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Topic: Lexical stress

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	Umbria \| Technical Papers
		In this paper, the impact of lexical feature selection and feature generalization, applied to reviews, on the precision of two probabilistic classifiers (Naïve Bayes and Markov Model) with respect to OvOP identification is observed.
		In this paper, the impact of lexical filtering, applied to reviews, on the accuracy of two statistical classifiers (Naive Bayes and Markov Model) with respect to OvOP identification is observed.
		A ranking criterion based on a function of the probability of having positive or negative polarity is introduced and verified as being capable of achieving 100% accuracy with 10% recall.
	www.umbrialistens.com /resources (1057 words)

	Stress (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, stress is the relative emphasis given to certain syllables in a word.
		That is, stress is placed always on a given syllable, as in Finnish and Hungarian (stress always on the first syllable) or Quechua and Polish (stress always on the penult: one syllable before the last) or on third syllable counting backwards such as inMacedonian (See: Stress in Macedonian language).
		In Slavic-language dictionaries, stress is indicated with an acute accent on a syllable's vowel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lexical_stress (1158 words)

	RSRL WIP8 Grabe and Warren
		Lexical prosodic forms exhibit up to three levels of prominence, such as in explanation, where there is primary stress on the third syllable, secondary stress syllable on the first syllable and no stress on second and fourth syllables (Ladefoged, 1993).
		Stresses are said to clash if two strong syllables follow each other without any intervening weak ones, and as there is a tendency in English for stressed and unstressed syllables to alternate, a succession of two strong syllables is assumed to be dispreferred.
		A stress clash is alleviated by phrase-final lengthening and/or pausing.
	www.rdg.ac.uk /app_ling/wip8/grabe.html (4695 words)

	Llisterri, Marín, de la Mota, Ríos (1995) Factors affecting F0 peak displacement in Spanish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It is shown in [7] that the timing of the F0 peak in lexically stressed syllables is influenced by intrasyllabic segmental durations, adjacency to word boundaries, intonational and intermediate phrase boundaries and stress clash.
		In oxyton nouns, the F0 peak remains at the lexically stressed syllable in 57.1% of cases, while in 42.9% of cases the peak is displaced to the next syllable.
		In 57.8% of paroxyton nouns the F0 peak is displaced to the syllable following the lexically stressed one, and in 10.6% of cases it is displaced to the second syllable after the one bearing the lexical stress; in 31.6% of cases the F0 peak remains at the lexically stressed syllable.
	liceu.uab.es /~joaquim/publicacions/eurospeech_95.html (2509 words)

	The Prosodic Structure: Properties and Constraints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In fact, stress is central as always present even when the sentence is reduced to a minimal form with a sequence of syllables containing one stress, or just one syllable, necessarily stressed.
		Lexical stress is assigned in priority to elements located at the highest levels in the prosodic structure.
		Stress clash, since the 2 units with successive stressed syllables café and chaud are dominated by the same node in the syntactic structure.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/cyber/Martin2.html (3758 words)

	Linking Letters: A Poet's Guide to Alliterative Verse
		Secondary stress is the stress you get on the second word of a compound, e.g., the stress on bird in flbird, or on heart in fainthearted.
		The primary lexical stress of nouns and adjectives almost always count as lifts (the same with one-syllable nouns and adjectives; in Old English the adjectivals include participles and infinitive forms of verbs).
		It is the primary stress of a polysyllable, or a stressed monosyllable.
	alliteration.net /field7.htm (989 words)

	Stress System Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		A language which generally exhibits stress on the third syllable of a word, for example, may have some words with fewer than three syllables, and stress clearly cannot be assigned to these short words on the basis of the SPC "3L" which describes the third-syllable stress observed in longer words in the language.
		Comments sporadically note the existence of lexical exceptions to the stress system described in the SPC fields, but the absence of such a comment should not be taken to imply the absence of lexical exceptions from the language in question.
		A stress system which places stress on the leftmost heavy syllable, for example, might be described with the SPC "12..89/9L" or "12..89/1L", or something similar, depending on the location of stress in words with no heavy syllables.
	www.cf.ac.uk /psych/ssd/index.html (2644 words)

	SWAP Abstract: Cooper, Nicole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Dutch and English are both lexical stress languages, but in English, stress information covaries with vowel quality information, and stress is not used by English listeners in lexical access (Fear, Cutler and Butterfield, JASA, 1995; Culter and Clifton, 1984).
		The stress/vowel-quality relation is less strong in Dutch, and experimental evidence shows that Dutch listeners do use lexical stress to constrain lexical access in their native language (Koster and Cutler, Eurospeech, 1997; van Donselaar and Cutler, 1997).
		The facilitatory effect in the stress mismatching condition is surprising for both language groups, first because a similar experiment with Dutch listeners attending to Dutch stimuli showed an inhibitory effect following stress mismatches (MUs), and secondly because previous research with English listeners suggested that English listeners are not sensitive to stress cues in English.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/swap/swap_163.html (397 words)

	Perspectives on Computer Programming for the Humanities
		Although stress may occur on any syllable of a Russian word, it is not normally marked in Russian writing, and Russians must apply information exterior to the written text (i.e., their knowledge of their language) to place stress properly.
		STRESS reads each line from the original input file and isolates the portion of the line that is relevant for rhyme: the last stressed vowel, all information following that vowel, and, in the case of open masculine rhymes, the consonant preceding the stressed vowel.
		Such clashes are extremely rare at the ends of lines because the final stress, which, after all, is crucial for determining rhyme, is generally felt to be the strongest in the line, and the most resistent to tension between metrical and lexical stress.
	www.pitt.edu /~djbpitt/rhyme/ach.html (4868 words)

	Malcolm Hayward
		Stress also comes from other factors, however: from the alliteration with 'sun', from a rising intonation at that point, from the lexical stress on the first syllable of the word 'Summer', from the function of the word in the sentence, and from the function of the word in the poem as a whole.
		This is unmetrical, according to Halle and Keyser, because the accent on 'Per-' represents a stress maximum in the weak position of syllable 7.
		The weak stress on '-bas-' and the stronger stress on '-ter' violates rules of lexical stress.
	www.english.iup.edu /mhayward/Metrics/Genmetrics.htm (3049 words)

	ABSTRACTS
		This sensitivity is evident in infants as young as 1-month of age (Jusczyk and Thompson, 1978) and by nine-months English infants demonstrate a preference for the predominant stress pattern consisting of strong-weak syllable patterns (Echols, Crowhurst and Childers, 1997; Jusczyk, Cutler, Redanz, 1993).
		Given infants’ sensitivity to stress, we explored whether stress is merely a cue to help parse speech or whether it is also an important part of the representation of newly learned sequences.
		A series of experiments tested 9- and 7-month-old infants on their ability to use lexical stress without any other cues present to parse sequences from an artificial language.
	www-scf.usc.edu /~sanchezm/Abstracts.htm (2704 words)

	Ville - The Virtual Language Tutor - SWELL
		The first exercise is concerned with lexical stress, that is, which syllable in a word that has stress.
		For example in Finnish stress is always on the first syllable, and in French it is always on the last.
		(Lexical stress, Duration, Vowels, and Animals) The other items are words or short sentences taken from the first chapters in the SWELL course.
	www.speech.kth.se /ville/swell.html (1963 words)

	Orthographic representations of lexical stress in English
		One possible basis for this ability may be the existence of representations of lexical stress in English orthography.
		It is suggested that orthographic variability may be exploited to represent lexical stress through the addition of silent letters to indicate syllables which are stressed.
		Adult subjects were asked to spell disyllabic pseudowords with both first- and second-syllable stress patterns to determine whether they would mark the change in stress in their written representations of the pseudowords.
	repository.upenn.edu /dissertations/AAI9636229 (372 words)

	SALA Conference
		Dyrud’s observation (2001) confirmed that pitch and duration are primary correlates of stress in Hindi-Urdu, where relatively low pitch is associated with the stressed syllable.
		Whereas in non final stressed words, low pitch persists till the end of the stressed syllable and then rises on the immediately following syllable; in final stressed syllables, the H tone has no syllable to link to, therefore, low pitch remains till the end of the word.
		The position of stress in the focused word, considered a possible factor affecting the onset of rise in the pitch pattern of focused word, is categorized final stressed words and non-final stressed words.
	www.linguistics.uiuc.edu /sala25/verma.htm (462 words)

	English Stress
		64 "The rules that determine stress contours are, for the most part, rules that assign primary stress in certain positions, at the same time weakening the stresses in all other positions".
		According to these later studies, iambic reversal is not a phonological movement rule at all, bur arises from the interaction of lexical stress and phrase-final accent:
		As work in metrical theory progressed and was extended to many languages, our conception of English stress assignment became embedded in, and was constrained by, a parametric view of options for metrical structure (Halle and Vergnaud 1987, Booij 1983), taking a lead from Chomskyan syntax.
	www.phon.ox.ac.uk /~jcoleman/ENGLISH_STRESS.htm (1263 words)

	Lexical Stress Detection On Stress-Minimal Word Pairs - Ying, Jamieson, Chen, Michell, Liu (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: We present a study on the use of lexical stress classification to aid in the recognition of phonetically similar words.
		In this study, we use a simple pattern recognition approachto determine which syllable is lexically stressed for phonetically similar word pairs (e.g., PERfect, perFECT) extracted from continuously spoken sentences.
		We use a combination of two features from the acoustic correlates of lexical stress, and assume multivariate Gaussian distributions to form a Bayesian classifier....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /507574.html (474 words)

	EPC 2002 Abstracts
		This paper reports results obtained in a novel paradigm developed to investigate the alternative hypothesis that the “perceptual units” on which lexical retrieval operates are subsyllabic units corresponding to the onset, and body/rime of monosyllabic words (eg.,pl-ate, br-ush).
		The “embedded target” lexical decision task (LDT) required subjects to make LDT judgements about stimulus segments marked by typefont that were embedded in “carrier” items that could, themselves, be either words or nonwords (eg is the marked segment of “maid”, “stale”,“tribe” or “pleck” a word or a nonword).
		Lexical tone is used to distinguish meaning in languages spoken by over half the world’s population, but no studies have investigated facial information for tone.
	www.psychology.adelaide.edu.au /epc2002/epc2002_abstracts_final.htm (9885 words)

	acentuação lexical (Portuguese to English translation glossary) Verb,Linguistics,Science
		"Lexical stress" isn't wrong, but I think you need to add "pattern" in order for it to make sense.
		Note that the morphemes' nuclear vowels carry a high tone because of the word's/lexical stress pattern.
		Although in both cases high-tone sequences fall on the vowel and the nasal consonant, the extra-long vowel in the first person singular makes for a prosodic melody that is distinct from that seen in the second person singular.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/1608824 (461 words)

	Bert Remijsen's page
		For example, there are languages that have both lexical stress and a lexical tone contrast (e.g.
		Lexically contrastive stress accent and lexical tone in Ma`ya.
		Stress, tone, and discourse prominence in the Curacao dialect of Papiamentu.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /~bert (611 words)

	Speech Synthesis in Festival - 6 Linguistic/Prosodic processing
		For example lexical stress in English is part of the definition of a word, if you change the position of the stress you can change the word (e.g.
		Sometimes even though the prediction is wrong with respect to the lexical entry in a test set the result is actually acceptable as a pronunciation.
		In English lexical stress is important in getting the pronunciation right and therefore must be part of the LTS process.
	festvox.org /festtut/notes/festtut_6.html (6254 words)

	Appendix E. Results of Linguistic Research
		In contrast to stress in English, German, etc., there was no consistent lengthening of stressed vowels, and no significantly greater intensity or higher F0 on stressed vowels.
		The results of analysing their responses confirm that the cue to perceived lexical stress was a complex interaction of the pitch pattern and the duration of the /m/.
		So perceived lexical stress in Welsh depends to some extent on the duration of the post-stress consonant, as well as on the intonational patterns of Welsh.
	www.cs.cf.ac.uk /fun/welsh/AppendixE.html (1091 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1333: Teaching Stress
		So I like to teach people about how stress falls in a measure, that in common time (4/4), there is a principal stress on one and a secondary stress on three.
		The usual tendency is to stretch the rubber band on the stressed syllables, and retract it on the unstressed ones.
		The moral to the story is that we clap on the stressed (or accented) beat in the music, which when accompanied by lyrics means the stressed syllable.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-1333.html (2971 words)

	R. van Dalen - Lexical stress in speech recognition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		However, lexical stress is not normally modelled in automatic continuous speech recognisers.
		In this work it is modelled how lexical stress can be used in a speech recogniser.
		A baseline speech recogniser for Dutch and one that uses lexical stress infor- mation are trained.
	www.kbs.twi.tudelft.nl /Publications/MSc/2005-vanDalen-MSc.html (167 words)

	Rhyming Dictionary & Thesaurus Software - Free Trial!
		A unique pattern matching tool for finding words based on their lexical stress patterns.
		Light rhymes are word pairs where the final syllable of one is stressed, but the penultimate syllable of the other is stressed (e.g., morning/sing).
		If you enter a word with the lexical stress on the final syllable, Rhymesaurus shows you words with the stress on the penultimate syllable, and vice versa.
	www.musesmuse.com /rhyming_dictionary.html (504 words)

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