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	Lewisite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After World War I, the US became interested in Lewisite because it was not flammable.
		It was replaced by the Blister Agent HT (a 60:40 mixture of mustard gas and O Mustard), and determined obsolete in the 1950's.
		Stockpiles of Lewisite were neutralized with bleach and dumped into the Gulf of Mexico.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lewisite (433 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Blister Agents: Lewisite (L), Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL)
		Mustard-Lewisite is a mixture of Lewisite and a sulfur mustard known as HD.
		Lewisite and Mustard-Lewisite will be broken down in moist soil quickly, but small amounts may evaporate.
		Lewisite and Mustard-Lewisite are no longer produced in the United States.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfactsd1.html (1053 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Blister Agents: Lewisite (L) and Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL)
		Lewisite is a systemic poison binding with thiol groups in many enzymes and may cause pulmonary edema, diarrhea, capillary leakage, and subsequent hypotension.
		Lewisite and Mustard-Lewisite Mixture are extremely irritating to the respiratory tract mucosa.
		Mustard-Lewisite Mixture is a mixture of Lewisite and Mustard.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg163.html (5052 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lewisite, an arsenical preparation developed towards the end of the Great War, is another powerful blistering agent like mustard gas, but, unlike the latter, it has an immediate irritant action both on the respiratory tract and (in the liquid form) on the skin, and is therefore more easily detected.
		In the pure state, lewisite is a powerfully toxic substance, embodying the aggressive qualities of the lung irritant gases, the irritant characteristics of the tear and nasal irritant gases, and the vesicant properties of the blister gases.
		A minor, though possibly alarming, peculiarity of lewisite vapour (which it shares with other arsenical gases) is the temporary increase in the intensity of the nasal and respiratory irritation which appears after adjustment of the respirator, and which, in the case of ill-trained personnel, may lead to a lack of confidence in the respirator.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/specoll/medical/HMSO/chapter2.htm (13137 words)

	Lewisite -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lewisite is a ((chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight) chemical compound from a chemical family called (A poisonous colorless flammable gas used in organic synthesis and to dope transistors and as a poison gas in warfare) arsines.
		Lewisite is usually found as a mixture of (A compound that exists in forms having different arrangements of atoms but the same molecular weight) isomers, 2-chlorovinylarsonous dichloride should predominate but often bis(2-chloroethenyl)arsinous dichloride and tris(2-chlorovinyl) arsine are present.
		After BAL, (Click link for more info and facts about British anti-Lewisite) British anti-Lewisite, was discovered, rendering Lewisite obsolete, the US neutralized its stockpile of Lewisite with bleach and dumped it into the (An arm of the Atlantic south of the United States and east of Mexico) Gulf of Mexico.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/L/Le/Lewisite.htm (404 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		lewisite lewisiteloo´esītand180;, liquid chemical compound used as a poison gas.
		Like mustard gas and lewisite, it is a vesicant (blistering agent).
		These gases may be roughly grouped according to the portal of entry into the body and their physiological effects.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Lewisite (202 words)

	The dew of death \| thebulletin.org
		Another irony of lewisite's history is its initial discovery in 1903 by a priest pursuing doctoral work at Catholic University of America, in Washington, D.C. Julius Aloysius Nieuwland was studying the reactions of acetylene when he combined it with arsenic trichloride in the presence of aluminum chloride, causing a toxic compound to form (dichloro-2-chlorovinyl arsine).
		However, some lewisite was put in tanks for spraying from airplanes--suggesting that the Soviets had some faith that it would be effective on its own, despite the fact that U.S. and British testing had found spraying to be ineffective.
		Lewisite (or at least an impure version of it) is not difficult to manufacture, and raw materials can be easily acquired without attracting too much attention.
	www.thebulletin.org /article.php?art_ofn=ma04vilensky (3571 words)

	VESICANTS
		Lewisite (L) was synthesized during the late stages of World War I, but probably has not been used on a battlefield.
		Lewisite was first synthesized in 1918 by Dr. Wilford Lee Lewis, but production was too late for its use in World War I. It has not been used in warfare, although it may be stockpiled by some countries.
		Lewisite is sometimes mixed with mustard to achieve a lower freezing point of the mixture for ground dispersal and aerial spraying.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/Vesicant.htm (5503 words)

	lewisite. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The absorption of lewisite, which penetrates ordinary clothing and even rubber, through the skin may be fatal.
		It boils with decomposition at 190°C, and its vapor has a faint odor of geraniums.
		Lewisite is neutralized by reaction with British antilewisite (2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanol).
	www.bartleby.com /65/le/lewisite.html (136 words)

	CDC \| Facts About Lewisite
		Lewisite is an oily, colorless liquid in its pure form and can appear amber to fl in its impure form.
		Lewisite is a powerful irritant and blistering agent that immediately damages the skin, eyes, and respiratory (breathing) tract.
		The lesions (sores) from lewisite heal much faster than lesions caused by the other blistering agents, sulfur mustard and nitrogen mustards, and the discoloring of the skin that occurs later is much less noticeable.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/lewisite/basics/facts.asp (1059 words)

	Encyclopedia: Lewisite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently.
		Chemical Structure of Mustard Gas Compound Mustard gas (HD) is a chemical compound that was first used as a chemical weapon in World War I. In pure form, it is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid at room temperature and causes blistering of the skin.
		British Anti Lewisite, often referred to by its acronym BAL, is a compound developed by the British biochemists of Oxford University during World War II.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lewisite (1364 words)

	References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lewisite has a geranium-like odor and is much more volatile and persistent in colder temperatures than mustard.
		Lewisite remains fluid at lower temperatures, making it an ideal agent for winter conditions, however, it hydrolyzes rapidly, and on a humid day, maintaining a biologically active concentration of vapor is difficult.
		Lewisite is sometimes mixed with mustard to lower the freezing point of mustard.
	dtirp.dtra.mil /CBW/References/Agents/AgentsCW_vesicants.asp (1138 words)

	Mitretek Systems :: Chemistry of Lewisite
		Lewisite was discovered near the end of World War I by a team of Americans headed by Capt. W.
		Lewisite was never used because of the armistice; a shipload of Lewisite-filled munitions was crossing the Atlantic at the cessation of hostilities.
		Lewisite is actually a complex mixture of several compounds, all of which occur as
	www.mitretek.org /home.nsf/homelandsecurity/Lewisite (1049 words)

	Encyclopedia: British anti-Lewisite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		British Anti Lewisite, often referred to by its acronym BAL, is a compound developed by the British biochemists of The University of Oxford, situated in the city of Oxford in England, is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
		It was developed secretly as an antidote for Chemical structure of Lewisite Lewisite is a chemical compound from a chemical family called arsines.
		Lewisite poisoning, which is a now-obsolete Dressing the wounded during a gas attack by Austin O. Spare, 1918.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/British-anti_Lewisite (421 words)

	Country Profiles: North Korea
		Lewisite, in its pure form, is an oily, colorless liquid, with no detectable odor.
		The median lethal concentration (LCt50) for Lewisite is about 1.5 grams-min/m3 for inhalation, and the median lethal dose (LD50) on the skin is estimated at 30mg/kg, or about 2.5 grams for an adult male of 180 pounds.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /db/profiles/cwagents/Info_lewistGo.html (396 words)

	Father Nieuwland and the 'dew of death'; Notre Dame Magazine Online - University of Notre Dame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Lewisite had a distinct advantage over the then-prevalent chemical agent mustard "gas" -- which like Lewisite was actually a liquid -- in that it caused pain immediately.
		Lewis believed that a disabling Lewisite cloud-weapon could be produced either from an associated explosion within an artillery shell or sprayed from an airplane.
		Production of Lewisite began too late for it to be used in World War I. In November 1918, 150 tons of it was ready for transport from Ohio to Europe for a planned spring offensive that the allies believed would win the war.
	www.nd.edu /~ndmag/w2002-03/poisongas.html (1041 words)

	PC Gov. BDPR - Lewisite - Major Chemical Agent
		Lewisite is a type of chemical warfare agent.
		Lewisite was produced in 1918 to be used in World War I, but its production was too late for it to be used in the war.
		Lewisite is not found naturally in the environment.
	www.co.pinal.az.us /PubHealth/BDPR/majoragents/chemical/majoragents_lewi.asp (138 words)

	[No title]
		The several mustards, lewisite, and phosgene oxime have quite different chemistries and mechanisms of action (some of which are poorly understood), but all are capable of eye damage at low levels, pulmonary injury at any level, and notable systemic effects at higher doses.
		Lewisite acts promptly on exposure, persists with moderate potency, and is easily mixed with other chemical agents to augment toxic effects.
		Lewisite is a significant threat to unprotected personnel for that reason and also because it causes prompt incapacitation from eye injuries and respiratory irritation, coupled with long-term incapacitation from skin burns, pulmonary injury, and systemic illness (Sidell, Takafuji, and Franz, 1997, pp.
	www.rand.org /publications/MR/MR1018.5/MR1018.5.chap3.html (12458 words)

	WWII discovery may counter bioterrorists
		"Lewisite is a threat because it is easy for any country to manufacture with simple pesticide-manufacturing technology." Iraq is believed to have used Lewisite in its earlier war with Iran.
		Developed for use during World War I, Lewisite is an arsenic-based liquid chemical compound that, similar to mustard, is easily vaporized into a poison gas and is capable of penetrating ordinary clothing and rubber.
		Fear of German use of Lewisite led British scientists at the beginning of World War II to develop an antidote, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, which came to be known as BAL.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/iu-wdm022703.php (531 words)

	Analysis of lewisite by derivatization with thiols
		Chlorovinylarines (Lewisites) are produced and handled during WW I and WW II as chemical warfare agents.
		Lewisite II and Lewisite III, but not Lewisite I and its metabolites and the metabolites of Lewisite II can be detected and determined with GC/ECD.
		Lewisite I and its metabolites react with thiols by forming 2-Chlorovinylarsine dithioether, Lewisite II and its metabolites react with thiols by forming 2,2'-Dichlorodivinylarsine thioether.
	www.r-haas.de /f7.html (756 words)

	PC Gov. BDPR - Lewisite Frequently Asked Questions
		If lewisite gas is released into the air, people may be exposed through skin contact or eye contact.
		If lewisite liquid comes into contact with food, people may be exposed by eating the contaminated food.
		Adverse health effects caused by lewisite depend on the amount people are exposed to, the route of exposure, and the length of time that people are exposed.
	www.co.pinal.az.us /PubHealth/BDPR/majoragents/chemical/majoragents_lewi1.asp (959 words)

	Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite -- Executive Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The committee, convened to produce this report by the Institute of Medicine in response to a request by the Department of Veterans Affairs, was comprised of experts in the fields of toxicology, epidemiology, occupational and environmental medicine, ophthalmology, dermatology, oncology, chemistry, and psychology.
		Its task was to survey the medical and scientific literature on mustard agents and Lewisite, assess the strength of association between exposure to these agents and the development of specific diseases, identify the gaps in the literature, and recommend strategies and approaches to deal with any gaps found.
		This attention may include the convening of a special task force of experts in stress disorders and risk perception to aid the VA, further than this committee is able, in the establishment of comprehensive guidelines for handling of these cases.
	www.nap.edu /execsumm/030904832X.html (6033 words)

	Counter-Terrorism Cards (CDC/NIOSH) -- LEWISITE CTC 0020 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Industrially-produced Lewisite is amber to dark brown liquid and has a strong penetrating geranium odor; the pure compound is a colorless, odorless, oily liquid.
		Lewisite and its hydrolysis products are thermally stable at temperatures less than 49°C. Lewisite is a complex mixture of several cis- and trans-isomer compounds.
		LEWISITE (CTC: 0020) Neither the CDC or NIOSH nor any person acting on behalf of the CDC or NIOSH is responsible for the use which might be made of this information.
	cfaes.osu.edu /facultystaff/healthsafety/lewisite_ct.htm (685 words)

	Chemical Weapons
		Lewisite is a colorless, oily liquid that has an odor that is similar to garlic.
		The last recollection of using lewisite was when China was fighting against Japan in war in the 1930's.
		The Lewisite and Mustard-Lewisite agents both can be released by accident, and are normally broken down in areas such as the soil and in the air, even ocean water.
	www.jracademy.com /~vinjamp/chemweapon.htm (1432 words)

	Article - Almost 20 tonnes of lewisite destroyed at Russian chemical weapons plant - News From Russia
		The lewisite stocks are stored in 200-250-kg metal drums in specially-equipped premises, where checks are made on the presence of toxins in the air.
		The lewisite line at the facility was launched on 25 November 2003.
		The 252 tonnes of lewisite held in the arsenal of the chemical weapons destruction plant in the settlement of Gornyy will be reprocessed by the end of 2005.
	www.gateway2russia.com /st/art_218530.php (243 words)

	Laminin in the cutaneous basement membrane as a potential target in lewisite vesication.
		Laminin in the cutaneous basement membrane as a potential target in lewisite vesication.Lewisite-induced epidermal-dermal separation was localized to the lamina lucida.
		The purpose of this study was to examine structural components of the epidermal-dermal junction as potential targets for toxicity by lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine).
		It was hypothesized that chemical modification of laminin directly (via chemical alkylation of laminin thiols by the arsenical) or indirectly (due to lewisite-induced cytotoxic release of proteases) could result in blister formation.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/8077465.html (259 words)

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