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	Lewis Fry Richardson
		Lewis Fry Richardson (October 11, 1881 - September 30, 1953) was a mathematician, physicist and psychologist.
		Richardson also attempted to apply his mathematical skills in the service of his pacifist principles, in particular in understanding the roots of international conflict.
		Considering the armament of two nations, Richardson posited an idealized system of equations whereby the rate of a nation's armament build-up is directly proportional to the amount of arms its rival has and also to the grievances felt toward the rival, and negatively proportional to the amount of arms it already has itself.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/l/le/lewis_fry_richardson.html (966 words)

	EGU - Lewis Fry Richardson
		Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) was one of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality, and his life reflects the European geophysical community and its history in many ways.
		Richardson was the first not only to suggest numerical integration of the equations of motion of the atmosphere, but also to attempt to do so by hand, during the First World War.
		This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926) and to the suggestion that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves, but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass (fracw) curves for their description.
	www.copernicus.org /EGU/awards/lewis_fry_richardson.html?FrameEngine=false (534 words)

	Lewis Fry Richardson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lewis Fry Richardson (October 11, 1881 - September 30, 1953) was a mathematician, physicist and psychologist.
		Richardson's Quaker beliefs entailed an ardent pacifism that exempted him from military service during World War I as a conscientious objector though this subsequently disqualified him from holding any academic post.
		This led Richardson to the, rather obvious, realisation that the measured length of a line depends on the length of the 'ruler' used to measure it.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/l/le/lewis_fry_richardson.html (537 words)

	World of Earth Science \| Richardson, Lewis Fry (1881-1953) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Richardson was the youngest of seven children born to David Richardson, a tanner, and his wife, Catherine Fry, who came from a family of corn merchants.
		Richardson began his research looking at practical problems, such as examining the flow of water through peat while he worked for the National Peat Industries, Ltd. Using differential equations, Richardson came up with ways to determine water flow that were far more accurate than other methods.
		Richardson's experiences in France during the First World War also inspired him to probe the causes of human conflict using mathematics, and he published a paper in 1919 on the mathematical psychology of war.
	science.enotes.com /earth-science/richardson-lewis-fry/print (502 words)

	Richardson biography
		His mother was Catherine Fry who came from a family of corn merchants, and his father was David Richardson who came from a family of tanners, and he had gone himself into the family business.
		In addition to his 1922 book, Richardson published about 30 papers on the mathematics of the weather and in these he made contributions to the calculus and to the theory of diffusion, in particular eddy-diffusion in the atmosphere.
		Another application of mathematics by Richardson was in his study of the causes of war and he published the results of his analysis in a number of major books: Generalized Foreign Politics (1939), Arms and Insecurity (1949), and Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (1950).
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Richardson.html (1519 words)

	Richardson's Forecast-factory: the
		Lewis Fry Richardson served as a driver for the Friends' Ambulance Unit in the Champagne district of France from September 1916 until the Unit was dissolved in January 1919 following the cessation of hostilities.
		But Richardson considered the grid-boxes in pairs, one for mass and one for momentum, and it was such a pair for which he made his sample forecast and upon which he based his estimates.
		Richardson intimated that the weather in the tropics was sufficiently steady for variations to be neglected.
	www.maths.tcd.ie /~plynch/Publications/64000.html (1102 words)

	Richardson biography
		From 1920 to 1929 Richardson was head of the Physics Department at Westminster Training College, then from 1929 to 1940, he was Principal of Paisley College of Technology and School of Art in Scotland.
		It was Richardson who was the first to apply mathematics, in particular the method of finite differences, to predicting the weather in Weather Prediction by Numerical Process (1922).
		Research for Richardson was the inevitable consequence of the tendency of his mental machine to run almost, but not quite, by itself.
	www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk /Biographies/Richardson.html (1519 words)

	The Weather Doctor Almanac 2004
		Richardson's computers are not the silicon chip machines of today but humans using slide rules and tables to undertake the task of making calculations for a weather forecast.
		Richardson's dream did not come to reality until the 64,000 humans were replaced by fast electronic computers in the later half of the Twentieth Century.
		But in Richardson's day, it focused more on concerns over gas warfare, pushed to prominence by the horrors of mustard gas and other similar weapons in the trenches of World War I. That war is pivotal in the story of Lewis Fry Richardson.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/almanac/arc2004/alm04dec.htm (2181 words)

	Richardson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lewis Richardson attended Newcastle Preparatory School where he his favourite subject was the study of Euclid.
		Richardson was a scientist who was the first to apply mathematics, in particular the method of finite differences, to predicting the weather in Weather Prediction by Numerical Process (1922).
		Another application of mathematics by Richardson was in his study of the causes of war in Generalized Foreign Politics (1939), Arms and Insecurity (1949), and Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (1950).
	www.weizmann.ac.il /lvov/Lecture-Online/Bib/Richardson.html (276 words)

	No. 1672: The Statistics of War
		Richardson was a Quaker who quit his job as a meteorologist to drive ambulances in WW-I. After that, he decided that it was time for a cold-blooded look at war.
		Richardson's background in math was strong, and he put his math to use.
		Richardson's representation of the number of conflicts of each magnitude compared with the number that died in each.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1672.htm (671 words)

	Lewis Fry Richardson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Richardson's interest in meteorology led him to propose a scheme for weather forecasting by solution of differential equations, the method used today, though, when he published Weather Prediction by Numerical Process in 1922, suitable fast computing was unavailable.
		While studying the causes of war between two countries, Richardson decided to search for a relation between the probability of two countries going to war and the length of their common border.
		Richardson, Lewis Fry, "Generalized foreign politics," The British Journal of Psychology, monograph supplement 23, 1939.
	lewis-fry-richardson.iqnaut.net (972 words)

	Weather, War, and Mathematics
		Lewis Fry Richardson, applied mathematician, physical scientist, inventor, and sociometrist, was born in Newcastle upon Tyne to a family that for several centuries had been tanners and Quakers.
		The Richardson “deferred approach to the limit,” i.e., a method for the acceleration of convergence, is fundamental and widely employed.
		It is ironic that although Richardson undertook his studies in the hope that a mathematical understanding of the causes and dynamics of war would lead to an abatement of aggression, he came to the opposite conclusion: War is a permanent feature of the human condition.
	www.siam.org /siamnews/bookrevs/weather.htm (1582 words)

	Météo France - Measuring atmosphere - Simulating the atmosphere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Briton Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) brought together all the knowledge of his time in order to demonstrate that the problem of weather forecasting could be solved using the scientific method proposed by the Norwegian Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951).
		Richardson carried out a large part of his calculations during World War 1 in France, when working as an ambulanceman due to his pacifist convictions.
		Of course, the method he proposed, which was very similar to the one used nowadays in computer models, was inapplicable at his time, given the absence of fast computers.
	www.meteo.fr /meteonet/decouvr/dossier/cnam/gb/s_rub_2_2.htm (228 words)

	[minstrels] Big Whorls Have Little Whorls -- Lewis F. Richardson
		Notes: The poem summarises Richardson's 1920 paper 'The supply of energy from and to Atmospheric Eddies' The LFR homepage quotes line 3 as 'Little whorls have smaller whorls'; however, practically everywhere else has it as 'lesser', and this is more faithful to DeMorgan's original.
		From: Abraham Thomas In addition to his work on meteorology, Richardson was a pioneer in the field of computational mathematics, specifically, the design of numerical algorithms for the solution of ordinary and partial differential equations - algorithms which came into their own with the advent of electronic computers.
		Later in his career, he turned to the study of war and conflict, and was one of the first mathematicians to apply statistical tools to sociological analysis.
	www.cs.rice.edu /~ssiyer/minstrels/poems/797.html (657 words)

	[Paleopsych] Wiki: Lewis Fry Richardson
		Weather forecasting Richardson's interest in meteorology led him to propose a scheme for weather forecasting by solution of differential equations, the method used today, though, when he published Weather Prediction by Numerical Process in 1922, suitable fast computing was unavailable.
		Mathematical analysis of war Richardson also attempted to apply his mathematical skills in the service of his pacifist principles, in particular in understanding the roots of international conflict.
		Lewis Fry Richardson Medal This is a medal awarded (since 1997) by the European Geophysical Society.
	lists.extropy.org /pipermail/paleopsych/2005-August/003979.html (969 words)

	How Richardson's Processes Can Lead to World War III
		Richardson's Processes; together with their underlying components of Misperceptions, Propaganda, and Clashes of Civilizations; can be used as a model to describe and understand the processes leading to a war.
		Each Reaction in a Richardson’s Process is always based upon the perception of the preceding Action, rather than the original intent of that Action (which is usually not accurately known to the recipient of that Action).
		Richardson used the expenditures for weapons and armed forces of a country as a quantitative measure for “actions” and “reactions” – because this data was readily available.
	www.civicwebs.com /cwvlib/nwo/richardson/richardson.htm (6379 words)

	Lewis Fry Richardson biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1898 he attended Durham College of Science, to study mathematics, physics, chemistry, zoology and botany, before graduating from King's College, Cambridge with a first-class degree in the Natural Science Tripos in 1903.
		Richardson also attempted to apply his mathematical skills in the service of his pacifist principles, in particular in understanding the roots of international conflict.
		While studying the causes of war between two countries, Richardson decided to search for a relation between the probability of two countries going to war and the length of their mutual border.
	lewis-fry-richardson.biography.ms (934 words)

	jfleck at inkstain » Blog Archive » Lewis Fry Richardson
		Richardson was of that era that ended with the burst of modernism in the early 20th century - a generalist, dabbler in many things.
		To apply his methods to real forecasts, Richardson imagined the possibility of a very large concert hall filled with people, each person carrying out part of the calculation, so that the integration of the numerical model could keep up with the weather.
		Richardson just wanted a way to forecast the weather, and he could not possibly have imagined much of the computer technology at Red Storm’s heart.
	www.inkstain.net /fleck/?p=1256 (431 words)

	[No title]
		Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953) made numerous, outstanding scientific contributions to geophysics but been recognized, perhaps his main contribution asone of the founding fathers of the idea of scaling and fractality (made famous by Benoit Mandelbrot) has still not received the attention it deserves.
		This led to the Richardson law of turbulent diffusion (1926), suggesting that particles trajectories might not be describable by smooth curves (what Menger called "fluents"), but that such trajectories might instead require highly convoluted curves such as the Peano or Weierstrass nondifferentiable curves (Menger's "tremblants") for their description.
		This portion of his work is testimony to the trauma caused by the two World Wars, leading Richardson and other scientists (see file on Leo Szilard at this Website) to use their skills in rational attempts to eradicate the source of conflict.
	members.fortunecity.com /jonhays/richardson.htm (522 words)

	Great Moments in Science - No More Butterfly Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The modern science of weather predictions probably began in 1913, with the pacifist, physicist and mathematician, Lewis Fry Richardson.
		Richardson knew what the weather turned out to be, and he was trying to develop a mathematical model that could successfully use this data to "predict" what actually turned out.
		Richardson thought it was because he didn't have enough data.
	www.abc.net.au /science/k2/moments/s436385.htm (873 words)

	Weather - The Tech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Lewis Fry Richardson, an English scientist and meteorologist, is considered the father of the numerical weather prediction.
		At Richardson’s time, it was believed that by archiving weather maps, it was possible to produce a sufficiently large sample of atmospheric states, and therefore forecasting was just a matter of finding an analog among the archived configurations.
		He thought that by knowing accurately the initial state of the atmosphere, he could integrate the equations of motion forward and produce a forecast based solely on the physical laws governing the atmosphere.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V125/N57/57weather.html (239 words)

	Arms Race Theory — www.greenwood.com
		From this struggle has evolved the Richardson Tradition of Arms Race Analysis, a distinct body of scientific literature that uses a variety of mathematical techniques and theoretical ideas to solve the puzzle of what drives military interaction among nations.
		According to the author, students of the Richardson Tradition adhere to an atomistic and reductionist perspective that denies the relevance of human values and intentions.
		His analysis, coupled with the most comprehensive bibliography of the literature of the Richardson Tradition currently available, is a significant contribution to the growing body of scholarship in peace research and international relations theory.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/ESA/.aspx (310 words)

	Richardson Scale of Deadly Quarrels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A scale devised by the eminent statistician Lewis Fry Richardson to assign a magnitude to events such as wars.
		A magnitude on this scale is the base-10 logarithm of the number of deaths.
		Not incidentally, Richardson was a member of the Society of Friends, and served as an ambulance driver in France during World War I. Lewis Fry Richardson.
	www.sizes.com /units/richardson_scale.htm (84 words)

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