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Topic: Lexical Functional Grammar

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Lexical functional grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar began to take in the 1970s.
		In phrase structure grammars, such as generalised phrase structure grammar, head-driven phrase structure grammar and lexical functional grammar, a feature structure is essentially a list of variable assignments.
		A movement paradox is a grammatical phenomenon which, particularly according to proponents of lexical functional grammar, presents some problems for a transformational approach to syntax.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Lexical_functional-grammar (759 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a theoretical framework in linguistics, a variety of generative grammar.
		The LFG approach has had particular success with nonconfigurational languages, languages in which the relation between structure and function is less direct than it is in languages like English; for this reason LFG's adherents consider it a more plausible universal model of language.
		A central goal in LFG research is to create a model of grammar with a depth which appeals to linguists while at the same time being efficiently parseable and having the rigidity of formalism which computational linguists require.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Lexical_Functional_Grammar (560 words)

	Lexical functional grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar began to take in the 1970s.
		In technical terms, LFG rejects the "projection principle" characterising recent work in transformational grammar, which states that syntactic structures are direct representations of certain kinds of lexical information.
		A central goal is to create a model of grammar with a depth which appeals to linguists while at the same time being efficiently parseable and having the rigidity of formalism which computational linguists require.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lexical_functional_grammar (256 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.2230: Bresnan, Lexical Functional Syntax
		In Lexical Functional Grammar lexical elements are as important as syntactic elements in expressing grammatical information ("lexical") and the grammatical information is not identified with particular structural forms of expression but is viewed as a "system of abstract relators" of expressions to eventualities ("functional").
		An expression lexically associated with the anaphor picks out a set of less embedded f-structures which must be the antecedent of the anaphoric element, or f-structures with which the antecedent may not corefer.
		LFG rejects syntactic movement of constituents as the mechanism by which the surface syntactic realization of arguments is determined and it disallows changes of grammatical relations within the syntax.
	linguistlist.org /issues/12/12-2230.html (2187 words)

	Syntactic Knowledge
		Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) developed in reaction to the basic principles of transformational grammar regarding grammatical structure, specifically the use of transformations to ensure that the same functional relations apply at ``deep structure'' for sentences that are paraphrases at surface structure (e.g., active vs. passive).
		The main features of LFG follow: there is no one-to-one correspondence between surface structure and predicate argument structure; functional primitives are incorporated rather than reducing grammatical function to phrase structure; and, only lexical rules can affect function argument correspondences, not syntactic rules.
		LFG has two levels of syntactic description: a constituent structure (or c-structure), which is the same as a conventional phrase structure tree, and a functional structure (or f-structure), in which grammatical functions are explicitly encoded.
	www.cs.nmsu.edu /~tomohara/comps_review/node15.html (319 words)

	The Ba Construction Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Lexical-Functional Grammar, henceforth LFG, and the Lexical Mapping theory articulated within it, advance the general principles and constraints needed for the mapping between semantic structure and the structure of thematic roles and the linking of thematic roles and grammatical functions respectively.
		Semantically unrestricted functions may be paired with any of the arguments, for example, the subject or the object function can be paired with either an agent, a theme, or a goal.
		While grammatical functions are on the syntactic end in the function-argument association, the lexical predicate arguments are on the semantic end.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~whu/China/baziju1.htm (4213 words)

	University of Birmingham SoCS - Research in CS and AI - 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Previous implementations of LFG have usually been interpreters that are typically inefficient, even when implemented in the form of a chart parser which is recognised as having good efficiency.
		So, for a grammar that includes left recursion, there needs to be a method of parsing with left recursive grammars included in the parser, but for a grammar without left recursion the inclusion of extra code would be wasteful.
		In LFG, the syntactic structure of a sentence is represented by a hierarchical constituent structure (c-structure) and its functional information as a relatively order-free functional structure (f-structure).
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /research/booklet_99/projects/node6.html (1265 words)

	Optimality theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although a lot of the interest in OT has been associated with its use in phonology (the area to which OT was first applied), the theory is also applicable to other subfields of linguistics (e.g.
		Optimality theory is usually considered a development of generative grammar, which shares its focus on the investigation of universal principles, linguistic typology and language acquisition.
		It arose as a successor to Prince and Smolensky's earlier theory of harmonic grammar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Optimality_Theory (626 words)

	Analyzing English Grammar (pt.I)
		Another interesting aspect of lexical category words is that they are the first type of words to be spoken by children in their earliest stages of speech.
		This is because lexical words are stored in your mental-lexicon (a sort of memory file of words) in such as way as being labeled, associated and indexed to meaning--this is what is behind the notion of a 1-to-1 association (sound-to-meaning association or indexing (cf.
		This is because the complement/object functions as a quasi-reflexive in conjunction with the nominal/subject.
	www.csun.edu /~galasso/completehandbook.htm (8809 words)

	Lexical-Functional Syntax - Book Information
		"This is a clear, user-friendly, and authoritative presentation of LFG by one its principal architects.
		It also covers the theoretical linguistic ideas that LFG can model, and discusses the wide range of cross-linguistic syntactic phenomena to which it has been applied.
		She is a past-president of the Linguistic Society of America and a member of the Executive Committee of the International Lexical-Functional Grammar Association.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /book.asp?ref=0631209743 (204 words)

	Abstracts of Postgraduate Research Theses
		The central question we are concerned with is the extent to which LFG is applicable to Cantonese based on the examination of complement functions.
		This dissertation is a study of the syntax of the grammatical function, Subject, in Cantonese, a variety of Chinese, within the theoretical framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) (Bresnan and Kaplan 1982, Bresnan 2001).
		The LFG framework is shown to be a plausible syntactic model to account for the kind of lexical discontinuity observed within Cantonese and Mandarin VOCs.
	www.hku.hk /linguist/staff/postgrad_abstracts.html (3641 words)

	[No title]
		The lexical mapping tells you that the subject is the patient.
		The lexical mapping tells you that the oblique is the agent.
		Therefore, the bear is the agent.¡rdZZ>Z %ó¨Levels of Representation in LFGó¨Active and Passive¨ÂActive: Patient is mapped to OBJ in lexical mapping.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-55/lti/Courses/722/Spring-04/lectures/grammatical-relations.ppt (950 words)

	- ISBN 0126135347 - Lexical-Functional Grammar (Syntax and Semantics, Volume 34) (Syntax and Semantics)
		Volume 34 of Syntax and Semantics is a thorough and accessible overview and introduction to Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), a theory of the content and representation of different aspects of linguistic structure and the relations that hold between them.
		The book motivates and describes the two syntactic structures of LFG: surface phrasal organization is represented by a context-free phrase structure tree, and more abstract functional syntactic relations like subject and object are represented separately, at functional structure.
		Clear explication of the formal aspects of the theory is provided throughout, and differences between LFG and other linguistic theories are explored.
	www.campusbooks.com /books/0126135347/details (250 words)

	Functional Grammar
		WPFG appears on an irregular basis and functions as a platform for the prepublication of papers, either to provoke reactions with a view to later official publication, or to circulate ideas that will take at least a year to appear in print.
		The Functional Grammar conception of discourse anaphora : a (constructive) critique.
		The hierarchical structure of the clause and the typology of perception verb complements.
	home.hum.uva.nl /fg/publications_papers.html (500 words)

	Lexical Functional Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		LFG Morphosyntax [this is being updated, follow this link for some older notes].
		LFG in an Optimality Theory (OT) Setting [this is being updated, follow this link and this link.
		Archive of Papers on LFG (pre 2000): An archive of papers on LFG from the last century.
	www.essex.ac.uk /linguistics/LFG (271 words)

	Kwee Tjoe Liong: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR, AND THE CHANGE FROM SENTENCE GRAMMAR TO DISCOURSE-TEXT GRAMMAR
		Apart from functioning as satellites at a certain layer, predicational (propositional) terms themselves may be built up in several layers, and as such they can (recursively) contain yet other satellites in their own internal structure.
		The primary function of the predication is not to refer, but to predicate something, and thus create some state of affairs, which once it has been created, can then be referred to.
		In Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), the grammatical theory which is by far the most cognate to FG, adverbial clauses are analysed as a case of clausal subordination, in what is called nexus-juncture (linkage types of syntactic units) terminology, that is, they are peripheral modifiers of a sentence core.
	www.ucm.es /info/circulo/no4/kwee.htm (9315 words)

	Syntactic Generation
		A (natural language) grammar is a formal device that defines a relation between (natural language) utterances and their corresponding meanings.
		Given that a grammar specifies the relation between phonology and semantics it seems obvious that the generator is supposed to use this specification.
		This would allow competence grammar to be used in those cases where prototypical constructions (i.e., the templates) are not appropriate or even available.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch4node4.html (1446 words)

	LFG 2003: Call for Papers
		LFG 2003 welcomes work both within the formal architecture of Lexical-Functional Grammar and typological, formal, and computational work within the 'spirit of LFG', as a lexicalist approach to language employing a parallel, constraint-based framework.
		The conference aims to promote interaction and collaboration among researchers interested in nonderivational approaches to grammar, where grammar is seen as the interaction of (perhaps violable) constraints from multiple levels, including category information, grammatical relations, and semantic information.
		LFG 2003 sessions will be held at Empire State College, SUNY, located in downtown Saratoga Springs.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~jonask/lfg03-cfp.html (765 words)

	The Semantics of Resource Sharing in Lexical-Functional Grammar - Dalrymple, Kehler, Lamping, Saraswat (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Abstract: We argue that the resource sharing that is commonly manifest in semantic accounts of coordination is instead appropriately handled in terms of structure-sharing in LFG f-structures.
		We provide an extension to the previous account of LFG semantics (Dalrymple et al., 1993a) according to which dependencies between f-structures are viewed as resources; as a result a one-to-one correspondence between uses of f-structures and meanings is maintained.
		62 Dependency and coordination in the grammar of Dutch and Engl..
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /15658.html (531 words)

	The Department of Linguistics: Courses: Undergraduate Courses: 2nd/3rd Year Courses: Lexical-Functional Grammar
		Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) is one of the most popular theories of grammar within formal Linguistics.
		Students are then introduced to the LFG analysis of various kinds of grammatical constructions from languages such as Cantonese, English, French, Norwegian, and several African languages.
		Topics to be covered include design principles; lexicality and argument structure; constraint equations; lexical integrity; economy of expression; pronoun incorporation; the basics of binding theory; the lexical-mapping theory; and optimal syntax.
	www.hku.hk /linguist/cou/sec/ling2018.html (131 words)

	Linguistics LNGS3004 - Modern Formal Theories of Grammar
		Modern syntactic theories have tried to develop increasingly precise models of what native speakers know about the structure of the languages they speak (and sometimes, onward to how that knowledge is used in language production and perception).
		To provide students with an understanding of a particular version of syntax, Lexical Functional Grammar, so that they can use this to analyze the syntax of typologically diverse languages.
		Introduction to the linguistic issues that motivate LFG: nonconfigurationality and predicate argument structure; paradoxes of movement and category mismatches.
	www-nlp.stanford.edu /~manning/courses/lfg (1110 words)

	Grammar Writer's Workbench for Lexical Functional Grammar
		Below, the F-structures (sets of pairs of attributes and values; attributes may be features, such as tense and gender, or functions, such as subject and object.) are mapped out, and properties such as tense and subject are delineated.
		LFG as a theoretical model on which the workbench is built, works a step beyond traditional Chomsky structures.
		The name of the theory emphasizes an important difference between LFG and the Chomskyan tradition from which it developed: many phenomena are thought to be more naturally analysed in terms of grammatical functions as represented in the lexicon or in f-structure, rather than on the level of phrase structure.
	www.tomashoffman.com /academics/cogsci2/assignments/assignment01/grammar_writer.html (327 words)

	Grammar Formalisms
		A very advanced and wide-spread class of linguistic formalisms are the so-called constraint-based grammar formalisms which are also often subsumed under the term unification grammars.
		For some sizable grammars written in unification grammar formalisms, the development time was four years or less (TUG, CLE, TDL), whereas the development of large annotated phrase structure grammars had taken 8--12 years.
		The more a grammar is committed to a certain processing model, the less are the chances that it can be adapted to other processing models or new application areas.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch3node5.html (676 words)

	rdf and lfg
		In computational linguistics there is a long tradition of using declarative grammars which have both a surface structure (corresponding to the well known parse tree of context free grammars) and a deep structure, which is a homomorphic image of the surface structure typically clarifying some basic linguistic operations such as relative clauses.
		A complete analysis of an input string consists of a standard parse tree according to the EBNF with the input string as the concatenation of its leaves, and an "f-structure" (the deeper level of linguistic analysis) associated with each node in the parse tree.
		The graph is functional in the sense that for any vertex and any edge label there is at most one edge with the given label leaving the given vertex.
	lists.w3.org /Archives/Public/w3c-rdfcore-wg/2001Sep/att-0169/01-lfg-rdf.htm (912 words)

	Minyeva: a systematic constructed language
		The biggest change is removing the distinction between state verbs and action verbs (I had already made this change in the grammar).
		I have started expanding the grammar page for minyeva, and it is now titled Reference Grammar.
		It should be of use to anyone trying to make up the functional words in their conlangs without having any tie-down to English usage.
	minyeva.alkaline.org (695 words)

	A Resource-Sensitive Interpretation of Lexical Functional Grammar (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Abstract: This paper investigates whether the fundamental linguistic insights and intuitions of Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG), which is usually presented as a "constraintbased " linguistic theory, can be reformulated in a "resource-sensitive" framework.
		In the approach investigated here, LFG's f-descriptions are replaced with expressions from a multi-modal propositional logic (with permutation and limited contraction).
		7 Syntactic analyses for parallel grammars: Auxiliaries and ge..
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /63838.html (420 words)

	Analyzing Syntax - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Analyzing Syntax: A Lexical-Functional Approach is a comprehensive and accessible textbook on syntactic analysis, designed for students of linguistics at advanced undergraduate or graduate level.
		Working within the ‘Lexical Functional Grammar’ (LFG) approach, it provides students with a framework for analyzing and describing grammatical structure, using extensive examples from both European and non-European languages.
		While its primary focus is on syntactic structure, the book also deals with aspects of meaning, function and word-structure that are directly relevant to syntax.
	www.cup.cam.ac.uk /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521816238 (206 words)

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