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Topic: Leyden jar

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	Leyden jar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Leyden jar was the original capacitor, developed in the 18th century and used to conduct many early experiments in electricity.
		This invention went on to be known as the Leyden jar because in 1746, Pieter van Musschenbroek of the University of Leiden, Netherlands, independently made the same discovery.
		When the jar is charged with a high voltage and carefully dismantled, it is discovered that all the parts may be freely handled without discharging the jar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Leyden_jar (631 words)

	LEYDEN JAR - LoveToKnow Article on LEYDEN JAR
		The earliest form of Leyden jar consisted of a glass vial or thin Florence flask, partly full of water, having a metallic nail inserted through the cork which touched the water.
		For charging in parallel a number of jars arc collected in a box, and all the outside coatings are connected together metallically and all the inside coatings brought to one common terminal.
		The size of jar commonly known as a quart size may have a capacity from T~th to 5-~th of a microfarad, and if charged to 20,000 volts stores up energy from a quarter to half a joule or from l~ths to 1/4ths of a foot-pound.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LE/LEYDEN_JAR.htm (1272 words)

	Jar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jar, Norway, a centre in the municipality of Bærum
		JAR is the jamming avoidance response, which is shown by electric fish
		Jars, Cher, in the French département of Cher
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jar (116 words)

	Leyden Jars
		A Leyden jar consists of a glass jar with an outer and inner metal coating covering the bottom and sides nearly to the neck.
		Leyden jars were first used to store electricity in experiments, and later as a condenser in early wireless equipment.
		It was used to demonstrate that the charge in a Leyden jar is held in the glass, not the metal.
	www.sparkmuseum.com /LEYDEN.HTM (219 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The original Leyden jar was a stoppered glass jar containing water, with a wire or nail extending through the stopper into the water.
		The jar was charged by holding it in one hand and bringing the exposed end of the wire into contact with an electrical device.
		The Leyden jar is still frequently used in laboratories for various demonstration and experimental purposes.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..le052700.a (217 words)

	FaradNet Capacitor History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first Leyden jar was a glass jar partially filled with water and stoppered with a cork that had a wire inserted through the center of it that dipped into the water.
		Currently, the Leyden jar is a glass jar with a metal foil coating on the inside and the outside.
		The Leyden jar is charged by charging the inside coating either positively or negatively and charging the outside coating with the opposite charge simultaneously.
	www.faradnet.com /know/historix.htm (325 words)

	Capacitor and electroscopes
		The four separately removable jars are contained in a case of shining wood with four sections and with a metallic bottom.
		Leyden jar of 231 cm, with a spark gap with a millimetre graduated scale and a vernier.
		The two jars have the outer armatures made of a nickered brass sheet, with connections for the lateral conductor of resonance.
	spazioinwind.libero.it /gabinetto_di_fisica/elettricita/capacitorsp.htm (906 words)

	The Leyden Jar, The Circle Shock and The Thunder House
		Therefore, the simplest form of a Leyden jar is tin foil on either side of a sheet of plastic as seen on the right.
		One of Franklin's Leyden jars used water and copper as conductors and a glass bottle as an insulator.
		The static electricity flows until the Leyden jar is neutralized (an equal number of positive and negative charges in both the water and the copper).
	www.thebakken.org /electricity/Leyden-jar.html (576 words)

	Read about Leyden jar at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Leyden jar and learn about Leyden jar here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This invention went on to be known as the leyden jar because in 1746,
		When the jar is charged and carefully dismantled, it is discovered that all the parts may be freely handled without discharging the jar.
		When the jar is taken apart, simply touching the cup does not give you enough surface area to discharge it.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Leyden_jar (432 words)

	Science Experiment - Making Sparks Part II
		Charge the jar by touching the charged pie pan to the nail stuck through the lid of the Leyden jar.
		The Leyden jar now has a positive center and a negative outer foil which are being separated from each other by the plastic film can (which acts as a insulator).
		Leyden jar, pronounced LY duhn, was one of the first devices used to store an electric charge.
	www.spartechsoftware.com /reeko/Experiments/ExpMakingSparks2.htm (813 words)

	Leyden jar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Counes, a pupil of Musschenbroek, was repeating his teacher's experiments with the aim of electrically charging water in a glass vessel held in his hand when he felt a violent shock on withdrawing an iron wire whose end was submerged and which was supposed to charge the water.
		A condenser was thus obtained, with the water being the internal shield and the hand holding the jar, the external one.
		Leyden jars were very important to the development of experimental methods in Physics in the 19th century.
	www1.fis.uc.pt /museu/123ing.HTM (277 words)

	Chapter 2
		First: The invention of the Leyden jar, or an electrical condenser; secondly, the discovery of what is known as electrical oscillation; and finally, its application to the human body.
		The peculiarity of the Leyden jar consists in the fact that when a charge of electricity is placed on one of its layers, another charge of opposite polarity immediately appears on the other layer of the jar.
		In the Leyden jar, then, we have two charges of electricity separated from one another by the glass, which, although it keeps the charges from getting to one another, does not prevent their exercising an attraction upon each other; or, to speak more precisely, the one charge induces an opposite charge on the other layer.
	www.cayce.egympie.com.au /TVR/chapter2.htm (836 words)

	Historical Scientific Instrument Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Leyden jars were first discovered by Pieter Musschenbroek who received a severe electric shock from a jar of water that was charged.
		They were later made by applying foil to the inside and outside of a glass jar with an insulated knob on top connected to a chain that made contact with the inside foil.
		This is another example of a quadrant electrometer, this one shielded from air currents by a glass jar and against electrical effects by wire cages both inside and outside the glass.
	www.unl.edu /histinstr/electrostatics.html (849 words)

	Construction of a Leyden jar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When the Leyden jar is connected to the Wimshurst machine, one foil coat to each discharge wire, the nature of the spark discharge is entirely changed.
		When the jar is connected to the machine, it absorbs the charge until enough has accumulated to jump the gap or, in case the gap is too long, to leak off as formed.
		The discharge of a fully charged jar of this size through a human body is very disagreeable and should be avoided in some cases it might be dangerous.
	campus.murraystate.edu /tsm/tsm118/Appendix/leyden.htm (592 words)

	Leyden jar: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Leyden jar was the original capacitor capacitor quick summary:
		Ewald jürgen georg von kleist (june 1700 - december 10, 1748) was the dean of the cathedral at kammin in prussia and co-inventor of the leyden...
		This invention went on to be known as the leyden jar because in 1746, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/le/leyden_jar.htm (1200 words)

	LEYDEN JAR, or CONDENSER - Online Information article about LEYDEN JAR, or CONDENSER
		This arrangement is commonly called a battery of Leyden jars.
		The safe voltage for most glass jars is about 20,000 volts for glass -Il6th in.
		The energy stored up in the jar in joules is expressed by the value of CV', where C is the capacity measured in farads and V the potential difference of the coatings in volts.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /LEO_LOB/LEYDEN_JAR_or_CONDENSER.html (1725 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: von Kleist, Ewald Christian
		After obtaining a Leyden jar and studying it he was able to show that the electrical charge was stored in the glass rather than the water that others had conjectured.
		The Leyden jar was adopted by electrotherapists, and by 1752 there were almost as many publications (40) of its use in medicine as there were (55) for its use in others areas.
		Use of the Leyden jar in medicine continued to increase over the years so that in 1789 there were 70 applications in medicine ascribed in publications while only 30 publications addressed its physical aspects.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/VON_KLEIST_BIO.html (1991 words)

	Musschenbroek (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He invented the Leyden jar, a device that stored electric charge, was constructed by placing water in a metal container suspended by insulating silk cords, and placing a brass wire through a cork into the water.
		The invention of the Leyden jar was perhaps the greatest single advance in electricity of the eighteenth century, and furnished a new tool for physicians to use as a fresh approach to using electricity in treatments of disease and to electrical experimentation.
		Petrus van Musschenbroek died in Leyden on 19 September 1761 and was buried in the grave of his second wife Helena Alstorphius in the Pieterskerk in Leiden.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/history/musschenbroek.htm (1996 words)

	ESD Journal - The ESD & Electrostatics Magazine
		Depending on the size of the container (capacitance) the Leyden Jar is brought near another conductive object, a spark discharge should occur.
		The Leyden Jar was the first form of a capacitor, long before the present day capacitor was developed.
		To function as a Leyden Jar, the outer metal layer of the Jar must connect to ground in order to charge the interior liquid.
	www.esdjournal.com /static/shower/shower.html (1786 words)

	Leyden Jars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Leyden jar is a capacitor consisting of a glass can with aluminum foil inside and outside, which can be charged up to several tens of thousands of volts with an electrostatic generator.
		The jar can be discharged by bridging the inner and outer conductors with an insulated discharging wand and drawing a spark.
		The Wimshurst generator, E.1.4, has Leyden jars that can be connected in or out of the circuit, illustrating several aspects of capacitors.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /demoweb/demomanual/electricity_and_magnetism/capacitors_and_inductors/leyden_jars.html (91 words)

	Exploratorium: Science Snacks: Charge and Carry
		The beauty of the Leyden jar is that it can store charges from several charged pie pans, thus building up to a larger, more visible, more powerful (and more painful) spark.
		The Leyden jar is the forerunner of the modern-day capacitor.
		It was invented in 1745 at the University of Leyden by Pieter Van Musschenbroeck.
	www.exploratorium.edu /snacks/charge_carry.html (1104 words)

	ATCS Newsletter Condenser Article
		The Leyden Jar was discovered by accident in the Netherlands in 1746.
		To obtain sufficient capacity in a Leyden Jar, it is necessary to increase the surface area of the tinfoil and thus use a larger jar.
		If one knob is put into contact with the outer coating of a charged Leyden Jar and the other is gradually brought near the connection to the inner coating of the jar, a bright loud spark passes between the knobs before they actually contact each other.
	www.telephonecollecting.org /leyden.htm (660 words)

	UM Physics Demonstration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is also a set of dissectable Leyden jars that may be used to demonstrate the principle of this apparatus.
		Operate the Wimshurst machine with the Leyden jars in and out of the circuit (this can be controlled with the bar which sticks out of the base) and then connect the large Leyden jar across it.
		The dissectable Leyden jar is made with rigid metal electrodes in a Pyrex beaker so that it may be completely disassembled after it has been charged and then reassembled and discharged to show that the charge resides in the dielectric.
	www.physics.lsa.umich.edu /demolab/demo.asp?id=302 (234 words)

	Leyden Ball by Jules Verne from 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea at Technovelgy.com
		The Leyden jar is a cylindrical container made of a dielectric (an insulator, like glass) with a layer of metal foil on the inside and outside.
		The Leyden jar was first discovered by Ewald Georg von Kleist, a German inventor.
		The Leyden jar was used in the first atom smasher, built at Cambridge University.
	www.technovelgy.com /ct/content.asp?Bnum=430 (528 words)

	Leyden Jars - battery, plus two small jars
		Leyden jars come in all sizes and shapes, but the basic definition is this: a jar or bottle of an insulating material, with a conductive lining and a conductive outer coat.
		There is usually a metal rod with a ball atop it placed in the mouth of the bottle, so it is simple to connect electrically with the conductive lining.
		Benjamin Franklin studied the Leyden Jar, and decided he could increase their ability to store electricity most efficiently by hooking several Jars together, instead of making one big jar.
	www.thebakken.org /artifacts/Leyden.htm (457 words)

	Dissectible Leyden Jar
		The dissectible Leyden jar is charged up with a Van de Graaff and then discharged by shorting the inner and outer can to show charge storage.
		At this point the parts of the jar are safe to handle, and the glass jar can be lifted out, the inner and outer cans touched to each other, or touched to the glass jar in any combination.
		When the Leyden jar is reassembled, the last step of inserting the inner can being done carefully, it will be found that the jar is still charged, as can be checked by shorting its terminals and drawing a spark.
	www.physics.ucla.edu /demoweb/demomanual/electricity_and_magnetism/electrostatics/dissectible_leyden_jar.html (367 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: van Musschenbroek, Pieter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Leyden jar was an immediate sensation to both scientists and nonscientists throughout the world.
		The problem in crediting the invention of the Leyden jar is related to the date of the event and how it was perceived by others at the time and ever since.
		Because van Musschenbroek continued to experiment with electricity and the famous jar, he no doubt is rewarded historically for his persistence, thus invention of the Leyden jar.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/VAN_MUSSCHENBROEK_BIO.html (1804 words)

	Leyden jars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Leyden jar was charged by bringing this exposed end of the conducting wire into contact with a friction device that generated static electricity.
		The Leyden jar revolutionized the study of electrostatics.
		By the mid-18th century, the capacitor emerged in the form of the Leyden jar, named for the University of Leyden in the Netherlands where much experimentation with these jars was performed and published.
	chem.ch.huji.ac.il /~eugeniik/instruments/archaic/leyden_jars.htm (849 words)

	About Leyden Jars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		By the mid-18th century, the capacitor emerged in the form of the Leyden jar, named for the University of Leyden in the Netherlands where much experimentation with these jars was performed and published.
		With a Leyden jar, an experimenter could store an electrical charge and move it to another place to use.
		Soon, Leyden jars were incorporated into the construction of frictional static-generating machines to make larger, longer sparks.
	www.arcsandsparks.com /aboutleydenjars.html (254 words)

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