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Topic: Lexigram

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	Lexigram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A lexigram is a symbol that represents a word but is not necessarily indicative of the word by itself.
		Lexigrams were notably used by the Georgia State University Language Research center to communicate with bonobos and chimpanzees.
		Researchers and primates were able to communicate using three panels of a total 384 symbols and words.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lexigraphy (80 words)

	Kanzi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As an infant, Kanzi accompanied his mother to sessions where she was taught language through keyboard lexigrams, but displayed little interest in the lessons.
		It was a great surprise to researchers then when one day, while Matata was away, Kanzi began competently using the lexigrams, becoming the first observed ape to have learned aspects of language naturalistically rather than through direct training.
		Also notable is Kanzi's ability to understand spoken language and associate it with lexigrams, Kanzi's ability to understand simple grammatical sentences, and possibly his invention of novel vocalized words.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Kanzi (239 words)

	The LRC History page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In controlled tests, Sherman and Austin were presented with 17 new lexigrams and asked to categorize them as food or tools based on their knowledge of the previous six, which they did successfully and with only one error; Sherman called a sponge a food.
		A new era in LRC research began the day Matata, a bonobo brought to the center after six years of life in the wild, was separated from her son Kanzi in 1982 and taken to another location so she could mate.
		New lexigrams were developed to keep pace with Kanzi's rapidly expanding vocabulary, and electronic versions of the keyboard sounded out the English equivalents as he pressed the keys.
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwlrc/LRCH/LRCHpgtab.htm (1910 words)

	The Emergence of a New Paradigm in Ape Language Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		That is, they discovered “that the relationship that a lexigram has to an object is a function of the relationship it has to other lexigrams, not just a function of the correlated appearance of both lexigram and object” (Ibid).
		Prior to this moment their use of the lexigram board was merely conditioned, but after the ‘qualitative shift’ their uses of the lexigram board became symbolic.
		Rather, we are concerned with how Kanzi’s attentional capacities, and his use of lexigrams and his comprehension of spoken English, developed as a result of being nurtured in language-enriched interactions with their caregivers.
	cogprints.org /906/00/New_Paradigm.htm (12889 words)

	Psychological Record, The: Stimulus equivalence in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		lexigram representing red was used as the sample and three colors were used as comparisons.
		In these tests, lexigrams were used as Stimulus A, colors were used as Stimulus B, and Chinese characters were used as Stimulus C. The stimuli used and the direction of training and testing are shown in Figure 5.
		The transitivity test was conducted with lexigrams (A) as samples and Chinese characters (C) as comparison stimuli.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3645/is_199501/ai_n8714152/pg_2 (1347 words)

	:: Bonobo Conservation Initiative :: How Can I Help
		He also, much to the experimenters' surprise, began to correctly employ nearly all of the 10 lexigrams that were on his mother's keyboard at that time.
		Even more striking than the fact that Kanzi knew the lexigrams was the fact that he also knew the spoken English words which the lexigrams represented.
		Sometimes this entailed accompanying words and lexigrams with gestures, with pictures, with video tape and, of course, with behavioral activities that made manifest the intentions which underlay the communications.
	www.bonobo.org /kanzi.html (1417 words)

	Non-human primates and language: paper
		Kanzi was not taught the use of lexigrams actively, but appeared to have mastered their use on his own, even though he had never seemed to be particularly interested in his mother's language course.
		Lexigrams clearly are no icons - they do not bear any resemblance to their referent - and they can transcend indexical usage to function as a true 'symbol' (in Peirce's terminology, o.c.
		At one point Kanzi was observed to move away from a person he would later indicate as agent, go to the board (where he indicated an action lexigram), and then return to the person (using the gesture to designate her as agent).
	www.angelfire.com /sc2/nhplanguage/ftpaper.html (11419 words)

	Evolution of Language - Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Subsequently, they are taught the lexigrams for two actions ("pour" for the drinks only, "give" for the foods only), together with the individual food/drink lexigram (e.g.
		identifying the logical rule to associate the lexigram "pour" with all drinks, but not any of the solid foods) or if the animals were simply associating the whole pair "pour-milk" to the event of pouring milk.
		They taught the chimpanzees the lexigrams for the names of new foods and drinks and checked if the animal was able to generalise the rule and associate the correct action lexigrams with the new name lexigrams.
	www.infres.enst.fr /confs/evolang/actes/_actes12.html (2211 words)

	SRB Archives 10(2)
		This was in contrast to the 3 lexigrams and 21 uses he had made the day before his mother left.
		On that first day when he was alone, Kanzi not only used all 12 lexigrams on the keyboard but he made several two lexigram requests and used the keyboard to comment as well as to request.
		It should be noted at this point that the location of lexigrams on the keyboard was changed frequently (sometimes with each use of the board) to counter the argument that correct keyboard use was merely a 'position effect'.
	www.univie.ac.at /Wissenschaftstheorie/srb/srb/kanzi.html (6687 words)

	All about Panzee and Panbanisha - RecipeLand.com Reference library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These teachers used keyboards with lexigrams on them in tandem with spoken communication in order to allow the girls to communicate back to them, and to allow the girls to learn to comprehend spoken and symbolic language.
		They are able to recognise not only digitised and spoken speech, but also the use of solely lexigrams from the keyboard.
		Kanzi (Panbanisha's brother) can even understand instructions from people using a telephone, and can associate a voice with a person without having to be able to concurrently see and hear that person.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Panzee_and_Panbanisha (329 words)

	Talk:Lexigram - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Look for Lexigram in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Lexigram in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be visible due to a delay in updating the database.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Lexigram (101 words)

	What is a Lexigram or Anagram - Intrinsic Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A "lexigram" is a self-descriptive phrase created from words found by re-arranging letters in a name.
		A lexigram should not be confused with a LEXAGRAM Name Analysis Report, which is a customized list of words found in your name by our exclusive LEXAGRAM software.
		Lexigrams of your name are often much easier to construct than anagrams.
	www.inneryou.info /IDwhat.htm (332 words)

	Kanzi.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		First, Kanzi apparently learned to use the Lexigram Keyboard (which uses symbols to represent words) by simply observing his mother during her training.
		I got a chance to directly experience her ability to communicate when Panpinisha used the Lexigram board to ask for M and M's.
		She also wanted me to hide, and she used the Lexigram to point out where I was - behind a tree.
	www.etx-mensa.org /Archive/Misc/Kanzi.htm (477 words)

	Note on Linguistic Symbols: Deacon to Seidenberg
		Though his explanation is not the clearest, it seems that the experimenters taught the animals a pair of verbs and a set of nouns for foods.
		They had discovered that the relationships that a lexigram has to an object is A FUNCTION OF the relationship it has to OTHER LEXIGRAMS, not just a function of the correlated appearance of both lexigram and object.
		The referential relationship is no longer solely (or mainly) a function of lexigram-food cooccurrence, but has become a function of the relationship that this new lexigram shares with the existing system of other lexigrams, and these offer a quite limited set of ways to integrate new items......
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~port/teach/645/deacon-seiden.html (1976 words)

	LEXIGRAMS and unlocking secrets of the universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		LEXIGRAMS - the use of words to penetrate meanings of ancient codes..
		First let me give you one of Linda's examples of Lexigramming in her book.
		1, The word phrase or name that you are lexigramming may not contain more than four of the five vowels (a-e-i-o-u) Its best if it only contains 3 or fewer.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/2889/lexi.htm (374 words)

	Neema (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Neema fails tests designed to determine whether or not she can pair a specific lexigram with a specific food item or photo, but she does seem to have a particular food in mind when she employs lexigrams to request foods.
		Unlike Tamuli and Mercury, Neema does not jump from one lexigram to another when requesting something, but stays with her initial selection unless she is told that she cannot have that food.
		Often, she will select the correct lexigram when she hears the spoken word, though she cannot do this reliably in blind test conditions.
	www.gsu.edu /~wwwlrc/biographies/neema.html (802 words)

	The Emergence of a New Paradigm in Ape Language Research
		She quickly abandoned the earlier approach of training the chimps on which cues were irrelevant and which combinations were illicit and began instead to encourage the chimps to use lexigrams in their day-to-day activities.
		But Savage-Rumbaugh argues that the big difference was that, to begin with, Sherman and Austin were intent on using the lexigram board to control the behavior of their experimenters (Savage-Rumbaugh 1986: 65), but that they became increasingly intent on discerning her intentions and expressing their own.
		The apes were not simply monitoring the other’s behavior in order to ensure that their communicative intention had been correctly ‘decoded’, and when this was not the case, repeating or reinforcing the behavior in question.
	bbsonline.cup.cam.ac.uk /Preprints/Shanker/Referees (14642 words)

	Psychological parallels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kanzi was exposed to the visual lexigram that Matata was being trained to acquire, during early infancy, while holding on to and exploring areas around his mother.
		The interesting point is that Kanzi learned speech and the symbolic use of the lexigram without specific training.
		Significant increase in his performance is without doubt attributed to the continuing efforts of trainers to develop specific skills in more and more efficient ways but Sue Savage-Rumbaugh reported that Kanzi seems to have a much better sense of what is relevant to symbolic and linguistic communications.
	www.cecm.sfu.ca /~thalie/PhD/node33.html (342 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This paper examines the mental representations and linguistic knowledge revealed by the vocabulary errors of two bonobos _(Pan paniscus)_ that both understand spoken English and utilize a lexigram keyboard.
		The data were compiled from errors on vocabulary tests that were given to the apes over the course of eleven years.
		Both apes made errors more often than chance based on auditory similarity of referents, physical similarity of referents, similarity of lexigrams, categorical similarity, logical associations, as well as non-semantic information, but not on syntactic similarity.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /evolang2002/ABSTRACTS/lyn.txt (462 words)

	[No title]
		It is argued that the account of Savage-Rumbaugh’s ape language research in Savage-Rumbaugh, Shanker and Taylor (1998) is profitably read in the terms of the theoretical perspective developed in Clark (1997).
		The authors, though, make heavy going of a critique of what they take to be standard approaches to understanding language and cognition in animals, and fail to offer a worthwhile theoretical position from which to make sense of their own data.
		This model of ‘distributed’ cognition helps makes sense of the lexigram activity of Savage-Rumbaugh’s subjects, and points to a re-evaluation of the language behaviour of humans.
	www.nu.ac.za /department/publications/papers.asp?dept=philundund&id=30 (216 words)

	Linguistic Behavior in Nonhuman Species: A Paradigm for Testing Mental Continuity
		He tested (1) the communicative function of lexigrams (plastic word) by determine how effective each lexigram was evoking a mental representation in a chimpanzee (troglodyte).
		A blue triangle (lexigram), which refers to a red apple, can be matched to a red patch of color correctly; but a blue-painted apple cannot be matched to a red patch.
		Formal tests of matching uttered word to corresponding lexigram were given to Kanzi at 5 1/2 and Mulika at 2 1/2 (using 3 different experimenters with different accents).
	home.onemain.com /~dk1008206/html/cexam.htm (19628 words)

	[No title]
		To me, the Lexigram is proof positive of the connection of Spirit to physical.
		I have helped verify names of newborn children with the Lexigram, and this is an art unto itself.
		The Lexigram revealed to me how to help parents name their children so that they are bringing through the name their child wants to be called.
	planetlightworker.com /articles/interviews/williamschive/interview1.htm (2750 words)

	Carus Publishing.
		While his mother struggled with her lessons at the keyboard, Kanzi would jump on her head, perform acrobatics on her shoulders, and steal her food rewards.
		Kanzi seemed to be using lexigrams to tell the researchers what he wanted.
		Lexigrams for the stations, the foods, and other things Kanzi could see in the forest were added to his keyboard.
	www.cricketmag.com /activity_display.asp?id=118 (1133 words)

	Language of Great Apes, Great Ape Trust, Des Moines, Iowa
		One of the methods in which researchers at Great Ape Trust will communicate with bonobos is through the use of lexigram boards.
		Researchers and bonobos communicate with three lexigram panels containing 384 symbols and words.
		The development of computer-monitored lexigram keyboards was a key component to studies conducted at the Language Research Center at Georgia State University in Atlanta.
	greatape.visionary.com /bonobo/language (224 words)

	web search: lexigram
		We share with you the AXIOMS of the art and nature and science of the Lexigram : Lexigrams Codes - Copyright 1999/...
		We freely share the axioms of the art and science of the Lexigram's Codes in such a way as to show you the true powers of our words.
		We freely share over sixteen years of research proving and refining the art and science of the Lexigram to reveal the power of words and names, showing you their potent truths echoing from within the word or name...
	www.mytelus.com /search/simple.do?p=web&q=lexigram&x=8&y=8 (276 words)

	Lexigram - Result for Lexigram - Meaning of Lexigram - Definition of Lexigram - Dictionary of Meaning - ...
		Lexigram - Result for Lexigram - Meaning of Lexigram - Definition of Lexigram - Dictionary of Meaning - www.mauspfeil.net
		Lexigrams were notably used by the Georgia State University Language Research center to communicate with bonobo s and chimpanzee s.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Lexigram.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Lexigram.html (132 words)

	L for Lexigram - Lindaland
		Astrology is a powerfull tool, but it does not breath a life of its own, it does not live and thrive.
		Numerology also, both are very useful for seeing tendencies adn possibilities, but Love, Light, and Lexigram all have a Life of their own.
		Astrology is a science, that can be used to discover more about the S-elf, as is numerology, but Lexigrams have a way of coming to life and creating their own meaning.
	www.linda-goodman.com /ubb/Forum8/HTML/001155.html (258 words)

	Animal Language Group Activities
		The American sign language research has also been criticized as it is argued that chimps don't have to show an understanding of the words, only the ability to copy the shapes and forms.
		This has led to the introduction of the lexigram in recent studies.
		Using the lexigram, Kanzi was able to have conversations over the phone, about past experiences, and show depth of knowledge required to produce multiple sentences.
	www.le.ac.uk /education/resources/SocSci/animlang.html (991 words)

	IDEAS-We, the Animals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Kanzi and Sue have been studying each other since 1980, when Kanzi was born.
		Sometimes he responds vocally, but mostly he uses a lexigram board.
		A lexigram is a brightly coloured symbol on a small square.
	www.cbc.ca /ideas/features/animals2 (388 words)

	Numerology : : Lexigram
		A Lexigram decodes hidden messages in words or titles by putting together full sentences that convey a deeper meaning of the original word.
		If on the other hand the negative word can be cancelled by the letters N, O or T, then the person or word being lexigramed will have been accused of whatever the negative word implies, but is not guilty.
		The reason for the previous two rules is that with a word or phrase containing all the vowels or more than 15 letters just about any word in the dictionary could be created and the Lexigram would not reveal anything valuable.
	www.mcuniverse.com /Lexigram.lexi.0.html (650 words)

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