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Topic: Lezgins

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	Minorities At Risk (MAR) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The mobilization of the Lezgins in Azerbaijan was at its highest in the mid-1990s, as a result of the Baku's policy of forcibly drafting Lezgin men into the army for deployment in the war in Karabakh.
		By far the largest grievance that the Lezgins have against the governments in Moscow and Baku is what they see as the artificial division of their lands that occurred when the Soviet Union collapsed.
		Movement for the Lezgins was still more-or-less free until 1994, when the Russian government tightened border controls in September 1994, after the outbreak of hostilities in Chechnya, in order to try to stop Islamic guerillas and military supplies from the Middle East from reaching the break-away republic.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/azelezg.htm (1540 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Lezgins in Azerbaijan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Movement for the Lezgins was still more-or-less free until 1994, when the Russian government tightened border controls after the outbreak of hostilities in Chechnya in order to try to stop Islamic guerillas and military supplies from the Middle East from reaching the break-away republic.
		For centuries free passage over the Samur was necessary for the survival of the Lezgin sheep herders, who would bring their flocks to graze in Dagestan for the summer and spend the winter in Azerbaijan; the flocks were decimated by the inability to migrate.
		For the past five years, Lezgin nationalism seems to be experiencing a "calm period." The militant activities of the Sadval movement never had much popular support, and now violence seems to be even less of an option.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=37302 (1637 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Assessment for Lezgins in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Lezgin are among the most disadvantaged of the Dagestani groups, and there appears to be little effort to rectify the situation on the part of local officials.
		Sources report that unemployment among young Dagestani Lezgins is as much as 80%, due largely to the collapse of both the defense industry that was concentrated in their region and traditional Lezgin sheep herding.
		Lezgin leaders seem to have concluded that the best route to change is a peaceful one.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=36531 (2289 words)

	lezgian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lezgin language It is a native of the Northern Caucasus.
		The Lezgin tribes use a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabets to write their Lezgin dialects.
		Since 1990’s, Lezgins are pushing for an autonomous republic of their own.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /lezgian.html (183 words)

	New Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term "Lezgin" used to refer to all of the ethnic groups of the highlands southwest of the Caspian Sea (the area known today as Dagestan) until the early twentieth century.
		The Lezgins of Azerbaijan speak Kuba, a dialect distinct from the wider dialect, Kurin (the smallest dialect is known as Akhty).
		Before the Russian Revolution, the Lezgins were undergoing assimilation by the Azeris to their south and today most Lezgins speak Azeri as a second language.
	lezgin.h1.ru /azerb1.htm (4172 words)

	Azerbaijan: Lezgins Pessimistic About Election
		In the mainly Lezgin town of Kusari in northern Azerbaijan, the main square is buzzing with activity.
		Lezgin, which is unrelated to the majority Azerbaijani language, is taught as a foreign language at schools in Kusari, just as English or Russian would be, and the only Lezgin textbooks available come from Russia and are not adapted for local conditions.
		Lezgin history and culture has a strong oral tradition, and Sadegat Kerimova, a popular poetess who is editor-in-chief of the Lezgin-language newspaper Samur sees the tradition disappearing before her eyes.
	www.iwpr.net /?apc_state=hruicrs2005&l=en&s=f&o=257649 (1483 words)

	The Lezgins
		The Lezgin ethnic group probably resulted from a merger of the Akhty, the Alty and Dokus Para federations, and some clans from among the Rutuls.
		Although they were first introduced to Islam perhaps as early as the 8th c., the Lezgins remained primarily animist until the15th c., when Muslim influence became stronger, with Persian traders coming in from the south, and the Golden Horde increasingly pressing from the north.
		Lezgins and other peoples rebelled, and in 1921, the Dagestan autonomous soviet republic was established, including the Lezgin areas.
	russia.rin.ru /guides_e/4743.html (480 words)

	HUNMAGYAR.ORG - TURAN - DAGESTAN
		The Lezgin ethnic group resulted from a merger of the Akhty, the Alty and Dokus Para federations, and some clans from among the Rutuls.
		Although they were first introduced to Islam perhaps as early as the 8th c., the Lezgins remained primarily animist until the 15th c., when Muslim influence became stronger, with Persian traders coming in from the south, and the Golden Horde increasingly pressing from the north.
		By the 19th c., the Lezgins had all been converted to Islam, and they have since then been very devout in their faith.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/caucasus/dag.html (2922 words)

	Lezgin people, Lezghi, Lezgian - Azerbaijan - Azerb.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most of the Lezgin live in the rugged mountain regions where there are many, deep, isolated canyons and gorges.
		Most Lezgin marry within their own clans, and the elder women are very influential in such decisions.
		The Lezgin women are famous throughout the Caucasus for their woven carpets.
	geo.ya.com /travelimages/az-lezgin.html (645 words)

	UNHCR - Dagestan
		The Lezgins are predominantly Sunni Muslims living in the south-east of Dagestan and the north-west of Azerbaijan.
		Lezgins herd sheep on both sides of the border and family and trade relations cut across borders.
		The desire to secede from Azerbaijan was intensified when Lezgin men started to be forcibly recruited for military duty in Nagorno-Karabakh, a war that the Lezgins consider an Azeri-Armenian conflict that does not concern them.
	www.unhcr.org /publ/RSDCOI/3ae6a6bd4.html (10603 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs
		For example the Lezgin State theatre operates in the Gusar region of Azerbaijan, the Georgian national theatre in the Gakh region, Talysh folkloric groups in the Astara and Lenkoran regions.
		The Republic Radio Station regularly organizes broadcasts in the Kurdish, Lezgin, Talysh, Georgian, Russian and Armenian languages, which are financed from the State budget.
		Language of communication is Lezgins, relating to the Daghestan branch of the Caucasian languages, as well as Azerbaijani and Russian languages.
	www.mfa.gov.az /eng/foreign_policy/inter_affairs/human/ethnic.shtml (1400 words)

	CRS, Vol. 4, nr. 1, Art. 1
		Therefore Lezgins installed large clans of their kin and countrymen in Party structures, and Kumyks obtained the main influence in the People's commissariat of Agriculture, while Azeris seized the powerful commissariat of Internal affairs (NKVD) (18).
		In southern Dagestan and especially in Azerbaijan, where two thirds of the Lezgins (500 or 670 thousand) live, they were deprived by Azeri officials of many civil rights and of their national language.
		The conscription of Lezgins for the Karabakh war induces them to escape from Azerbaijan to their relatives in Dagestan.
	poli.vub.ac.be /publi/crs/eng/0401-01.htm (6911 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Azerbaijan
		Other nationalities include Lezgins, Kurds, Talysh, Tatars, Georgians, Ukrainians, and Avars.
		Most ethnic groups have resided in the area of present-day Azerbaijan for centuries, although Slavs arrived in large numbers with the industrialization boom of the last century.
		Lezgins, Kurds, and Talysh, who are geographically concentrated in the north, east, and south of the republic, have agitated for increased autonomy in recent years.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761561983___3/Azerbaijan.html (670 words)

	The South Caucasus: A Regional Overview and Conflict Assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Lezgins, a Dagestani ethnic group, lives in the Northeast of Azerbaijan, close to the border with Dagestan.
		Azerbaijan’s main minorities are the Lezgins in the North and the Talysh in the South.
		Strong marriage and community relations connect the Lezgins in Azerbaijan and in Dagestan, and the two groups are engaged in daily trade and commerce over the border.
	www.cornellcaspian.com /sida/sida-cfl-2.html (9244 words)

	Armenien-Armenia-Karabach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the birthmarks of Azeri nationalism — cultural plagiarism — is thought to be behind the denial of cultural and political rights of Armenians, Udins, Tats, Talishes, Lezgins and other native groups of Azerbaijan's colonized periphery, which survived earlier Turkification and became minorities.
		As a people whose national consciousness and ethnic self-awareness crystallized only with the imposition of Soviet rule, Azeris have been long grappling with a sense of insecurity and inferiority in their relations with the older cultures of their Persian, Armenian and Georgian neighbors.
		It was not until 1937, when the current ethno-name — "Azeris" (azerbaidzantsi, in Russian, translated into azarbaycanli, in Turkic) — was put into wide circulation by Bolshevik anthropologists, becoming one of a dozen of terms that were created to describe those ethnic entities of the USSR that lacked clear self-definition in the past.
	www.haias.net /bilder/karabach_e4.html (1137 words)

	News: Caucasus (Armenia; Azerbaijan; Georgia), 17 July 1996 Monitor - Vol.II, No.139
		Lezgin "Sadval" activist and Russian citizen Nariman Ramazanov, arrested July 11 by Azerbaijan's authorities, has been handed back to Russia, Azerbaijani national security minister Namig Abbasov announced yesterday.
		In fact Lezgins in Dagestan forced the release of Ramazanov by seizing a Major and three sergeants of Azerbaijan's border troops as hostages whom they then traded for their leader.
		The Lezgins have never had a territorial entity of their own, and the international Russia-Azerbaijan border now divides them among the two countries.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ACOS-64BV3B?OpenDocument (469 words)

	Russia: New Potential Ethno-Territorial Flashpoints Emerge In Daghestan - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Meanwhile, some representatives of another of Daghestan's ethnic groups, the Lezgins, plan to campaign for the incorporation of those regions of southern Daghestan that constitute part of their ancestral homeland to be transferred to the Azerbaijan Republic, zerkalo.az reported on 26 January.
		That demand was reportedly fuelled by the fact that Daghestan's Lezgins felt -- and still feel, according to zerkalo.az on 26 January -- that they are routinely treated as "second class citizens." Unemployment in the Lezgin-populated districts of Daghestan is reportedly almost double the republican average of 32 percent.
		The former continued to espouse the idea of an independent Lezgin state, while the latter advocated the creation of an autonomous territory for the Lezgins in Daghestan that would have the status of a separate federation subject and of a free economic zone, according to "Nezavisimaya gazeta" of 27 January 1999.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2006/02/d707b7c5-50ba-411e-a06a-bdc3ae00dcf1.html?napage=3 (1031 words)

	United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Summary Record - Australia, United Nations ...
		The Kurds, formerly in the area of Lachin now under Armenian occupation, had been expelled from their homes and were living in tents and camps elsewhere in the country.
		The Talysh, Lezgins, Russians and other ethnic groups could publish their own newspapers and broadcast radio and television programmes in their own languages.
		There were no racial or ethnic restrictions on appointment to public posts and, in practice, members of minorities did serve in senior positions also in the army, the police and the judiciary.
	www.unhchr.ch /tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CERD.C.SR.1359.En?Opendocument (4275 words)

	Azerbaijan - SOCIETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In January 1994, she was moved from state secretary to permanent representative to the UN, presumably because of her controversial positions.
		After the Azerbaijanis, Russians, and Armenians, the next largest group is the Lezgins (Daghestanis), the majority of whom live across the Russian border in Dagestan, but 171,000 of whom resided in northern Azerbaijan in 1989.
		The Lezgins, who are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak a separate Caucasian language, have called for greater rights, including the right to maintain contacts with Lezgins in Russia.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/azerbaijan/SOCIETY.html (7365 words)

	Russia - Minority Peoples and Their Territories
		Besides its Russian population (9.2 percent of the total in 1989), Dagestan is home to an estimated thirty ethnic groups and eighty nationalities, who speak Caucasian, Iranian, and Turkic languages and account for more than 80 percent of the population.
		The Lezgins (also seen as Lezghins and Lezgians) are the dominant group in southern Dagestan; because of the Lezgins' location, their society has been more affected by foreign cultural influence than the other groups.
		The steppe-dwelling Nogay of Dagestan, the second Turkic group in the republic, are descendents of one of two Nogay hordes of the Middle Ages; the second and larger group settled to the west, in Stavropol' Territory, and speaks a different language.
	countrystudies.us /russia/34.htm (6057 words)

	PHONE-SOFT INTERNET DIRECTORY INTERNATIONAL:LEZGIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lezgins - Profile of the Lezgin people, from NUPI - Centre for Russian Studies.
		Lezgins of Azerbaijan - Information from the Minorities at Risk Project, by Michael L. Haxton.
		Lezgins of Dagestan - Information from the Minorities at Risk Project, by Michael L. Haxton.
	www.phone-soft.net /cyber-world/oc847i.htm (91 words)

	Derbent - Dagestan - Russian Federation - Azerb.com
		Derbent is the southernmost city in the Russian Federation, and it is the second most important city of Dagestan, with a population of over 90.000, the Azeris are the main ethnic group, followed by Lezgin and Tabasaran.
		On the cultural front, don't miss the Lezgin drama theatre (known as the S.Stalsky theatre).
		With a long and troubled history Dagestan became an autonomous republic in 1920 and today is one of the world's most complex ethnic patchworks: it has 32 different ethnic groups, the main being: Avars, Russians, Darghins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks, Azeris, Tabassarans, Chechens, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs and Tats.
	www.travel-images.com /az-derbent.html (849 words)

	boletin8-news español-1
		The struggle for the reunification and the independence of the Lezgin nation is spearheaded by the "Savdal" movement, its name meaning "Unity".
		The word "Lezguin" (Lezgy) makes direct reference to the eagles: in Lezgin language "an eagle" sounds as "lek"; in old times the Lezgins were called "leky", this word meaning "an eagle".
		The Lezgins of Dagestan possess a National Soviet, but this Soviet does not have any symbol of his own and uses those of Dagestán.
	www.ctv.es /USERS/jolle/news16.htm (824 words)

	Élections en Azerbaïdjan : la minorité lezgine est inquiète
		Sadval, qui signifie unité en lezgin, est apparu avec la vague des mouvements populaires qui a déferlé en Union Soviétique au début des années 1990.
		Depuis, les Lezgins ont évité cette forme d’activisme, et se sont même tenus à l’écart des manifestations publiques en faveur de leur identité ethnique, dans la mesure où les forces de sécurité azerbaïdjanaises encadraient ces manifestations.
		Le lezgin qui n’a aucun rapport avec la langue parlée par la majorité des Azerbaïdjanais, est enseignée comme langue étrangère dans les écoles du Kusari, tout comme le sont l’anglais ou le russe, et le seul manuel disponible vient de Russie et ne correspond pas aux besoins.
	caucase.courriers.info /article0042.html (1412 words)

	IngentaConnect Policy Responses to an Ethnic Community Division: Lezgins in Azer... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Lezgins are one of the peoples on the territory of the Former Soviet Union, living in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Azerbaijan, who have been particularly affected by the dissolution of the USSR and the emergence of the newly independent states.
		It mainly focuses on the situation of the Lezgins in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but also provides references to the position of the Lezgins in Dagestan (Russian Federation) where necessary.
		The paper assesses the policy environment related to minority issues and outlines the policy options in a multiethnic state, namely modernisation, pluralism and centralism, and argues that the policy dilemma is that in trying to avoid divisive tendencies in the state, each approach may encourage ethnic tensions and conflict.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/mnp/ijgr/1997/00000005/00000003/00231844 (269 words)

	The Background of Chechen Independence Movement V: The Dagestan Provocation
		In Mahachkala, the population is constituted by Avars (23 %), Kumyks (17 %), Russians (15 %), Dargins (13 %), Laks (12 %), and Lezgins (9 %).
		An actual united national Dagestani independence movement has not appeared, at least not as a significant force, but all the different ethnic groups have organized their own national organizations, which form an opposition field against the communist regime of Dagestan, dominated by Dargins.
		The Lezgin organization Sadval was founded in 1991, and it has aimed at founding a united Lezgistan by seizing the Lezgin district south of the Samur River, in Azerbaijan, and annexing it to Dagestan, and then making Lezgistan at least autonomous within the Russian Federation, if not independent.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~aphamala/pe/2003/tsets-5.htm (3482 words)

	ECCP
		The Lezgin issue is caught up in the uneasy relationship between Russia and Azerbaijan, which, unlike Dagestan, does not acknowledge that the division of the Lezgins by the international border presents a problem.
		Tensions between Lezgins and Azeris began in 1992, but reached a peak in mid-1994, a time of heavy casualties on the Karabakh front and Lezgin resistance to conscription in the Azerbaijani army.
		While relations between Dagestan and Moscow have improved and the situation around the Lezgin community has de-escalated since 1996, and the morale of the Russians has improved with the commitment of the Putin government to protect their rights, the war in Chechnya and Islamic extremism remain extremely dangerous sources of potential conflict.
	www.conflict-prevention.net /page.php?id=40&formid=73&action=show&surveyid=27 (5984 words)

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