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	The Origin of Bhutanese refugees
		Moreover, the Lhotshampas are economically well-off and more educated than their brethren in the north and east.
		Many Lhotshampas were deprived of their nationality for having fled Bhutan to escape suppression, because their fleeing amounts to disloyalty to the state according to the regime.
		Both the Citizenship Act and Marriage Act, while being racist and discriminatory against Lhotshampa women, were made all the more unpalatable due to the high handed manner of its implementation and explicit expression of the Government desire to eliminate as many Lhotshampa citizens as possible, during the census of 1988.
	www.geocities.com /bhutaneserefugees/orign.html (3654 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Lhotshampas in Bhutan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Lhotshampas, who have been residing in refugee camps in Nepal, were undertaking a protest march to Bhutan in order to press for their repatriation and for democratization in the tiny kingdom.
		More than 1000 Lhotshampas have been arrested since January; some of these were recently released when an Indian court ruled that their arrests were illegal (Xinhua News Agency, 04/07/96).
		In Nepal, some 40,000 Lhotshampas demonstrate in refugee camps while another 10,000 stage a hunger strike to protest celebrations in Bhutan that are marking the 25th anniversary of the enthronement of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=76001 (6086 words)

	::: Regional Center for Strategic Studies :::
		If the Lhotshampa refugee youth are not to turn to militancy in the near future to achieve their objectives, there must be either the hope of a political solution reached through bilateral discussions, or alternatively, avenues of assimilation into the host population.
		Their bid has succeeded, as the segment of the Lhotshampa who could have become politicized and begun to make greater demands of the monarchy are now out of the country, declared “non-nationals.” Those who remain, are for the most part illiterate farmers, who, at present pose no threat to those in power.
		However, the Lhotshampa youth are relatively better educated than their elders, and as in the cases of the Maoists of Nepal, or the Chakma of Bangladesh, we note that literacy levels do not necessarily play a primary part in grassroots rebel movements.
	www.rcss.org /policy_studies/ps_15.html (17647 words)

	BHUTAN: Appeal to Bhutan’s Donor Countries and Agencies at the Round Table Meeting, (RTM) Geneva February 18-19, 2003 ...
		The Nepali-speaking Lhotshampas from Bhutan were forced to leave their country not because of a civil war, foreign intervention or natural calamity, which entitled them to a voluntary return upon restoration of previous status.
		The evicted Lhotshampas not only lost their homes and neighbourhood in which they had invested considerable proportion of their income, but they were dispossessed of their personal possessions.
		Lhotshampas are facing a situation of statelessness, physical, psychological and emotional trauma, insecurity of the future of their children, loss of livelihood, problem of educating their children, loss of faith in the legal and political system of the country, tensions, increased social criminalization and so on.
	www.ahrchk.net /news/mainfile.php/ahrcnews_200302/2788 (3067 words)

	Global Vision News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The harsh conditions endured by the Lhotshampa minority in Bhutan are a stain on the Himalayan kingdom's harmonious image.
		Some believe that Bhutan's expulsion of the Lhotshampas was influenced, in part, by Indian fears of the creation of a Nepali "superstate", incorporating Darjiling (Darjeeling), Sikkim and the south of Bhutan.
		Bhutan’s assertion that many of the expelled Lhotshampas were dissidents and terrorists is, at the very least, overblown; the reality is rather of a peaceful people being subjected to extreme pressures and provocation.
	www.gvnews.net /html/DailyNews/Asia042406.html (2187 words)

	Minorities At Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		October: Three exiled Lhotshampa members of Bhutan's National Assembly began a 24-hour hunger strike in Kathmandu to protest the convening of their legislative body in Thimpu.
		June 5: Some 35 Lhotshampas were arrested in Kathmandu prior to a planned protest which was to coincide with a visit by Indian Prime Minister Inder Kumar Gujral (Agence France Presse, 06/05/97).
		June 2: In Nepal, some 40,000 Lhotshampas demonstrate in refugee camps while another 10,000 stage a hunger strike to protest celebrations in Bhutan that are marking the 25th anniversary of the enthronement of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/bhutchro.htm (6226 words)

	HIMAL SOUTHASIAN \| August 2006
		Ever since the Lhotshampa were discovered on the banks of the Mai River by a UNHCR official back in 1991, these refugees have been afforded international protection.
		While succeeding in depopulating a significant portion of its southern hills of the Lhotshampa inhabitants, a massive roadblock arose with the quick recognition of the evictees as refugees by the UNHCR.
		However, the most likely reason for this stand-offishness on the Lhotshampa is the long-held Indian tradition of not acting against a regime in the ‘sensitive’ Himalayan rimland, unless the force of circumstances dictate some action.
	www.himalmag.com /2006/august/commentary_5.htm (1275 words)

	Buddhist Revivalism and Fundamentalism: Bhutan4Christ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Nepali speaking southern Bhutanese citizens are officially called Lhotshampa in Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan A Nepali speaking Lhotshampa therefore, is a Bhutanese with an ethnic Nepali and a non-Buddhist/Hindu cultural identity.
		This has led to the fallacious perception that the Nepali speaking Lhotshampas’ reaction to feudal elements, abuses of their human rights and opposition to the autocratic government is akin to Hindu rejection of the Buddhist culture.
		Thus, the Lhotshampas were suddenly found to be illegal immigrants and the Sharchops of Nyingmapa sect as threat to Drukpa Kargyupa Buddhism and Drukpa values.
	bhutan4christ.com /buddhist.html (1729 words)

	STATUS OF BHUTANESE WOMEN
		In contravention of all international norms and civilised behaviour, the Government denied several thousand children (born out of marriages between Lhotshampa husbands and Nepali speaking wives from Nepal or India) of their right to nationality.
		Culturally and traditionally, the Lhotshampas are entirely different from ruling Ngalung ethnic group.
		Because of the lack of roads, Bhutanese are required to travel through India to reach from east to west in the south and south to north.
	www.sos-sexisme.org /English/buthanese.htm (1587 words)

	Hang Our Heads in Shame
		The UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention in its Report prepared after its visit to Bhutan in 1994 observed that the Citizenship Act was formulated with the intention of excluding “all Nepalese who allegedly illegally entered Bhutan in the early 1960s” whom the Government of Bhutan claims are economic migrants and therefore unwelcome.
		The draft constitution reinforces the intention of the Government to deny citizenship to the Lhotshampas.
		The Code essentially sought to obliterate the customs of the Lhotshampa community and to dictate the cultural aspects of their lives.
	www.hrdc.net /sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF122.htm (1233 words)

	Advocacy at the United Nations
		The Lhotshampas are thus, denied the right to equal employment opportunities, equal access to trade, business and industrial activities to enable their economic progress.
		This dislocation is a violation of the Bhutanese government’s obligation to protect and promote the existence of the Lhotshampa’s identity within Bhutanese territory under Article 1.1 of the UN Declaration on ..Minorities.
		DISCRIMINATION IN The Lhotshampas and other minorities are denied the right to equal employment opportunities and equal access to trade, business and industrial activities to enable their economic progress.
	www.geocities.com /bhutanwomen/workatun.html (4523 words)

	Refugee from Bhutan : Nationality, Statelessness and Right to Return
		The right of the Lhotshampa refugees to return to Bhutan is clouded by many issues, principally the survival of the Ngalong ruling ethnic community in the geopolitical context of a Nepali-speaking diaspora in the Himalayan region.
		Realistically, even if' a majority of the refugees were stateless, they simply join the ranks of groups of stateless persons in the South Asian subcontinent, thereby aggravating statelessness as a regional issue with an explosive potential the future.
		In the circumstances, therefore, it may help to bring in an independent fourth party as mediator in the event of disagreement between the three parties, or where two parties oppose the third party on any issue throughout the whole verification process.
	www.bhootan.org /tanglaylee/tanglaylee_conclusion_recomm.htm (1071 words)

	The Hindu : Minorities and nation-building
		King Jigme Singye Wangchuk, in his determination to maintain and preserve a distinctive Bhutanese way of life, adopted on crucial issues relating to citizenship, education and culture, policies, which not only upheld the way of life of the majority community, but also excluded and marginalised the Nepali community.
		The Nepalis (Lhotshampas as they are referred to) were faced with two difficult choices, either remain in Bhutan as second class citizens or flee to Nepal as refugees.
		In the early part of the book, the author provides a brief history of Bhutan, the origin of Nepali migration, their contribution to the development of the country and the impact of the British rule on the sub-continent.
	www.hindu.com /br/2003/12/09/stories/2003120900051400.htm (665 words)

	1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It was the monsoon of 1992 that I went down to the Jhapa district of Nepal to meet and interview Lhotshampa evictees, as they streamed in from Siliguri on trucks conveniently made available by Indian authorities.
		The fears of cultural inundation felt by the upcountry Ngalong community was of course real, for the Nepali-speaking Lhotshampa represented the dominant and expanding culture of the central Himalayas.
		It has been nearly 15 years since the terrible exodus, and the Lhotshampa hope against hope for their king in Thimphu to have a change of heart.
	jang.com.pk /thenews/mar2005-daily/11-03-2005/oped/o4.htm (829 words)

	Information Bhutan International :
		Bhutan, the royal kingdom, is the only country in the world that forcibly exiled the largest percentage (about 20%) of its population, mainly the minority Lhotshampa citizens over the last decade; strategic ethnic cleansing of the modern history.
		Eventually the draft constitution do not reflect the rights of the minorities are given, even not a sinlge word such as 'Hinduism/Hindu, Lhotshampas, minorities, refugee etc are incorporated in the consitution.
		Therefore the fear is that the rights of the minority Lhotshampas will be violated constitutionally which makes even more difficult for anyone to promote, protect the human rights in Bhutan.
	www.freewebs.com /bhutaan (422 words)

	Human Rights Council of Bhutan [HRCB]: Bhutannewsonline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For Lhotshampas (Bhutanese of the Nepali ethnic origin), to be in Nepal is to be a people united by a language, but alienated by the heartless maps and history, thus charting socio-political chasms.
		Currently, over one hundred thousand Lhotshampas are languishing in squalid refugee camps in Nepal and elsewhere, which is a truthful metaphor of a detrimental autocratic regime of Bhutan.
		Another powerful Lhotshampa leader Garjaman Gurung was poisoned to death and buried at night in Paro.
	www.bhutannewsonline.com /hrcb.html (3251 words)

	HIMAL SOUTHASIAN \| Reintroductory Issue \| July - August 2005
		It is in the tradition of the Indian state’s attitude towards Thimphu, notwithstanding the massive abuse of human rights committed by the latter, the evidence for which is abundant in eight refugee camps in eastern Nepal.
		It is left to scholars to try and explain the enigma of India’s silence on the Lhotshampa’s eviction from Bhutan, and a little bit of history does provide an explanation beyond the demands of realpolitik, which is where retired foreign office bureaucrats place the cause.
		While the interests of the Lhotshampa may well have been sacrificed by New Delhi on the altar of realpolitik, it is worth considering the questions that history will ask of the Indian state.
	www.himalmag.com /2005/july/opinion_1.html (1482 words)

	CRACKDOWN IN BHUTAN
		The economy certainly benefited though, from the very beginning, there were also tensions, exacerbated by the fact that the Lhotshampa (Bhutanese of Nepali origin) had their own problems with the other more dominant Drukpa, broadly comprising two other major national groups, the Ngalong in the west and the Sharchop in the east.
		The origins of these tensions go back further, to the 1980 Marriage Act, the 1985 Citizenship Act and other pieces of legislation, which the southern Bhutanese felt are discriminated in matters relating to marriage, citizenship and language and, rather more visibly, dress.
		At that point ULFA and its allies were seen as a possible buffer, a device to keep this internal and until then mostly indigenous turbulence under control.
	www.frontlineonnet.com /fl2101/stories/20040116006400400.htm (2472 words)

	Infinity Tours
		The “Ngalongs”, who live mostly in western Bhutan and are the descendants of Tibetan immigrants who arrived in Bhutan from the 9th century.
		The “Lhotshampa”, who are of Nepalese origin and settled in the south of Bhutan in the late 19th century.
		The Lhotshampa (meaning Southern Bhutanese) represent Nepali- speaking groups.
	www.infinitytoursnepal.com /bhutan.htm (1054 words)

	::PeaceJournalism.com - The Peace Media Research Center's e-magazine::
		at the Lhotshampa population, to alter the demographic structure of Bhutan in
		Lhotshampa could have been the real motivation for the green-belt policy.
		Lhotshampas may constitute 35—40 percent of the population.
	peacejournalism.com /ReadArticle.asp?ArticleID=1106 (3690 words)

	Scoop: Bhutanese Refugees: Trapped and Tantalized
		The forceful mass expulsion of Nepali speaking Lhotshampa of southern Bhutan by the Drukpa regime is a living example of state sponsored apartheidism.
		The Lhotshampas became sacrificial lamb because economically well-off, better educated, and freedom loving Lhotshampa were an eminent threat to Drukpa regime’s autocratic aspirations.
		Accepting these forcefully evicted Lhotshampa will turn Bhutan in to a democratic state which is dead against the aspirations of the King and his cronies in Bhutan.
	www.scoop.co.nz /stories/HL0701/S00057.htm (2190 words)

	((i)) ch.indymedia.org/it \| Delegating at the Round Table Meeting, Geneva ((i))
		The Lhotshampas were forcibly exiled for which the Amnesty International in
		lands of the Lhotshampa refugees that might ignite ethnic clash in case in
		Lhotshampa minority's rights and freedoms as its drafting committee did not
	switzerland.indymedia.org /itmix/2003/02/4562.shtml (760 words)

	Untitled Document
		For the ruling elite, Lhotshampa became a byword for anti-national.
		Crackdown and campaign against the southern Bhutanese intensified.
		Now the majority of the refugees in the camps in Nepal fall under this category.
	members.tripod.com /~ahurabht/draft6.html (203 words)

	Representing Children Worldwide
		Since ratifying the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Bhutan has been cooperating with UNICEF and other international organizations to create a system providing needy children with health care, clean water, sanitation, and education.
		Bhutan has not yet applied the principles of civil rights and freedoms of the convention to the Lhotshampas, a large ethnic group of Nepali origin residing in southern Bhutan.
		[3] A mass exodus of the Lhotshampa people followed, with over 97,000, including at least 45,000 children, currently residing in refugee camps in Nepal.
	www.law.yale.edu /rcw/rcw/jurisdictions/assc/bhutan/frontpage.htm (590 words)

	REFUGEE WATCH
		Through these policies the Bhutanese Government denied several thousand children also born out of marriages between Lhotshampa husbands and Nepali speaking wives from Nepal or India of their right to nationality.
		Further all those who married non-citizens became ineligible to vote in the National Assembly even when they were citizens.
		All these policies were accompanied by suppression of cultural rights and forceful eviction of minorities, particularly the Lhotshampas and Sharchhops, all these leading to this refugee crisis.
	www.safhr.org /refugee_watch21.htm (918 words)

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