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Topic: Leyden scale

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	Straight Dope Staff Report: Why do we have so many temperature scales?
		To "fix" a temperature scale it's necessary to identify easily reproducible reference points, or "fiduciary points." Newton chose the temperature of melting snow and the temperature of boiling water, and marked off the interval into 33 or 34 "degrees," each corresponding to a certain height of oil in the tube.
		This scale was officially adopted throughout Europe except for Britain and Scandinavia, but beginning with the adoption of the centigrade scale by the French revolutionary government in 1794 it gradually declined in popularity, finally falling into disuse sometime in the 20th century.
		The scale of Joseph DeLisle (modified by Weitbrecht in 1738) was an inverse scale, with the boiling point of water set at 0 and the freezing point at 150 degrees.
	www.straightdope.com /mailbag/mtempscales.html (1866 words)

	Electrometer - LoveToKnow 1911
		A weight is put in the opposite scale pan and a measured charge of electricity is given to the disk C just sufficient to tip over the balance.
		The formula indicates that the sensibility of the instrument should increase with the charge of the Leyden jar or needle, whereas Hopkinson found that as the potential of the needle was increased by working the replenisher of the jar, the deflection due to three volts difference between the quadrants first increased and then diminished.
		Finally, these observers traced the variation to the fact that the wire supporting the aluminium needle as well as the wire which connects the needle with the sulphuric acid in the Leyden jar in the White pattern of Leyden jar is enclosed in a metallic guard tube to screen the wire from external action.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Electrometer (2728 words)

	Lucas Van Leyden - LoveToKnow 1911
		According to van Mander he was born in 1494, and painted at the age of twelve a "Legend of St Hubert" for which he was paid a dozen florins.
		Whatever may be thought of the tradition embodied in van Mander's pages as to the true age of Lucas van Leyden, there is no doubt that, as early as 1508, he was a master of repute as a copperplate engraver.
		Lucas van Leyden became the representative man for the public of Holland as Diirer for that of Germany; and a rivalry grew up between the two engravers, which came to be so close that on the neutral market of Italy the products of each were all but evenly quoted.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Lucas_Van_Leyden (646 words)

	Leyden scale - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Leyden temperature scale could plausibly have been introduced around 1894, when Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' cryogenic laboratory was established in Leyden, Netherlands.
		The scale is supposed to be the kelvin scale shifted so that the boiling points of hydrogen and oxygen become zero and 70 respectively.
		If one supposes that absolute zero is at -20.15 °L, the purported definition is satisfied and, as a bonus, the shift between the Leyden, Kelvin and Celsius scales is a whole number in each case.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Leyden_scale (229 words)

	Long Now: Views: Essays
		Leyden: It seems like technology and the economy really accelerated and globalization got into a space that was not deliberated in the 1990s.
		Leyden: It feels like it's in the same trajectory as a lot of mad projects you've taken on in the past.
		Leyden: One of the things I've been seeing in other interviews with GBN members is a struggle to understand this different phase of globalization.
	www.longnow.org /views/essays/articles/ArtTakingLongView.php (4331 words)

	Electrometer
		The time requited to move across a specified number of divisions on the scale could be related to the activity of the sample by calibration with a known source.
		The mechanism employed to maintain the potential on the vane was somewhat cumbersome: a wire was suspended beneath the vane so that the free end at the bottom (usually attached to some sort of weight) was immersed in a sulfuric acid solution.
		A Leyden jar, actually an early form of capacitor, is simply a glass jar, the bottom portion of which is lined on the inside and outside with metal foil.
	www.orau.org /PTP/collection/electrometers/quadrantelectrometer.htm (1095 words)

	Department of Marine Resources - Bay Management Study - Upcomming Events (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kathleen Leyden facilitated the discussion, the objective of which was to make progress toward a common working definition of bay management needed to frame appropriately the scope, scale, and approach of the study effort.
		Leyden explained that staff plans to present the proposed public outreach plan to the LWRC for its review and approval at its September 29, 2004 meeting, as directed by the LWRC.
		Leyden noted the need to add language clarifying that the outreach is intended to provide information and obtain ideas from members of the public and is not designed to seek a consensus or vest decision making authority in members of the public.
	www.state.me.us /dmr/baystudy/steeringmeetings.htm (1908 words)

	Long Now: Views: Essays
		Leyden: It seems like technology and the economy really accelerated and globalization got into a space that was not deliberated in the 1990s.
		Leyden: It feels like it's in the same trajectory as a lot of mad projects you've taken on in the past.
		Leyden: One of the things I've been seeing in other interviews with GBN members is a struggle to understand this different phase of globalization.
	longnow.org /views/essays/articles/ArtTakingLongView.php (4331 words)

	Ginsberg Scientific - STATIC ELECTRICITY
		The metal case is strong and stable to resist damage.
		The Leyden jars are large-sized and the disc is a clear acrylic material.
		The stand, leyden jars, pulleys, and two handles are all molded from durable plastic.
	www.ginsbergscientific.com /0cat_results_static1.asp?cid=99 (745 words)

	Historical Scientific Instrument Gallery (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The principle of the Leyden jar was discovered by Pieter Musschenbroek who received a severe electric shock from a jar of water that was charged.
		They were later made by applying foil to the inside and outside of a glass jar with an insulated knob on top connected to a chain that made contact with the inside foil.
		A beam of light reflected from a mirror attached to the fiber is shown on a scale and is deflected as the fiber is rotated.
	physics.unl.edu /outreach/histinstr/electrostatics.html (953 words)

	Transylvania University Philosophical Museum - Philosophical Apparatus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This body of the scale is divided lengthwise by a sliding logarithmic scale numbered from 8 to 330.
		Scale of a solefish, Ditto of a Dace, Seed Vessel of Sorrel, Field Spider.
		The temperature is determined by noting the place on the scaled trough of the thermometer where the cylinder of clay will wedge after having been subjected to the heat of the furnace.
	homepages.transy.edu /~museum/philolst.htm (9386 words)

	The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
		That failure is the source of several of the anomalies that provide background for the discovery of the Leyden jar.
		One of the competing schools of electricians took electricity to be a fluid, and that conception led a number of men to attempt bottling the fluid by holding a water-filled glass vial in their hands and touching the water to a conductor suspended from an active electrostatic generator.
		The very fact that a significant scientific novelty so often emerges simultaneously from several laboratories is an index both to the strongly traditional nature of normal science and to the completeness with which that traditional pursuit prepares the way for its own change.
	www.tfcbooks.com /mall/more/101ssr.htm (1627 words)

	Kelvin Summary
		The Kelvin temperature scale is based upon the kelvin, a unit of thermodynamic temperature, that is defined as the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.
		Accordingly, the thermal unit on the Kelvin temperature scale is identical to the thermal value of a unit on the Celsius temperature scale.
		The unit “kelvin” and its scale are, by international agreement, defined by two points: absolute zero, and the triple point of specially prepared pure water.
	www.bookrags.com /Kelvin (1506 words)

	[No title]
		Thus the objections to use of lesion counts are not an acceptable justification for mandating development of a new untested and untried scale.
		Based on existing data available to the Division, the IGA scale is designed to indicate efficacy based on a small proportion of patients successfully achieving the endpoint of `clear or almost clear?.
		The guidance provides for approvals for a single lesion type and requires the use of the IGA Scale even though the scale has been shown to be heavily weighted to improvements in inflammatory lesions.
	www.fda.gov /ohrms/dockets/DOCKETS/05d0340/05D-0340-EC3.htm (490 words)

	Eighteenth century electrochemistry
		These fundamental papers put forward the case for action at a distance between electrical charges in a similar way as Newton's theory of gravitation was based on action at a distance between masses.
		He considered the brain to be the most important organ for the secretion of this "electric fluid" and the nerves to be conductors of the fluid to the nerve and muscle, the tissues of which act as did the outer and inner surfaces of the Leyden jar.
		Deciding that the frog's legs served only as an indicating electroscope, he held that the contact of dissimilar metals was the true source of stimulation; he referred to the electricity so generated as "metallic electricity" and decided that the muscle, by contracting when touched by metal, resembled the action of an electroscope.
	www.corrosion-doctors.org /History/eighteen.htm (1644 words)

	NMAH \| Surveying & Geodesy \| Holland Circle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jacob de Steur worked in Leyden in the second half of the 17th century, and is known to have made several instrument of this sort.
		One half of the inner circle has a grad or gradient scale (graduated 0-100-0-100-0 in equal units) as used by military engineers.
		One is a polygonal scale marked "anguli centri." It is numbered from 3 to 12, and is designed for laying out the exterior angles of forts with 3 to 12 sides.
	americanhistory.si.edu /collections/surveying/object.cfm?recordnumber=747373 (129 words)

	Electricity 2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The measurement was made by counting the number of sparks produced between the primary conductor and a brass ball, situated opposite it and the distance of which could be adjusted by means of a micrometer screw.
		The Leyden jar is laterally contained within a circular shelf and is externally covered: the bottom half by a layer of tin fool and the upper half by a thin film of golden shellac.
		The groove is entirely coated with brass and is provided laterally with a fixed scale, which is engraved with millimetrical marks and is twenty cm.
	www.uniurb.it /PhysLab/strumenti/e8.html (761 words)

	PowerLight- Proven Solar Performance :: Management
		Leyden brings to PowerLight an established career in the solar industry.
		Leyden served as Vice President of Marketing for WorldWater Corporation, a publicly traded, PV-powered pumping manufacturer and systems integrator, and as Vice President of Marketing for EPV, a thin-film-PV manufacturer based in Princeton, New Jersey.
		Leyden led the Princeton Habitat for Humanity project, and serves on the Chesterfield Township Planning Board, working to replace suburban sprawl with sustainable, environmentally sound development.
	www.powerlight.com /about/management/leyden.php (136 words)

	Temperature scales
		Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat energy possessed by an object.
		Because temperature is a relative measurement, scales based on reference points must be used to accurately measure temperature.
		There are three main scales commonly used in the world today to measure temperature: the
	temp-scales.org (291 words)

	Rhode Island attorney general faces ethics complaint - The Boston Globe
		PROVIDENCE -- The state Ethics Commission agreed yesterday to look into a complaint brought against Attorney General Patrick Lynch over campaign donations he accepted from a lawyer for DuPont Co. when he was negotiating to drop the company from the state's lawsuit against former makers of lead paint.
		Lynch, a Democrat, reiterated yesterday that he believes the complaint was politically motivated, and said he did nothing improper.
		Leyden said a commission prosecutor and investigator will be assigned to the complaint, and they will look at public documents such as campaign records to determine whether evidence exists to prove a knowing and willful violation of the state's code of ethics.
	www.boston.com /news/local/rhode_island/articles/2006/07/06/ri_attorney_general_faces_ethics_complaint (616 words)

	Leyden High School District 212 Home Page
		Her message to Leyden students is "to take advantage of your high school years-participate-go above and beyond what you think you can do and make the most of it.
		His message to Leyden students is to "Enjoy this time in your life, but remember that, at any age or at any time, you can be a force to improve or change the world.
		Her message to Leyden students is "Your years at Leyden form the foundation for the remainder of your life.
	www.leyden212.org /ALUMNI/WOF/wallfame.htm (3999 words)

	Electrochemistry Encyclopedia --- Electrochemical capacitors
		The principle of design and operation of the Leyden Jar and all subsequent regular condensers or capacitor devices, is as follows.
		In the case of the Leyden Jar (Figure 1), the material (glass) of the jar itself serves a the dielectric medium and the contact plates were metal foils wrapped, inside and out, around the cylindrical surfaces of the jar.
		In later experimentation, the Leyden Jar capacitor was connected to the electrodes of a Volta's pile or battery for charging.
	electrochem.cwru.edu /ed/encycl/art-c03-elchem-cap.htm (4612 words)

	Peter Leyden's blog \| NDN Blog
		It’s a powerful tool that is used by many of the top corporations in the world and some savvy governments (including US agencies) that, for instance, have to make huge investments that will play out over decades.
		The Washington Post reported today that the Dems are poised to roll back subsidies to the oil industry and plow the money into tax breaks for renewable energy sources right after their 100 hour push.
		As their tag line says: “Another world is here.” The solutions are all around us, we just need to catalyze them, scale them up, and make it all work for everyone.
	www.ndnblog.org /?q=blog/28&page=1 (3701 words)

	Plymouth Colony Archive, Fortified Town of Plymouth, 1622
		The "broad street" that led from the fort or blockhouse down the center of the town to the shore came to be known as Leyden Street, and is today divided into Church and Leyden Streets.
		Leyden Street now commences at its junction with Main Street, the only cross street traversing the outlined fortification.
		The diamond shape of the fortified town appears to be the only one that fits the 2,700 foot compass of the palisade.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /users/deetz/Plymouth/fortplan.html (321 words)

	Leyden scale (Site not responding. Last check: )
		: The Holocaust was insanity on an enormous scale
		:In the key of C Major, this produces a scale with the notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C. Related Terms
		On a scale from one to great, I'm super awesome.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Leyden_scale.html (485 words)

	Capacitor Summary
		A student named Cuneus, experimenting in Leyden, was using a Hawkesbee machine to generate static electricity which was conducted by a chain into water in the jar--a simple type of Leyden jar.
		A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance.
		Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but will still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs.
	www.bookrags.com /Capacitor (4757 words)

	Consulting-Specifying Engineer - What's New with Renewables? - 7/1/2004 - CA437707 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A greater ability to capture economies of scale at manufacturing, the ability to site PV nearly anywhere and the ability to integrate panels into building features and facades will all be factors.
		LEYDEN: We've certainly found that many architects and building owners are now specifying solar for their buildings as a way to lower operating costs and earn LEED points.
		LEYDEN: PV efficiency has increased more than 25% in the last two years, and clever new ways of installing PV on rooftops have been developed.
	www.csemag.com /article/CA437707.html (1874 words)

	SOLD ITEMS
		The scales slope inward, are numbered 27-31 in 10th increments, have the appropriate weather indicators including ‘9am.
		The ‘Improved Sympiesometer’ has silver engraved scales, uses air and colored sulphuric acid for the barometric tube and has a Fahrenheit temperature scale with a mercury tube.
		The barometric scale is signed by the maker, ‘Hunter, 50 High St., Ramsgate’, is numbered 27-31 with 10th divisions and the appropriate weather indications, and has a friction set Vernier.
	www.sundialfarm.com /sold8.htm (1986 words)

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