and the new NACA Aircraft Engine Research Laboratory was born.
		In April 1947 the Cleveland laboratory was renamed the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory to mark its transition from an engine laboratory, charged with assisting industry with its wartime development problems, to a laboratory with the freedom to explore areas in propulsion research that seemed to hold promise for the future.
		The following year, after the death of George W. Lewis, the Director of Aeronautical Research for the NACA, the laboratory was renamed in his honor as the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/glenn/about/lewisfld.html (588 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The characteristics of the turbine are presented as functions of the total-pressure ratio across the turbine and the turbine speed and the gas flow corrected to NACA standard atmospheric conditions at sea level.
		One objective of the investigations was to determine the effect of altitude, flight Mach number, and tail-pipe-nozzle area on the performance characteristics of the six-stage and ten-stage axial-flow compressors of the 19B-8 and 19XB-1 engines, respectively.
		As part of a flight program at the NACA to obtain information on general propeller aerodynamic characteristics, an investigation has been made of a two-blade and a three-blade propeller on a slender-nose fighter airplane in climb and at high speed.
	cs.odu.edu /~lchekuri/dlib/oai/records/records!!oai_dc!!3501!4000.xml (7238 words)

	One Hundred Years of Powered Flight
		Laboratories studied the possible problems of space flight, while engineers discussed aircraft that could reenter the atmosphere at a high rate of speed, producing a great amount of heat.
		The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, managed by the California Institute of Technology, was also founded during the 1960s, leading NASA’s robotic exploration of the universe.
		Flight safety and efficiency were increased with improved pilot understanding of the airplane’s situation relative to its environment.
	www.nasatech.com /Spinoff/spinoff2003/pf_1.html (5846 words)

	NASA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Gemini flight with astronauts on board, Gemini III, was flown by Virgil "Gus" Grissom and John W. Young on March 23, 1965.
		Nine other missions followed, showing that long-duration human space flight was possible, proving that rendezvous and docking with another vehicle in space was possible, and gathering medical data on the effects of weightlessness on human beings.
		The shuttle was not all good news for NASA — flights were much more expensive than initially projected, and even after the 1986 Challenger disaster highlighted the risks of space flight, the public again lost interest as missions appeared to become mundane.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NASA (3005 words)

	Glenn Research Center - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was established in 1942 as part of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and was later incorporated into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a laboratory for aircraft engine research.
		It was renamed the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory in 1947, the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in 1948 and the NASA Lewis Research Center in 1958.
		On March 1, 1999, the Lewis Research Center was officially renamed the NASA John H. Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field after John Glenn (American fighter pilot, astronaut and politician) and George W. Lewis (head of NACA from 1919 to 1947).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lewis_Flight_Propulsion_Laboratory (476 words)

	National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
		It absorbed the former NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics), including its 8,000 employees and three major research laboratories – Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory – and two small test facilities.
		In December 1958 Glennan also acquired control of JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology.
		By mid-1960 Glennan had secured for NASA primacy in the Federal Government for the execution of all space activities except reconnaissance satellites, ballistic missiles and a few other space-related projects, most of which were still in the study stage, that the DOD controlled.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/NASA.html (540 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A flight investigation in natural icing conditions was conducted by the NACA to determine the effect of ice accretion on airplane performance.
		A flight investigation was conducted to determine the contributions of wing, tail, and fuselage to the total airplane lift of a propeller-driven fighter-type airplane.
		Flight measurements have been made to determine the low-speed flying qualities of an airplane having a wing swept back 35 degrees at the quarter-chord line.
	cs.odu.edu /~lchekuri/dlib/oai/records/records!!oai_dc!!3001!3500.xml (6902 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Wind tunnels are used today to study the behavior of jet engines and to help design supersonic aircraft and piloted spacecraft for atmospheric flight.
		During the flight of supersonic spacecraft, heating effects because of
		A special tunnel at the Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory of NASA at Cleveland, Ohio, can test full-size jet engines at air velocities of up to 3860 km/hr (about 2400 mph) and at altitudes of up to 30,500 m (about 100,000 ft).
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..wi057800.a#FWNE.fw..wi057800.a (738 words)

	John H. Griffith - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At Lewis he was involved in tests of ramjet aircraft.
		He flew the experimental aircraft the Bell X-1 (nine flights), X-4 Bantam (three flights), Douglas Skystreak (fifteen flights), and Douglas Skyrocket (nine flights).
		He subsequently returned to United Airlines as a flight instructor, until retiring to Penn Valley, California.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_H._Griffith (285 words)

	Computers in Aviation
		This photo, taken in 1949 in the Engine Research Building at NACA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory, is an early analog computing machine.
		They are used to design airplanes, to control them in flight, and to ensure that they reach their destinations safely and (more or less) on time.
		Three computers on the aircraft constantly adjust the flight controls to maintain the aircraft in flight and reply to the commands from the pilot.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Evolution_of_Technology/Computers/Tech37.htm (1699 words)

	Neil Armstrong @ Famous.y2u.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The principal targets for the armed reconnaissance flight were freight yards and a bridge on a narrow valley road south of the village of Majon-ni west of Wonsan.
		His first flight in a rocket plane was on August 15, 1957 in the Bell X-1B to a height of 11.4 miles (18.3 km).
		Armstrong made a total of seven flights in the X-15, reaching an altitude of 207,500 feet (~63 km) in the X-15-3 and a speed of Mach 5.74 (6,615 km/h or 3,989 mph) in the X-15-1.
	famous.y2u.co.uk /F_Neil_Armstrong.htm (7284 words)

	REFT website
		Lewis Research Center took the lead in the research and testing of a variety of high-energy fuels, including the extremely cold and volatile liquid hydrogen, as they tried to find the one that would provide the most power.
		Towards the end of the twentieth century, electric propulsion emerged as a method for controlling the position of the spacecraft and as the primary system for propelling the spacecraft while it is in space.
		Electric propulsion systems use an electrical field to ionize a gas, typically xenon, and then electrostatically discharge the ion stream to generate a low level of thrust.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/retf/textFiles/museumDisplay_displays.html (2910 words)

	Frontier Status Report #140
		After a short free- flight a drogue chute was deployed which slowed the descent of the vehicle so that the giant parasail could be deployed.
		While additional flights are planned at a rate of about one per month, the next flight is dependent on the development of a new high-dynamic drogue chute.
		The Research Center at Lewis Field near Cleveland, Ohio was built in 1941 and has evolved to meet the needs of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and its successor the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
	www.asi.org /adb/06/09/07/1999/fs-19990305.html (3127 words)

	[7.0] Creating NASA
		Abe Silverstein, who had been an official at the NACA Lewis laboratory and was now the aggressive director of the NASA's "Office of Space Flight Development", gave the program a name: "Mercury", the winged messenger of the gods.
		The first flights of operational capsules, both with and without passengers, would be on top of a Redstone, providing a short "suborbital" trip into space.
		LOX-LH2 propulsion is particularly tricky, mostly because liquid hydrogen must be kept at extremely low temperatures, and the Centaur program would prove very troublesome.
	www.vectorsite.net /tamrc_07.html (4297 words)

	America's Space Program --Reading 1
		It quickly incorporated other organizations into the new agency, notably the space science group of the Naval Research Laboratory in Maryland, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory managed by the California Institute of Technology for the Army, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Huntsville, Alabama.
		With the advent of Apollo, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory took over responsibility for developing the necessary guidance and communications technologies and for learning more about the lunar environment.
		The Marshall Space Flight Center was formed around the Army's ballistic missile team at Redstone Arsenal, which was led by Dr. Wernher von Braun and the other engineers who had developed the first successful rocket, the German V-2.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/101space/101facts1.htm (934 words)

	SPACE.com -- Many Scientists Encouraged By Griffin’s Appointment
		Wesley Huntress Jr., director of the Geophysical Laboratory at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, said Griffin needs little advice given his familiarity with the agency but added that he hopes Griffin can "reinvigorate NASA Headquarters and its centers with a renewed sense of leadership, competence, confidence and boldness more than anything else.
		He created the Goddard Space Flight Center, and incorporated two lunar probes, several satellite programs, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency renamed as the Marshall Space Flight Center.
		His famous "cheaper, faster, better" approach to space flight was clearly apparent in allocating some of the everyday space operations to the private sector.
	www.space.com /news/050419_griffin_hope.html (1647 words)

	Rockets and History of Space Flight, Part 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Naval Research Laboratory's Project Vanguard was to be based upon that rocket and available upper stages (four stages in all) in 1955.
		Its goal was to send an astronaut into space in a space capsule that would protect him from the temperature extremes, vacuum and the recently discovered radiation belts around the planet.
		For orbital flights, the Mercury capsule was placed on top of an Atlas-D, a modified ballistic missile whose steel skin was so thin (in order to save weight) it would have collapsed like a bag if not pressurized from within.
	www.luna-city.com /space/rockets2.html (1154 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		U.S. Senator Mike DeWine (R-OH) proposed the name change in the FY 1999 VA-HUD Appropriations Bill last October in recognition of Glenn's contributions to science and space, and to the State of Ohio.
		On Oct. 1, 1958, the name was modified from Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory to Lewis Research Center to reflect its becoming part of the new National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
		The research and technology development work conducted at the center focuses on aeronautical propulsion, space propulsion, space power, satellite communications and microgravity sciences in combustion and fluid physics.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /space/news/1999/03-01-99b.txt (458 words)

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