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Topic: Lexical category

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	Linguistics 150, Chapter 3
		In the collocation lexical projection, 'lexical' is a synomyn for 'zero-level.' In this sense, the term stands in opposition to 'intermediate' and 'maximal/phrasal,' as discussed in Chapter 2.
		Second, 'lexical' in the collocation 'lexical category' may be opposed to 'silent' or '(phonologically) empty.' In this sense, lexical categories are syntactic categories with phonological content (that is, they are pronounced).
		The other lexical categories have at most one complement, and it has been argued that phrase structure is constrained to be binary-branching in general (Kayne 1984).
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~beatrice/150-s00/ch3.html (3098 words)

	[No title]
		% % In this implementation of a DCG parser, lexical item-category pairs % are represented as a list of two elements, [C, [X]], wherein C denotes % the label of the category of the lexical item X, a token (word).
		The assertions which test this matching (of data token % with lexical item) are goals in the bodies of assertions of predicates % corresponding to phrasal categories, and when a match succeeds, the % goal returns a subtree transcribed in the form of a list such as those % illustrated above.
		In this case, the noun phrase predicate is a goal in % the body of an assertion of a verb phrase predicate.
	web.uvic.ca /~ling48x/ling484/examples/dcg_p.txt (1317 words)

	Analyzing English Grammar (pt.I)
		In additional to the Lexical vs. Functional category distinction at the morphological-inflection level, the same distinction holds at the word level: the distinction is labeled (i) Form Class word vs. (ii) Structure Class word.
		Another interesting aspect of lexical category words is that they are the first type of words to be spoken by children in their earliest stages of speech.
		This is because lexical words are stored in your mental-lexicon (a sort of memory file of words) in such as way as being labeled, associated and indexed to meaning--this is what is behind the notion of a 1-to-1 association (sound-to-meaning association or indexing (cf.
	www.csun.edu /~galasso/completehandbook.htm (8809 words)

	Syntactic Structure Representations
		According to this convention, parts of speech, or lexical categories as they are also known, are identified by labels such as V for the verb and Adv for the adverb categories, with the N and the A or Adj labels being associated with the noun and adjective lexical categories, respectively.
		The left-hand side category may be referred to as the 'parent' or 'mother' of the right-hand side 'children' or 'daughters' categories, with each of these categories being described as the 'sibling' or 'sister' of the other.
		A syntactic category may have only one daughter, as in the rule NP N, wherein the noun phrase is the parent of a noun category; but in rules with more than one category label on their right-hand side, the ordering of the labels determines the order of the corresponding categories in the sentence.
	web.uvic.ca /~ling48x/ling484/notes/structures.html (4797 words)

	Phrase Structure Grammars
		In particular, lexical entries, the bottom-up rule, and the active edges are all evaluated depth-first, which is perfectly sound, because they all start at the same left point (that before the current word in the right to left pass through the string), and thus do not interact with one another.
		Lexical rules provide a mechanism for expressing redundancies in the lexicon, such as the kinds of inflectional morphology used for word classes, derivational morphology as found with suffixes and prefixes, as well as zero-derivations as found with detransitivization, nominalization of some varieties and so on.
		The description in the rule is taken to be the mother category in the rule, while the rule body specifies the daughters in the rule along with any side conditions on the rule, expressed as an ALE goal.
	www.cs.toronto.edu /~gpenn/ale/guide/node8.html (4826 words)

	A specification of the Head-corner Parser
		A predicted category must be a lexical category that lies somewhere between the extreme positions.
		An example might be the following (where we assume that the category vp is never assigned to a lexical entry), which is a subset of the table in 2.2.2.
		This is because it may be possible that an empty category is predicted as the head, after which trying to construct a larger projection of this head gives rise to a parse goal for which a similar empty category is a possible candidate head....
	odur.let.rug.nl /vannoord/papers/cl97/node2.html (2590 words)

	[No title]
		Besides lexical category, a word grammar can also determine all features of a word that are relevant to syntactic parsing, such as tense, number, gender, and case.
		Each lexical entry was composed of three fields, separated by white space and terminated by a new line.
		Lexical entries belonging to a sublexicon do not have to be listed consecutively in a single file (as was the case for PC-KIMMO version 1); rather, lexical entries in a file can occur in any order, regardless of what sublexicon they belong to.
	www.ceng.metu.edu.tr /~bozsahin/nli/ceng563/link/overview.txt (2936 words)

	LMBM and Word Syntax
		Lexical derivates, for example, like widen and deepen are generated alongside syntactic constructs with the same grammatical meaning and similar form: make/get wide, make/get deep.
		The lexical listing of affixes is supported by one fact in particular: in the structure of a lexically derived word under Word Syntax, the affix may be said to assign the lexical category and subcategorization features to the node dominating the lexical bases to which they attach, e.g.
		However, if affixes possess lexical category and subcategorization like prototypical lexemes, they would be limited to the possession of only one lexical category since noncontroversial, prototypical lexical items belong only to one lexical category (N, V or A).
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /rbeard/wrdsyn.html (2387 words)

	Return to conference page
		Alexiadou 1999, Davis and Matthewson 1999, Marantz 1995), which explore the idea that functional heads are involved in determining lexical category, the predicate fronting analyses might predict that predicate-initial languages do not exhibit the same sorts of categorical distinctions as V-fronting or INFL-lowering languages.
		The question is, are the differences between the way Polynesian languages exhibit category distinctions and the way English exhibits category distinctions attributable at all to the different relations between lexical and functional heads in the two languages?
		In this paper I will outline the properties of lexical categories in Niuean, and I will argue that these characteristics are consistent with the predicate fronting analysis, and that they lend support to this analysis, as well as to theories of word classes which appeal to relations between functional heads and lexical heads.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /afla/AbMassamD.htm (402 words)

	Ephilosopher :: Philosophy of Language Forum :: Chomsky's X-bar theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"A category that appears on the left in a lexical role we shall call a lexical category....a lexical category or a category that dominates a string...X..., where X is a lexical category we shall call a major category."
		The lexical formative is represented by a distinctive-feature matrix in which the columns stand for successive segments, and the rows for particular features.
		Chomsky says that each lexical formative is represented as a sequence of segments, each segment being a set of features.
	www.ephilosopher.com /phpBB_14-action-viewtopic-topic-4344.html (1313 words)

	Dissertation Abstract
		Adopting the basic theoretical assumptions of Autolexical Grammar (AG), I conceive of lexical categories as groupings based on typical correspondences of information from different domains of grammar.
		Each lexical category is characterized by a prototypical association of syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and morphological mini-categories.
		Thus, given a multi-modular conception of category structure, a good deal of variation within lexical categories can be explained in terms of ‘mismatch' among the mini-categories of different modules.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~ejfranci/dissabst.htm (280 words)

	Lexical Cohesion (Abstract) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While the use of a synonymous lexical item from the other language would also create lexical cohesion across code-switches, it is important to consider that cohesive ties vary in their effectiveness, as cohesion is not an objective property of the text, but rather depends on the perception and evaluation of the listener.
		Second, as lexical choice is influenced by the context in which a lexical item is used, the model predicts that inserted lexemes are taken from the language that bilinguals speak with monolinguals, and thus explains the direction of insertion and borrowing.
		Furthermore, it eliminates the need to distinguish between loanwords, nonce-borrowings, or single-item code-switches, as a lexical item is no longer defined in relationship to the lexicon of the language in whose context it occurs, but rather in relationship to the lexical item with which it forms a cohesive tie.
	homepages.nyu.edu /~psa208/philipp/cohesion.htm (406 words)

	What is a lexical category?
		A lexical category is a syntactic category for elements that are part of the lexicon of a language.
		Lexical categories may be defined in terms of core notions or 'prototypes'.
		Grammatical categories are distinct from formal relational categories such as subject, object and predicate, or functional categories such as agent, topic or definite.
	www.sil.org /linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexicalCategory.htm (150 words)

	Lexical category - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In grammar, a lexical category (also word class, lexical class, or in traditional grammar part of speech) is a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items) that are usually defined by their particular syntactic or morphological behaviours.
		There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.
		Not all languages have the same lexical categories, and lexical categories generally considered equivalent between two languages may have different properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lexical_category (414 words)

	Kavaliauskiene - Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary (I-TESL-J) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In Lewis's approach, a third category is fixed expressions, and a fourth, semi-fixed expressions.
		Lexical items can be, in theory, learned de-contextualised, but it does not ensure mastery of the item.
		ESP lexical phrases may be treated similarly as other chunks -- as ready-made, or prefabricated language units which, once they are learnt, are easily retrievable and accessible.
	iteslj.org /Articles/Kavaliauskiene-LA.html (1597 words)

	Walkthrough
		A category name may not contain punctuation marks that are also used as operators in the regular-predicate notation that more complex rules are written in (see the documentation on Grammatical Notations.).
		In lexical entries, a sequence of categories may be thought of as a disjunction since each indicates a possible interpretation of a homophonous word.
		It is easier to write lexical entries (and rules as well) if you use an existing entry as a starting point and edit an old one into a new one by replacing selected elements of the starting entry with something new of the same type.
	www2.parc.com /istl/groups/nltt/xle/doc/walkthrough.html (10849 words)

	[No title]
		For example, the lexical entry for fox does not need to specify that it is singular; that information is supplied by the category definition of Noun.
		However the noun fair meaning "a festival" is considered a homonym and because it is a different lexical category it is given its own entry in the noun sublexicon.
		But if you posit separate lexical entries for words related by lexical conversion, you would not only lose the linguistic generalization that such words are lexically related but you would also greatly increase the size of the lexicon, since English has a very large number of such words.
	www.ceng.metu.edu.tr /~bozsahin/nli/ceng563/link/intro.txt (2538 words)

	Syntactic category - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A syntactic category is either a phrasal category, such as noun phrase or verb phrase, which can be decomposed into smaller syntactic categories, or a lexical category, such as noun or verb, which cannot be further decomposed.
		In terms of phrase structure rules, phrasal categories can occur to the left side of the arrow while lexical categories cannot.
		The lexical categories are traditionally called the parts of speech.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Syntactic_category (108 words)

	Conference Materials
		This result suggests that part of speech information is distributed across lexical representations, functioning as an organizing principle of lexical knowledge in much the same way as orthography and semantics similarity.
		If lexical category information is distributed across individual lexical entries, then the presentation of unambiguous noun or verb primes should influence lexical ambiguity resolution for ambiguous target words.
		In this experiment, we explore the hypothesis of whether speaker's pronunciation, and therefore their lexical selection, of these ambiguous words is influenced by a noun or verb prime that shares only lexical category information.
	cognet.mit.edu /library/conferences/paper?paper_id=45113 (551 words)

	diss page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		[Some languages, such as English, have a morphology that is highly oriented to lexical categories, but in others, such as Choctaw, the morphology is oriented to grammatical functions.
		Using Choctaw as the primary language of investigation, H. shows that morphological evidence may not be used universally to indicate lexical category, and conversely, that categorial properties may be detected in the absence of morphological exponence.
		H. argues that in languages lacking category-oriented morphology, the same morphological operation will yield predictable distinctions depending on the lexical category of the lexeme to which it is applied.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/dissertations/inddiss/d175.htm (93 words)

	LMBM: An Overview
		If the derivation is inflectional, the marker may be attached to the lexical stem or assigned independently to a structural position in syntax in ways which syntax alone cannot predict.
		When this occurs, the lexicon's job is to transpose the illegal category to the legal one, i.e.
		However, the processes of transposition and feature switching provide precisely the categories demanded by the empty nodes in (1) and these categories are necessary and sufficient conditions on the semantic interpretations of pronominals.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /RBEARD/homepage.html (2167 words)

	Appendix 2
		Empty Category A null or covert element void of any phonological material, but nevertheless is present on syntactic grounds.
		Derivational morphology is a grammatical process by which a class of word may change its meaning or part of speech--e.g., from noun to adjective as child >childish, or from a verb to a noun as in teach >teacher (where the bound morpheme {-er} means a person who performs the act of the verb).
		Pidgin languages tend to exhibit pure lexical categories at the expense of functional categories.
	www.csun.edu /~galasso/appendix2.htm (2417 words)

	A Similarity Measure for Retrieving Software Artifacts - section 4
		The purpose of morpholexical analysis is to process the individual words in a sentence to recognize their standard forms, their grammatical categories and their semantic relationships with other words in a lexicon.
		The predicate hyponym(x,y,d) means that the term `y' is an hyponym (a specialization) of the term `x' at a d-distance in a thesaurus in a particular lexical category.
		The predicate hypernym(x,y,d) means that the term `y' is an hypernym (a generalization) of the term `x' at a d-distance in a thesaurus in a particular lexical category.
	vlib.org /cuisung/ROSA/papers/SEKE94/sect4 (751 words)

	[SCL] Re: Stating the model theory free from lexical categories
		The lexical category of an interpreted symbol is > >> defined by the interpretation mapping, > >>...
		My recollection anyway is that one of the things we wanted to do in SCL was preserve the familiar lexical categories, albeit jacked around a bit vis-a-vis overlap.
		SCL, with genuine lexical categories (even if discovered in reality after the fact) strikes as a most excellent Middle Way that preserves most all of what we wanted of CL while side-stepping largely superficial disputes over form.
	grimpeur.tamu.edu /pipermail/scl/2003-June/000285.html (856 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		Lexical effects on language processing are currently a major focus of attention in studies of sentence comprehension.
		The focus of this stimulating volume is on a number of central topics: The discussion of foundational issues concerning the nature of the lexicon and its relationship to sentence understanding; the exploration of the relationship between syntactic and lexical processing; and the investigation of the specific content of lexical entries, especially for verbs.
		The research reported here elaborates both the structure and the probabilistic content of lexical representations, and meets up with work in computer science, linguistics, psychology, and philosophy on the relation between conceptual, grammatical, and statistical knowledge.
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=4191 (234 words)

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