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Topic: Lexical items

In the News (Thu 16 Feb 12)

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	KIF: BNF
		Most lexical items can be assigned a unique syntactic role solely on the basis of their first character, called the marking character; this role is then sufficient to enable a parser to construct the syntactic form of the KIF expression.
		The job of a lexical analyser is to divide the input character stream into a stream of non-overlapping lexical items, separated by characters.
		A word is any lexical item that does not start with a marking character (though it may include them.) Numerals should not be used as words, to avoid confusion with their use in ontologies which refer to numbers.
	grimpeur.tamu.edu /pipermail/kif/2001-June/000749.html (1283 words)

	Lexical Methods for Managing Variation in Biomedical Terminologies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The variation may be morphological, that is, it relates different forms of the same lexical item through inflection or derivation, or the variation may be simply orthographic, that is, it relates different spellings of the same lexical item.
		The lexical programs generate a range of variations for English lexical items and should be useful for recognizing and thereby abstracting away from lexical variation in biomedical terminologies and texts.
		The base form is the uninflected form of the lexical item; the singular form in the case of a noun, the infinitive form in the case of a verb, and the positive form in the case of an adjective or adverb.
	umlslex.nlm.nih.gov /Lexicon/relatedMaterial/Paper1.html (3014 words)

	Lexical Priming and the Properties of Text
		The theory of language to which the dictionary and the thesaurus contribute is a theory of the lexical item as an isolated element organised by syntax, realised by phonology, and latterly cross-referenced by text.
		I hypothesise that when we acquire a lexical item, it becomes primed for collocation, grammatical category, semantic associations and colligation, and it is not properly acquired unless it has all this priming.
		In each case I shall first consider the item’s cohesive and semantic relations with the rest of the Planet X text and then examine the concordance evidence for the item’s lexical priming with respect to cohesion and the different kinds of semantic relations.
	www.monabaker.com /tsresources/LexicalPrimingandthePropertiesofText.htm (8340 words)

	Language and the Law in Deaf Communities
		The analysis of both the number of lexical items and the frequency of syntactic nonmanual signals revealed dramatic similarities among interpreters of the same skill level (within the group) and dramatic differences between interpreters of different skill levels (between groups).
		The range of lexical items produced by the subjects of each group was extremely narrow: The beginner group ranged between two and seven lexical items, intermediates ranged between thirty-five and thirty-nine, and advanced interpreters ranged between forty-nine and fifty-five.
		The number of lexical items for each interpreter and the average for each group are displayed in table 1.
	gupress.gallaudet.edu /excerpts/LALtwo12.html (503 words)

	Language in India
		As we know, lexical items are related to one another in the hierarchical dimension as taxonomies (which show hyponymy-hypernymy and meronymy-holonymy relationship) and non-hierarchical dimension as opposites (which include complementaries, antonyms, antipodals, counterparts, reversives and converses) and synonyms.
		A database has to be created depicting the lexical items and their meaning relations such as hyponymy-hypernymy (subordination-superordination relationship), meronymy-holonymy (part-whole relationship), synonymy and lexical opposition and the formal relations such as derivation and collocation.
		The lexical items that are directionallly opposite are in direcional opposition.
	www.languageinindia.com /march2002/rajendran3.html (9716 words)

	Lexical items as structural semiotic types
		The notion lexical item is used to cover any lexical sign type but also other inventorisable items such as affixes and phonemes, whose lexical status in linguistics is controversial.
		Stem: A lexical root, or an item to which an affix is attached to form a derivation or an inflection, or to which a word or another stem is attached to form a compound word.
		Lexical prosody: A superfix item with semiotic properties like those of phonemes or morphemes, but which is not concatenated but prosodically associated with other phonemes or morphemes.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /DATR/inherlexweb/node11.html (428 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Synonymy can be said to occur if lexical items are close enough in their meaning to allow a choice to be made between them in some contexts, without there being any difference for the meaning of the sentence as a whole.
		Arrangement of lexical items Though arrangement of lexical items under a terminal domain is not a serious issue in an electronic thesaurus, the decision of what to give first among a set of synonyms is a problem to be encountered in the preparation of the thesaurus.
		Listing the derived items under the class to which they belong by virtue of their derived meanings and furnishing with cross reference for the bases from which they are derived seem to be a better solution.
	www.iiit.net /conferences/icon2002/papers/icon_pdf/IC02-107n.doc (2928 words)

	Language in India
		The lexical items that overlap in terms of meaning and do not show systematic include-included relation and have some semantic traits in common, but differ in respect of traits that do not clash are said to be compatible.
		The lexical relations synonymy, hyponymy, compatibility, incompatibility and meronymy are widely talk about in the context of thesaurus and dictionary and it can be taken for granted that the lexicographers are aware of the problems involved in deciding the items that can be grouped by these relations.
		Lexical relations exist between relational adjectives and the nouns that they relate to, and between adverbs and the adjectives form which they are derived.
	www.languageinindia.com /jan2003/rajthesaurus.html (9033 words)

	Taiwo - Helping ESL Learners to Minimize Collocational Errors (I-TESL-J)
		Where the lexical aspect is taught at all, teachers concentrate more on the paradigmatic sense relations of lexical items (relations of set of lexical items that belong to the same class and can be substituted for one another in specific grammatical and lexical contexts).
		ESL learners who are not properly taught the lexical resources of the language focus on the decontextualised lexical items as listed in the dictionaries thereby losing sight of word association.
		In the paper, we stressed that the lexical component of language is as important as the grammatical aspect and we also emphasized the significance of collocations in language learning.
	iteslj.org /Techniques/Taiwo-Collocation.html (1459 words)

	Lexical Approach to L2 Teaching
		Lexical approach advocates argue that language consists of meaningful chunks that, when combined, produce continuous coherent text, and only a minority of spoken sentences are entirely novel creations.
		For example, Cowie (1988) argues that the existence of lexical units in a language such as English serves the needs of both native English speakers and English language learners, who are as predisposed to store and reuse them as they are to generate them from scratch.
		However, Lewis's (1993) lexical syllabus is specifically not word based, because it "explicitly recognizes word patterns for (relatively) de-lexical words, collocational power for (relatively) semantically powerful words, and longer multi-word items, particularly institutionalized sentences, as requiring different, and parallel pedagogical treatment" (Lewis, 1993, p.
	www.cal.org /resources/digest/0102lexical.html (1587 words)

	[No title]
		Lexical syntax focuses on the study of the lineal projection of the dependency relation between predicates and arguments in those syntactic constructions, which convey meaning, as well as on the semantic and formal study of the derivational relations, which can be established within such constructions.
		Lexical syntax, therefore, specifies the hierarchy of classes in the lexicon of predicates and the relations between the sentences, which constitute the lineal projections of these classes.
		The items of the dictionary are accompanied by the following information: the canonical form or forms to which the item is associated; the class of words to which the above mentioned canonical forms belong to; the inflectional morphological properties of verbal, nominal and adjectival items (in relation to a specific canonical form).
	seneca.uab.es /csubirats/Automatic.doc (2622 words)

	Mesoamerican Languages Documentation Project: query instructions
		You may either select one of the lexical items for viewing in printed dictionary format, or you may choose to view the next 20 matching items.
		The table of matching lexical items will remain in the upper right frame until you issue another search, or until you go to view the next group of 20.
		Lexical entries can still be searched for according to data types that the user elects not to display.
	www.albany.edu /anthro/maldp/howto.html (1063 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Labov (1994) lists the exceptional items in short /æ/ raising of the major cities in the Middle Atlantic States: most of them fall into phonological, morphological or semantic categories while only a few are purely unexplainable exceptions.
		Lexical exceptions to sound change are primarily dependent upon the phonological characteristics or the direction of the change itself.
		The third factor is the social correlation of the lexical items.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~nagy/nwav/WWWabs/Chae.html (428 words)

	LLT Vol5Num3 Curado: Lexical Behavior in Academic and Technical Corpora
		Lexical levels or categories are fostered and described through the application of corpus-based studies.
		In this respect, the relationship between lexical items and text seems to be bi-directional, as words serve to identify context, and this, in turn, influences the particular bonding of elements.
		At this level of thematic combinations, we also find lexical data that is characteristic of a related group of subjects, that is, within a major heading from A to F in Table 1.
	llt.msu.edu /vol5num3/curado (10294 words)

	Specialist Lexicon Fact Sheet
		Each lexical record has a base form, a part of speech, a unique identifier and optionally a set of spelling variants.
		Lexical items are selected for coding from a variety of sources, including lexical items from MEDLINE® citation records, The UMLS Metathesaurus and a large set of lexical items from medical and general English dictionaries.
		The slots are the basic lexical attributes, and the fillers express the possible values of those attributes for that particular lexical item.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /pubs/factsheets/umlslex.html (674 words)

	The Acquisition of the Lexicon: examples from Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many scholars seem to agree that L1 and L2 lexicons are composed of codified lexical items at the word level or higher.
		According to Schmitt and McCarthy (1997) a lexical item, or a lexeme, is "an item which functions as a single meaning unit, regardless of the number or orthographical words it contains.
		Meara (1996) proposes that lexical competence is measured by both the size of a learner’s store of lexical items and the organization of those items.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jgc/research/vocabstate (7241 words)

	An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - Glossary - Glossary of Selected Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		LEXICAL ITEM is a grammatically and sematically definable unit of language.
		LEXICAL SET is a set of lexical items which are relevant in a particular context, such as items of food or items used in a register.
		A lexical set may also be described as a group of words which have an identical range of collocation.
	www.koausa.org /SpokenKashmiri/Glossary/section4.html (176 words)

	Collocations: Pedagogical implications, and their treatment in pedagogical materials
		The “idiom principle” represents the lexical level and accounts for “the restraints that are not captured by the open-choice model” - "collocation … illustrates the idiom principle" (op.cit.: 115).
		Collocations (non-idioms) are divided between "restricted" (or "semi-idioms"), which “allow a degree of lexical variation”, and in which one element “has a figurative sense not found outside that limited context”, whereas the other appears “in a familiar, literal sense”; and "open", in which elements are “freely combinable” and are used “in a common literal sense”.
		(“lexically complex” units, constituting a “single minimal semantic constituent”) and "collocations" (“sequences of lexical items which habitually co-occur”, each lexical item being a “semantic constituent”).
	www.gabrielatos.com /Collocation.htm (4500 words)

	Language and the Law in Deaf Communities
		The signed interpretations of the Miranda warning and the interrogation were analyzed for two linguistic elements deemed crucial to comprehensibility: (1) number of appropriate lexical items; and (2) frequency of syntactic nonmanual signals.
		The number of appropriate lexical items refers to the number of correct words for each stretch of discourse.
		Two characteristics of lexical items are important to analyzing the number of correct words in a stretch of discourse.
	gupress.gallaudet.edu /excerpts/LALtwo11.html (433 words)

	[MLton-devel] bug with longid?
		Here was my argument that convinced them: Section 2.5 says "each item of lexical analysis is a either a reserved word, a numeric label, a special constant, or a long identifier" and "Comments and formatting characters separate items...
		Section 2.5 says "each item of lexical > analysis is a either a reserved word, a numeric label, a special constant, or a > long identifier" and "Comments and formatting characters separate items...
		Section 2.5 says "each item of lexical > > analysis is a either a reserved word, a numeric label, a special constant, or > > a > > long identifier" and "Comments and formatting characters separate items...
	mlton.org /pipermail/mlton/2003-March/023300.html (802 words)

	Kavaliauskiene - Using the Lexical Approach for the Acquisition of ESP Vocabulary (I-TESL-J)
		The role of teachers is to raise students' awareness of the existence of lexical items.
		Lexical items can be, in theory, learned de-contextualised, but it does not ensure mastery of the item.
		There is another relevant and quite important point to teaching ESP through lexical items is the students' ability to find an equivalent in L1 to match a lexical phrase in L2.
	iteslj.org /Articles/Kavaliauskiene-LA.html (1597 words)

	Talk Now! Zulu / Xhosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		They present lexical items and phrases in an interactive format that permits the student to score points in a game played against other users or against an earlier performance.
		The sets of lexical items are easily memorized, and the roulette style scoring device enables students to track their progress.
		The animated characters are western European in appearance, and the lexical items selected are such as one might encounter or discuss in a western European city.
	www.calico.org /CALICO_Review/review/zuluxhosa00.htm (1217 words)

	Linguistics 794A Spring 2003 Morphosemantics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The regularities of the Lexicon invoke derivational items and processes (including compounding), as opposed to inflectional items and processes This distinction is not the same as the distinction between morphology and syntax.
		The lexical item here is italicized: "put up with." It has the syntactic organization of Verb - Particle - Preposition reflected also in the morphological properties of the three (phonological) words.
		A lexical item might be a word (in one or another sense), a phrase, a part of a morphological word, an affix, a root or stem.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~ebach/Ling794A/Notes-1.htm (2163 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		LBMS (A Lexical Base Management System) Lexicography is broadly defined as the field concerned with the collection of lexical items as well as information concerning these lexical items for the compilation of dictionaries.
		LEXH is a metalanguage that will be used in defining lexical items and assigning linguistic attributes associated with them at various levels.
		Unlike some other formalisms for lexical knowledge representation, as DATR or LAUREL, LEXH is not a kind of programming language; it is the theoretical framework (in the way that HPSG is a theoretical framework for syntax, say) for the LBMS.
	www.ccl.kuleuven.ac.be /about/broch/pres-orphanos (399 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The most noteworthy development in the area of the lexicon-syntax interface is the realization that there are “constructional” meanings, which are independent of particular lexical items.
		Nevertheless, common to many different theories of the lexicon-syntax interface is the insight that linguistic expressions are associated with structured meaning that is independent of the particular open-class lexical items (i.e.
		To exemplify, the meaning of the transitive verb dry is the association of the constant dry with the semantic template in REF _Ref48620282 \h (2a), as shown in REF _Ref48620282 \h (2b).
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~zubizarr/Ling635description.doc (1280 words)

	File dot_spec.doc
		The lexical tokens in the transcription will be generated without special regard to case and capitalization.
		In the case of read speech, normal lexical items will be represented as they are in the truth text which corresponds to the prompt used to elicit the speech.
		If a non-speech event overlaps with a spoken lexical item, the descriptor should be placed next to the lexical item it co-occured with and the character, ">" or "<" should be appended or prepended to the descriptor depending on whether it is placed to the left or right of the co-occurring lexical item.
	www.ldc.upenn.edu /Catalog/readme_files/csr2/dot_spec.html (961 words)

	Search Results for lexical - Encyclopædia Britannica
		The other component of sentence meaning is word meaning, the individual meanings of the words in a sentence, as lexical items.
		The basic vocabularies (the most frequently used lexical items) of all the Romance languages are in the main directly inherited from Latin.
		In grammar, a verb that is subordinate to the main lexical verb in a...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=lexical&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (485 words)

	Hogan: Towards a cognitive science of poetics
		A network of primed lexical entries is clearly in a different mental state from either the conscious/rehearsal material or the material stored in long-term memory.
		The lexical entry for "monkey," however, is primed and is therefore in a state different from "apes" and "lions" on the one hand, and "ambidextrous," on the other.
		Many theories impute to the mind a quasi-objectal character, most obviously when they posit mental items which are in principle inaccessible and thus in principle non-subjective (as is the case with Chomsky's underlying structures), but also when they speak of mind in terms of internal objects and forces.
	www.cogweb.ucla.edu /Abstracts/Hogan_cognitive.html (5763 words)

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